Article(id=1154049943259042565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.156, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=1707321600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-08, acceptedDate=1708358400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-20, onlineDate=1753076547683, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076547683, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076547683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076547683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=156, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049943615558408, articleId=1154049943259042565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=High Power Factor Buck-type Bridgeless PFC Converter with Hybrid Operation Modes, columnId=1154049104540848594, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Gate Driving and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

AC-DC Buck-type power factor correction (PFC) converters are widely applied in low-voltage scenarios. However, they typically suffer from low power factor(PF) and high total harmonic distortions of input current(THDi) caused by the input current dead zones. To solve this problem, firstly, a high PF Buck-type bridgeless PFC converter with hybrid operation modes is proposed by introducing a Buck-Boost converter cell, which operates in the Buck and Buck-Boost modes in the positive and negative half-line cycles, respectively. Although the Buck-Boost cell's efficiency is inferior to that of the Buck cell, the proposed converter can operate in the Buck-Boost mode in the negative half-line cycle, thereby minimizing the dead zones to improve PF and reduce THDi. The proposed converter operates in the Buck mode in the positive half-line cycle, inheriting the high efficiency of the Buck cell. Secondly, the operation modes and PF of the proposed bridgeless converter are analyzed to show its high PF feature. Finally, simulations and experimental tests were conducted to verify the feasibility and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter, and a comparison of performance between the proposed and conventional Buck-type PFC converters was also performed.

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AC-DC 降压型功率因数校正 PFC(power factor correction)变换器广泛应用于低压场合,为解决该类拓扑因输入电流死区导致功率因数 PF(power factor)低、输入电流总谐波 THDi(total harmonic distortions of input current)高的问题,首先引入Buck-Boost 单元以构建1种高PF的混合工作模态降压型无桥 PFC 变换器,其在正、负半个工频周期分别工作在Buck和Buck-Boost 模式。虽然Buck-Boost 单元效率低于 Buck单元,但所提变换器在负半工频周期运行于 Buck-Boost 模式,可以避免输入电流死区以提高PF并降低 THDi。在正半工频周期运行于Buck模式,变换器仍保留 Buck 单元的高效率优势。其次,通过分析所提无桥变换器工作模态与PF值来证明变换器的高PF 特性。最后,通过仿真实验,验证所提变换器的可行性和理论分析的正确性,并比较所提变换器与传统 Buck PFC 变换器的性能。

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陈正格(1991-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:电力电子变换技术。E-mail: zgc@swjtu.edu.cn。

苗舒曼(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: miao shuman@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

周琛力(1996-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高效率高功率密度单相/三相 PFC 变换器。E-mail: zhouchenli@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

许建平(1963-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:高效高功率密度电能变换技术等。E-mail: jpxu@swjtu.edu.cn。

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陈正格(1991-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:电力电子变换技术。E-mail: zgc@swjtu.edu.cn。

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陈正格(1991-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:电力电子变换技术。E-mail: zgc@swjtu.edu.cn。

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苗舒曼(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: miao shuman@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

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苗舒曼(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: miao shuman@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

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周琛力(1996-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高效率高功率密度单相/三相 PFC 变换器。E-mail: zhouchenli@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

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周琛力(1996-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高效率高功率密度单相/三相 PFC 变换器。E-mail: zhouchenli@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

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许建平(1963-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:高效高功率密度电能变换技术等。E-mail: jpxu@swjtu.edu.cn。

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许建平(1963-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:高效高功率密度电能变换技术等。E-mail: jpxu@swjtu.edu.cn。

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journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图2, caption=提出的基于混合变换单元的降压型无桥拓扑, figureFileSmall=y7b/NatlfP8R4fA1fyEFDA==, figureFileBig=kaS6U2UoSjJdhj3CtO6BVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981276214214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Operation modes of proposed converter, figureFileSmall=1pLYFbAbY4wpEXslhwjAdA==, figureFileBig=MNWqjvGs8SMTEjbEVzzF+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981326545863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图3, caption=本文所提变换器的工作模态, figureFileSmall=1pLYFbAbY4wpEXslhwjAdA==, figureFileBig=MNWqjvGs8SMTEjbEVzzF+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981381071816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Key waveforms of proposed converter in line and switching cycles, figureFileSmall=+pcDJWV+piQtVsrymmCZ3Q==, figureFileBig=KAObaMLkR6dtehZt/1D80w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981435597769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图4, caption=工频周期与开关周期下的所提变换器关键波形, figureFileSmall=+pcDJWV+piQtVsrymmCZ3Q==, figureFileBig=KAObaMLkR6dtehZt/1D80w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981515289546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of PF between proposed and conventional converters, figureFileSmall=5Lsyed/lvKfsD25EERviBg==, figureFileBig=F9ihKfjmi0Y383MBUSVC5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981565621195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图5, caption=所提变换器与传统变换器 PF 值对比, figureFileSmall=5Lsyed/lvKfsD25EERviBg==, figureFileBig=F9ihKfjmi0Y383MBUSVC5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981615952844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison between simulation waveforms of proposed converter and waveforms of conventional converter, figureFileSmall=mqMA14OpCZp58QadhXZ05A==, figureFileBig=98RGyAJp0JbGxbZcdU7pBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981678867405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图6, caption=所提变换器仿真波形与传统变换器对比, figureFileSmall=mqMA14OpCZp58QadhXZ05A==, figureFileBig=98RGyAJp0JbGxbZcdU7pBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981733393358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Experimental prototype of proposed converter, figureFileSmall=lO07clVVIqTjiqYWaUi79g==, figureFileBig=MKsz4avss96sfighF65zng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981783725007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图7, caption=所提变换器实验样机, figureFileSmall=lO07clVVIqTjiqYWaUi79g==, figureFileBig=MKsz4avss96sfighF65zng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981850833872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Experimental waveforms of proposed and conventional converters, figureFileSmall=uXus+txH0yU1r7h0NIVHeQ==, figureFileBig=nSZsyacgxyES3eHutwLPTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981905359825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图8, caption=所提变换器与传统变换器的实验波形, figureFileSmall=uXus+txH0yU1r7h0NIVHeQ==, figureFileBig=nSZsyacgxyES3eHutwLPTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049981972468690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Experimental prototype of proposed converter, figureFileSmall=ge7Q8fTctvzk4M6SabwPAg==, figureFileBig=T9cBoO1PvS6Sh7hv4Menbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049982026994643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图9, caption=所提变换器的跳变实验样机, figureFileSmall=ge7Q8fTctvzk4M6SabwPAg==, figureFileBig=T9cBoO1PvS6Sh7hv4Menbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049982077326292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Experimental prototype of proposed converter, figureFileSmall=2pFKjL3C9k9B+VzEDnMsbg==, figureFileBig=wJZb+GG+O5iFJxZj7p4C0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049982127657942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=图10, caption=所提变换器与传统变换器实验测试数据曲线, figureFileSmall=2pFKjL3C9k9B+VzEDnMsbg==, figureFileBig=wJZb+GG+O5iFJxZj7p4C0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049982203155415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Circuit parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 本文所提变换器 传统 Buck PFC 变换器
交流输入频率${f}_{\mathrm{L}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50 50
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 47 47
输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 180~240 180~240
输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 160 160
输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{W}$ 160 160
输出电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 1320 1320
Buck 电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 100 100
Buck-Boost 电感${L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 206 -
元件总数/个 9 8
), ArticleFig(id=1154049982257681368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049943259042565, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电路参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 本文所提变换器 传统 Buck PFC 变换器
交流输入频率${f}_{\mathrm{L}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50 50
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 47 47
输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 180~240 180~240
输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 160 160
输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{W}$ 160 160
输出电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 1320 1320
Buck 电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 100 100
Buck-Boost 电感${L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 206 -
元件总数/个 9 8
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混合工作模态的高功率因数无桥 Buck PFC 变换器
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陈正格 , 苗舒曼 , 周琛力 , 许建平
电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024,22(3): 156-164
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电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024, 22(3): 156-164
混合工作模态的高功率因数无桥 Buck PFC 变换器
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陈正格 , 苗舒曼 , 周琛力 , 许建平
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学 磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室 成都 611756
  • 陈正格(1991-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:电力电子变换技术。E-mail: zgc@swjtu.edu.cn。

    苗舒曼(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: miao shuman@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

    周琛力(1996-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高效率高功率密度单相/三相 PFC 变换器。E-mail: zhouchenli@my.swjtu.edu.cn。

    许建平(1963-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:高效高功率密度电能变换技术等。E-mail: jpxu@swjtu.edu.cn。

High Power Factor Buck-type Bridgeless PFC Converter with Hybrid Operation Modes
Zhengge CHEN , Shuman MIAO , Chenli ZHOU , Jianping XU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Magnetic Suspension Technology and Maglev Vehicle of Ministry of Education Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 611756 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.156
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AC-DC 降压型功率因数校正 PFC(power factor correction)变换器广泛应用于低压场合,为解决该类拓扑因输入电流死区导致功率因数 PF(power factor)低、输入电流总谐波 THDi(total harmonic distortions of input current)高的问题,首先引入Buck-Boost 单元以构建1种高PF的混合工作模态降压型无桥 PFC 变换器,其在正、负半个工频周期分别工作在Buck和Buck-Boost 模式。虽然Buck-Boost 单元效率低于 Buck单元,但所提变换器在负半工频周期运行于 Buck-Boost 模式,可以避免输入电流死区以提高PF并降低 THDi。在正半工频周期运行于Buck模式,变换器仍保留 Buck 单元的高效率优势。其次,通过分析所提无桥变换器工作模态与PF值来证明变换器的高PF 特性。最后,通过仿真实验,验证所提变换器的可行性和理论分析的正确性,并比较所提变换器与传统 Buck PFC 变换器的性能。

功率因数校正  /  无桥拓扑  /  混合工作模态  /  Buck 模式  /  Buck-Boost 模式  /  高功率因数

AC-DC Buck-type power factor correction (PFC) converters are widely applied in low-voltage scenarios. However, they typically suffer from low power factor(PF) and high total harmonic distortions of input current(THDi) caused by the input current dead zones. To solve this problem, firstly, a high PF Buck-type bridgeless PFC converter with hybrid operation modes is proposed by introducing a Buck-Boost converter cell, which operates in the Buck and Buck-Boost modes in the positive and negative half-line cycles, respectively. Although the Buck-Boost cell's efficiency is inferior to that of the Buck cell, the proposed converter can operate in the Buck-Boost mode in the negative half-line cycle, thereby minimizing the dead zones to improve PF and reduce THDi. The proposed converter operates in the Buck mode in the positive half-line cycle, inheriting the high efficiency of the Buck cell. Secondly, the operation modes and PF of the proposed bridgeless converter are analyzed to show its high PF feature. Finally, simulations and experimental tests were conducted to verify the feasibility and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter, and a comparison of performance between the proposed and conventional Buck-type PFC converters was also performed.

Power factor correction(PFC)  /  bridgeless topology  /  hybrid operation modes  /  Buck  /  Buck-Boost  /  high power factor
陈正格, 苗舒曼, 周琛力, 许建平. 混合工作模态的高功率因数无桥 Buck PFC 变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 156 -164 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.156
Zhengge CHEN, Shuman MIAO, Chenli ZHOU, Jianping XU. High Power Factor Buck-type Bridgeless PFC Converter with Hybrid Operation Modes[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 156 -164 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.156
目前, 有源 PFC 技术中采用的功率因数校正变换器主要为降压(Buck)、升降压(Buck-Boost)、升压(Boost)、Cuk 和 SEPIC 电路拓扑等。其中, Boost PFC 变换器是使用最为广泛的拓扑[1-2],其由于升压特性, 在后级接低压负载时, 通常需要再使用一级降压变换,这不利于系统效率与整体成本。相比于 Boost PFC 变换器, Buck PFC 变换器可以实现单级降压,更适用于低压应用场合[2-5],如短距电动汽车充电器和笔记本电脑适配器等。同时,与具有低输出电压的 Cuk、SEPIC PFC 变换器[5-7] 相比, Buck PFC 变换器具有较少的元件数量和较少的能量传输次数,故效率更高[8]。而具有降压功能的隔离型 flyback PFC 变换器[9],由于开关两端的高电压尖峰和变压器漏感损耗, 使其输出功率受限(通常小于${75}\mathrm{\;W}$ )。此外,无桥 Buck PFC 变换器可以使用寿命较长的薄膜电容代替电解电容器[10]。因此,开展 Buck 类 PFC 变换器的相关研究具有较好的学术价值与工程应用价值[2,10-15]
由于 Buck 变换器只能工作在降压模式, 因此当输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 大于输入电压${v}_{\text{in }}$ 时,变换器存在输入电流为 0 的情况, 即输入电流死区。这种由 Buck 变换器单元固有工作特性导致的输入电流死区现象,使 Buck PFC 变换器存在高 THDi、低 PF 值的问题, 同时也限制了 Buck PFC 变换器在相对较高电压场合的应用。
Buck PFC 变换器虽然可通过恒定关断时间控制[11] 、恒定导通时间控制[13] 和变占空比控制[16] 来减小输入电流总谐波 THDi(total harmonic distortions of input current), 但由于 Buck PFC 变换器的输入电流死区现象是由 Buck 变换单元引起, 因此控制方法上的改进并不能较好地抑制 THDi 并大幅提升 PF 值。通过共用 flyback、Buck-Boost 单元与 Buck 单元的部分器件可以形成融合电路, 避免出现输入电流死区以提升 PF 值[3,12,17-18]。但这类变换器增加了变换器整体器件的数量[12,18],且部分电路必须采用具有输入电压检测的复杂控制[3,18]。另一方面,文献[19]通过将 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 变换器单元组成降压型无桥拓扑,实现了 2 个变换器单元分别工作于交流输入电压的正、负半周期,实现了较高的 PF 值。
由于 Buck 单元的效率高但 PF 值较低, 而 Buck-Boost 单元的效率相对低但 PF 值较高, 因此, 结合 Buck 与正向输出 Buck-Boost 单元各自特点, 本文提出了一种双混合工作模式的高 PF 无桥 Buck PFC 变换器, 旨在使其在半个工频周期分别工作于 Buck 与 Buck-Boost 模式, 即当所提变换器工作于 Buck-Boost 模式时,可以消除半个工频周期内的输入电流死区,实现高$\mathrm{{PF}}$ 运行; 当其工作于 Buck 模式时, 可以保持 Buck 变换电路高效率特点, 实现较高的效率。
传统 Buck PFC 变换器如图1 所示。由图1(b) 可知,当输入电压${v}_{\text{in }}$ 相对不变时,${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 越高,输入电流死区越大。现有的降压型无桥拓扑多采用相同的双变换器单元以实现无桥结构[12]。实际应用中,对于降压无桥拓扑,可以使用混合单元,其中降压单元处理交流输入的一个极性, 另一个单元处理交流输入的另一个极性[19],这种混合变换器单元的降压无桥拓扑的优点是元件少且 THDi 得到改善, 同时无需采用复杂的控制方法。
图2 为 2 种基于 Buck 单元与正向输出 Buck-Boost 单元所构建的降压型无桥拓扑。本文将 2 个单元输入并联输出并联 IPOP(input-parallel output-parallel),构建了 2 种以 Buck+Buck-Boost 单元为基础的无桥拓扑, 分别简称为 IPOP-I Buck+Buck-Boost 和 IPOP-II Buck +Buck-Boost。其中, Buck-Boost 单元的 MOSFET 必须串联 1 个额外的二极管${D}_{\mathrm{{Ra}}}$。当不增加${D}_{\mathrm{{Ra}}}$ 时,在 Buck 单元主开关管导通阶段, 存在流过 Buck-Boost 单元 MOSFET 体二极管的 Buck-Boost 单元电感电流; 当 Buck 单元的主开关管关断时, Buck-Boost 单元电感电流无续流通路,导致 Buck-Boost 单元半导体器件两端产生极高的电压尖峰。值得注意的是, 如果 Buck-Boost 单元的 MOSFET 不存在体二极管, 实际上本文所提变换器不需要增加${D}_{\mathrm{{Ra}}}$
另外, 通过文献[20]构建高频共模干扰等效电路可知, 在 Buck 工作模式时, 本文所提拓扑与文献 [19]的拓扑理论上具有相同共模干扰等效电路;但在 Buck-Boost 工作模式, 相比于文献[19]的拓扑, 本文所提拓扑具有更低的对外共模干扰信号等效幅值, 因此其理论输入滤波可以更小且控制电路稳定性更好。此外, 由于 IPOP-I Buck+Buck-Boost 和 IPOP-II Buck+Buck-Boost 具有对称的输入输出, 因此其对外特性相似。考虑到 IPOP-I 工作模态与传统 Buck PFC 变换器更为相近,因此为便于理解,本文主要对图2(b)中的 IPOP-I 开展后续研究与分析。
图2(b)中, Buck-Boost 单元工作在负半工频周期时可以消除输入电流死区; 而 Buck-Boost 单元工作在正半工频周期时只有 Buck 单元工作, 输入电流死区仍然存在。虽然只在半个工频周期内消除死区,但其仍可以减小变换器在整个工频周期的 THDi 并提高 PF 值。同理,可以采用 flyback 电路与 Buck 变换单元构成类似的降压型无桥拓扑, 但 flyback 单元中的变压器存在漏感损耗, 降低了变换器效率。因此, 由 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 单元衍生的 Buck 无桥 PFC 拓扑具有相对较高的效率。
IPOP-I Buck+Buck-Boost 变换器共有 2 种工作模式和 6 种工作模态。变换器在正半工频周期时工作在 Buck 模式(对应模态 1 ~模态 3 ),在负半工频周期时工作在 Buck-Boost 模式(对应模态 4~模态 6)。 当变换器工作在电感电流连续模式$\mathrm{{CCM}}$ (continuous conduction mode)时,其工作模态为 1、2、4、5 ; 当变换器工作在电感电流断续模式 DCM(discontinuous conduction mode)时,其工作模态为 1、2、3、 4、5、6。由于变换器工作在 DCM 时可以采用简单的单电压环进行功率因数校正与输出电压调节, 因此本文主要以 DCM 工作模态进行介绍。本文所提变换器的工作模态如图3 所示。
模态 1: 如图3(a) 所示,当${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 导通时,输入电流流经开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 、整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{R}2}$ 、输出电容器$C$。 和负载${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$,对电感${L}_{1}$ 充电,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 线性上升。
模态 2: 如图3(b) 所示,当${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 处于关断状态时,${i}_{L}$ 通过二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 向负载端供能,${i}_{L}$ 线性下降。
模态 3: 如图3(c) 所示,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 仍保持关断状态,${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 保持为 0,输出电容${C}_{0}$ 向负载端供能。
模态 4: 如图3(d) 所示,当${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 处于导通状态时,输入电流流经开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 、整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{{RI}}}$ 、辅助整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{{Ra}}}$,对电感${L}_{2}$ 充电,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 线性上升; 同时,输出电容器${C}_{0}$ 为负载${R}_{L}$ 供能。
模态 5: 如图3(e) 所示,当${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 处于关断状态时,${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 通过二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 向负载端供能,${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 线性下降。
模态 6: 如图3(f) 所示,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 仍保持关断状态,${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 保持为 0,输出电容${C}_{0}$ 向负载端供能。
结合工作模态 1~模态 6,图4 给出了工频周期与开关周期时间尺度下本文所提变换器关键器件的波形。
设输入电压峰值为${V}_{\mathrm{M}}$,角频率为$\omega$,则${v}_{\text{in }}$
${v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( t\right)= {V}_{\mathrm{M}}\sin \left({\omega t}\right)$
开关管平均电流${i}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{1},\mathrm{{avg}}}$${i}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{2},\mathrm{{avg}}}$ 可以看作为输入电流${i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,则${i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 为:
${i}_{\text{in }}\left( t\right)= \\\left\{\begin{matrix}{i}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ avg }}\left( t\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{M}}{d}^{2}}{2{L}_{1}{f}_{\mathrm{S}}}\left({\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|- \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{M}}}}\right)\\ t \in \left\lbrack {\frac{\theta }{\omega },\frac{\pi -\theta }{\omega }}\right\rbrack \\{i}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ avg }}\left( t\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{M}}{d}^{2}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}{2{L}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{S}}}\\ t \in \left({T,\theta, T}\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right.$
式中:$d$ 为电感充电时占空比(即开关管的导通占空比),且在 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 模式下相同;${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 分别为 Buck 单元电感和 Buck-Boost 单元电感;${f}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为开关频率;${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为输出电压;$\theta$ 为 Buck 工作模式下输入电流死区的相角度,$\theta =\arcsin \left({{V}_{\mathrm{o}}/{V}_{\mathrm{M}}}\right);{T}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为工频周期。当${i}_{\mathrm{S},\text{avg}}= {i}_{\mathrm{S},\text{avg}}$ 时,根据式 (2),可以得到${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 之间的电感值比,即
${L}_{1}/{L}_{2}= \left({\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|- m}\right)/\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|$
式中,$m ={V}_{\mathrm{o}}/{V}_{\mathrm{M}\circ }$ 由式 (3) 可知,当输入电流为峰值 (即$\sin \left({\omega t}\right)= 1$ )时,${L}_{1}/{L}_{2}= 1 - m$。此时,变换器的输入电流峰值在 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 工作模式时相等。
根据式 (2),开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的有效值电流表达式分别为
${I}_{\mathrm{{in}}1,\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{M}}^{2}{d}^{4}\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- \theta -{2\theta }{m}^{2}+ \pi {m}^{2}- {3m}\cos \theta }\right)}{4{L}_{1}^{2}{f}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}\pi }$
${I}_{\mathrm{{in}}2,\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}= {V}_{\mathrm{M}}^{2}{d}^{4}/\left({8{L}_{2}^{2}{f}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}}\right)$
Buck 与 Buck-Boost 运行模式的输入功率平均值${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{{avg}},\mathrm{b}}$${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{{avg}},\mathrm{{bb}}}$ 分别为
${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{{avg}},\mathrm{b}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{M}}^{2}{d}^{2}\left\lbrack {\pi -{2\theta }- {2m}\cos \theta }\right\rbrack }{4{L}_{1}{f}_{\mathrm{S}}\pi }$
${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{{avg}},\mathrm{{bb}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{M}}^{2}{d}^{2}/\left({4{L}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{S}}}\right)$
由式(1)、式(4)~式(7)可得,当忽略由 EMI 滤波器引入的输入电压与输入电流的相位偏差时, 本文所提变换器的 PF 值为
$\mathrm{{PF}}= \frac{2}{1 +\frac{\sqrt{\pi }}{}\sqrt{\pi -{2\theta }- {4\theta }{m}^{2}+ {2\pi }{m}^{2}- {6m}\cos \theta }}$
同理, 可得传统 Buck PFC 变换器的 PF 值为
$\mathrm{{PF}}= \frac{\pi -{2\theta }- {2m}\cos \theta }{\sqrt{\pi }\sqrt{\pi -{2\theta }- {4\theta }{m}^{2}+ {2\pi }{m}^{2}- {6m}\cos \theta }}$
由式 (8) 和式 (9) 可知, 当忽略由 EMI 滤波器引入的输入电压电流相位偏差时, 本文所对比的 2 个变换器 PF 值与输出功率无关, 仅与输入电压相关。图5 为本文所提变换器与传统 Buck PFC 变换器 PF 值随输入电压变化的曲线。
为验证本文所提变换器的有效性, 搭建了所提变换器与传统 Buck PFC 变换器的仿真与实验平台,其电路主要参数见表1。参考式( 3 )与表1 中的${L}_{1}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,设置升降压电感为${206\mu }\mathrm{H}$
图6 为本文所提变换器的仿真波形, 以及所提变换器与传统 Buck PFC 变换器输入电流${i}_{\text{in }}$ 对比。 由图6(a)可知, 本文所提变换器在半个工频周期内分别工作在 Buck 与 Buck-Boost 模式;由图6(b) 和(c)可知,本文所提变换器 PF 值与 THDi 性能明显高于传统 Buck PFC 变换器。
通过对 PCB 更改可以得到传统 Buck PFC 变换器。图7 为本文所提变换器的实验样机。为实现样机高效率, 实验样机半导体器件均采用碳化硅器件, 其中主开关管型号为 C3M0065090, 二极管型号为 IDH12G65C5。
图8 为所提变换器与传统变换器的实验波形, 可见:传统变换器存在输入电流死区,而本文所提变换器具有明显减小的输入电流死区, 由此可见本文所提变换器 PF 值(0.965)与 THDi(25.5%)性能明显优于传统变换器;此外,如图8(b) 所示,本文所提变换器在半个工频周期内分别工作在 Buck 与 Buck-Boost 模式, 验证了理论分析的正确性。
图9 为本文所提变换器的跳变实验波形, 可知:在加载与减载跳变中,本文所提变换器在单电压环控制下可以实现稳定的闭环控制; 而且, Buck-Boost 和 Buck 变换器单元相互不干扰,变换器可以实现${160}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的稳定电压输出。
图10 为本文所提变换器与传统变换器实验测试数据曲线。由图10(a) 与 (c) 可知,在不同输入电压与输出功率下,所提变换器的 PF 值与 THDi 性能均优于传统变换器,且图10(c) 的 PF 值实验结果与图5 理论推导结果基本相符。在${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 输入/${160}\mathrm{\;W}$ 满载输出工况下,相比于传统变换器,所提变换器 PF 值提升 0.047(相对提升 5%), THDi 下降 16.3%(相对下降 39%),效率提升 0.4%(相对提升 0.4%)。但由图10(b) 可知,所提变换器效率仅在输出功率较高时优于传统变换器。其主要原因是, 相比于传统 Buck PFC 变换器使用 4 个整流二极管, 所提变换器虽只使用了 3 个整流二极管, 但由于引入了 Buck-Boost 单元使得所提变换器在轻载时效率低于传统变换器。需要说明的是, Buck-Boost 单元运行效率通常低于 Buck 单元(与能量传递方式相关${)}^{\left\lbrack 8\right\rbrack }$,且由于 Buck-Boost 单元开关管的电压应力$\left({{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$ 高于传统 Buck 单元$\left({v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right)$,因此其在轻载时开关损耗较大,变换器效率较低。另一方面,图10(d) 还表明,当输出满载时,所提变换器由于仅采用 3 个整流二极管, 因此相对传统变换器仍然具有一定的效率优势。
针对传统 Buck PFC 变换器因输入电流死区较大导致的低$\mathrm{{PF}}$ 值与高$\mathrm{{THDi}}$ 问题,本文提出了一种混合工作模式的降压型无桥 PFC 变换器。所提变换器在正、负半个工频周期内, 分别运行在 Buck 与 Buck-Boost 模式, 因此兼具 Buck-Boost 变换单元的高 PF 值与 Buck 变换单元的高效率特性, 实现了效率与 PF 值的权衡。并且, 通过分析混合 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 单元的无桥 PFC 拓扑工作模态、电感比与输入 PF 值表达式, 证明了所提变换器运行可行性与高 PF 值特性。最后,本文通过仿真实验, 验证了所提变换器的可行性及其相较于传统 Buck PFC 变换器的性能优势。
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023NSFSC0813)
  • 香江学者计划资助项目(XJ2022029)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.156
  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
  • 修回日期:2024-02-08
  • 录用日期:2024-02-20
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0813)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023NSFSC0813)
Hong Kong Scholars Program(XJ2022029)
香江学者计划资助项目(XJ2022029)
作者信息
    西南交通大学 磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室 成都 611756
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