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Press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor (PP-IGBT) modules are widely used in high-power applications such as flexible DC converter valves owing to their superior electrical performance and reliability. Therefore, an accurate observation of the junction temperature of a IGBT chip is important for monitoring its operating status and evaluating its remaining lifetime. The existing junction temperature observation methods are mostly designed for bonded-lead IGBTs, which cannot be applied directly because the characteristics of PP modules are not taken into account. Aimed at the PP IGBTs in large-capacity converter valves, a practical method for calibrating the on-state voltage drop and junction temperature of modules is proposed, and the online estimation error of junction temperature is comprehensively analyzed. Then, a junction temperature calibration scheme is designed based on a 5SNA 3000K452300 PP IGBT module(4 500 V, 3 000 A) produced by ABB, including experimental circuits, temperature calibration range selection, junction temperature control method, measurement circuits and calibration experimental procedure. Finally, based on a pulse test platform, the proposed method was verified. Experimental results show that the junction temperature calibration and observation scheme proposed was effective, the junction temperature observation error was within ±5 °C, and it can be applied to the case of differences in PP IGBT modules.

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压接式绝缘栅双极性晶体管 PP-IGBT(press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor)模块因其优越的电气性能和可靠性,广泛应用于柔性直流换流阀等大功率应用场景。IGBT芯片结温的准确观测对于其运行状态的监测与剩余寿命的评估都非常重要。已有结温观测方法多是针对键合引线式IGBT,未考虑到压接式模块的特性,无法直接应用。首先,针对大容量换流阀中的压接式 IGBT,提出了一种实用的模块导通压降与结温标定方法,并对结温在线估计的误差进行了全面分析。然后,基于ABB公司 5SNA 3000K452300压接式 IGBT 模块(4500 V,3000A)设计了结温标定方案,包括实验电路、温度标定范围选择、结温控制方式、测量电路及标定实验步骤。最后,基于脉冲测试平台,对所提方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,所提结温标定与观测方案有效,结温观测误差在±5℃以内,且能适用压接式 IGBT模块存在差异的情况。

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肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail: xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

李文骁(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:lwx1999@hnu.edu.cn。

胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电驱系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail: pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

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肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail: xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

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肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail: xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

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王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

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王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

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严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

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严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

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李文骁(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:lwx1999@hnu.edu.cn。

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李文骁(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:lwx1999@hnu.edu.cn。

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胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

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胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

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刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电驱系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail: pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

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刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电驱系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail: pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

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New Technol-ogy and New Process, 2007. 7): 39-41 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Tabulated curve fitting based on MATLAB curve fitting toolbox, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154049967166578716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, awardId=CGYKJXM20220108, language=EN, fundingSource=China Southern Power Grid Corporation Science and Technology Project Funding(CGYKJXM20220108), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049967221104669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, awardId=CGYKJXM20220108, language=CN, fundingSource=南方电网公司科技资助项目(CGYKJXM20220108), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154049962494125000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049962502513609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, 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$i$ ${R}_{\mathrm{i}}/\left({\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{{kW}}}\right)$ ${\tau }_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{s}$
1 1.200 0.581
2 1.490 0.059
3 0.269 0.006
4 0.246 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966436769809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=CN, label=表1, caption=本文使用的模块瞬态热阻抗参数 ${}^{\left\lbrack {25}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$i$ ${R}_{\mathrm{i}}/\left({\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{{kW}}}\right)$ ${\tau }_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{s}$
1 1.200 0.581
2 1.490 0.059
3 0.269 0.006
4 0.246 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966491295762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Types of instruments and equipment used in experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器与设备 型号
IGBT 模块 ABB 5SNA 3000K452300
高精度低压差分探头 Cybertek OP6030
普通电压探头 Tektronix THDP0100
电流环 PEM CWT30B
示波器 Tektronix MSO44
水冷加热装置 焦耳科技水冷装置
光纤测温装置 MICRON OPTICS sm130
高压直流电源 雷城科技 ZLDY5kV/1A
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966541627411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=CN, label=表2, caption=实验所用的仪器与设备型号, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器与设备 型号
IGBT 模块 ABB 5SNA 3000K452300
高精度低压差分探头 Cybertek OP6030
普通电压探头 Tektronix THDP0100
电流环 PEM CWT30B
示波器 Tektronix MSO44
水冷加热装置 焦耳科技水冷装置
光纤测温装置 MICRON OPTICS sm130
高压直流电源 雷城科技 ZLDY5kV/1A
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966596153364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Delay time at different junction temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结温/℃ 延迟时间/μs
26 23.7
40 26.2
70 30.9
95 33.3
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966654873621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同结温下的延迟时间, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结温/℃ 延迟时间/μs
26 23.7
40 26.2
70 30.9
95 33.3
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966709399574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Polynomial fitting result, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合方法 式(13) 式(14) 式(15) 式(16)
SSE ${1.078}\times {10}^{4}$ ${2.194}\times {10}^{4}$ 0.4679 0.9464
R-square 0.9992 0.9984 0.9999 0.9997
Adjusted R-square 0.9992 0.9984 0.9999 0.9997
RMSE 0.5994 0.8550 ${3.949}\times {10}^{-3}$ ${5.62}\times {10}^{-3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966763925527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=CN, label=表4, caption=多项式拟合结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合方法 式(13) 式(14) 式(15) 式(16)
SSE ${1.078}\times {10}^{4}$ ${2.194}\times {10}^{4}$ 0.4679 0.9464
R-square 0.9992 0.9984 0.9999 0.9997
Adjusted R-square 0.9992 0.9984 0.9999 0.9997
RMSE 0.5994 0.8550 ${3.949}\times {10}^{-3}$ ${5.62}\times {10}^{-3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966835228696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Errors between measured and calculated junction temperatures ℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度 正向最大误差 反向最大误差
26 0.9156 -4.7036
30 4.5046 $-{2.026}\;2$
35 2.7081 $-{2.760}\;1$
40 2.9042 $-{2.450}\;1$
45 2.9246 $-{2.370}\;1$
50 3.6728 $-{2.391}\;8$
55 3.3992 $-{1.646}\;7$
60 1.8237 $-{3.613}\;1$
65 2.1384 $-{3.072}\;4$
70 1.8687 -3.3380
75 2.3592 $-{2.988}\;2$
80 2.5506 $-{3.837}\;6$
85 3.8356 $-{1.949}\;3$
90 3.0701 -2.1234
95 2.4665 $-{2.454}\;2$
最大误差 4.5046 $-{4.703}\;6$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966902337561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=CN, label=表5, caption=测量温度与计算结温误差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度 正向最大误差 反向最大误差
26 0.9156 -4.7036
30 4.5046 $-{2.026}\;2$
35 2.7081 $-{2.760}\;1$
40 2.9042 $-{2.450}\;1$
45 2.9246 $-{2.370}\;1$
50 3.6728 $-{2.391}\;8$
55 3.3992 $-{1.646}\;7$
60 1.8237 $-{3.613}\;1$
65 2.1384 $-{3.072}\;4$
70 1.8687 -3.3380
75 2.3592 $-{2.988}\;2$
80 2.5506 $-{3.837}\;6$
85 3.8356 $-{1.949}\;3$
90 3.0701 -2.1234
95 2.4665 $-{2.454}\;2$
最大误差 4.5046 $-{4.703}\;6$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049966961057818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=On-state voltage drop data under hot steady-state test for the same batch of power modules, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块编号 导通压降/V 模块编号 导通压降/V
1 3.55 11 3.53
2 3.54 12 3.51
3 3.54 13 3.52
4 3.54 14 3.51
5 3.54 15 3.50
6 3.55 16 3.53
7 3.56 17 3.52
8 3.54 18 3.52
9 3.52 19 3.50
10 3.53 20 3.51
), ArticleFig(id=1154049967028166683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049921331225511, language=CN, label=表6, caption=同批次功率模块热稳态测试下导通压降数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块编号 导通压降/V 模块编号 导通压降/V
1 3.55 11 3.53
2 3.54 12 3.51
3 3.54 13 3.52
4 3.54 14 3.51
5 3.54 15 3.50
6 3.55 16 3.53
7 3.56 17 3.52
8 3.54 18 3.52
9 3.52 19 3.50
10 3.53 20 3.51
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基于导通压降的大容量IGBT模块结温观测与误差分析研究
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肖凯 1 , 王振 1 , 严喜林 1 , 李文骁 2 , 胡剑生 3 , 刘平 2
电源学报 | 热管理与结温监测 2024,22(3): 127-137
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电源学报 | 热管理与结温监测 2024, 22(3): 127-137
基于导通压降的大容量IGBT模块结温观测与误差分析研究
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肖凯1 , 王振1 , 严喜林1 , 李文骁2 , 胡剑生3 , 刘平2
作者信息
  • 1 中国南方电网有限责任公司 超高压输电公司电力科研院 广州 510000
  • 2 湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082
  • 3 许继电气股份有限公司 许昌 461000
  • 肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail: xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

    王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

    严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

    李文骁(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:lwx1999@hnu.edu.cn。

    胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀相关工作。E-mail: hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

    刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电驱系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail: pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

Observation and Error Analysis of Junction Temperature of Large-capacity IGBT Module Based on On-state Voltage Drop
Kai XIAO1 , Zhen WANG1 , Xilin YAN1 , Wenxiao LI2 , Jiansheng HU3 , Ping LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute CSG EHV Power Transmission Company Guangzhou 510000 China
  • 2 College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
  • 3 Xuji Electric Co., Ltd Xuchang 461000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.127
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压接式绝缘栅双极性晶体管 PP-IGBT(press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor)模块因其优越的电气性能和可靠性,广泛应用于柔性直流换流阀等大功率应用场景。IGBT芯片结温的准确观测对于其运行状态的监测与剩余寿命的评估都非常重要。已有结温观测方法多是针对键合引线式IGBT,未考虑到压接式模块的特性,无法直接应用。首先,针对大容量换流阀中的压接式 IGBT,提出了一种实用的模块导通压降与结温标定方法,并对结温在线估计的误差进行了全面分析。然后,基于ABB公司 5SNA 3000K452300压接式 IGBT 模块(4500 V,3000A)设计了结温标定方案,包括实验电路、温度标定范围选择、结温控制方式、测量电路及标定实验步骤。最后,基于脉冲测试平台,对所提方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,所提结温标定与观测方案有效,结温观测误差在±5℃以内,且能适用压接式 IGBT模块存在差异的情况。

压接式 IGBT  /  结温标定实验  /  热敏电参数  /  导通压降  /  误差分析

Press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor (PP-IGBT) modules are widely used in high-power applications such as flexible DC converter valves owing to their superior electrical performance and reliability. Therefore, an accurate observation of the junction temperature of a IGBT chip is important for monitoring its operating status and evaluating its remaining lifetime. The existing junction temperature observation methods are mostly designed for bonded-lead IGBTs, which cannot be applied directly because the characteristics of PP modules are not taken into account. Aimed at the PP IGBTs in large-capacity converter valves, a practical method for calibrating the on-state voltage drop and junction temperature of modules is proposed, and the online estimation error of junction temperature is comprehensively analyzed. Then, a junction temperature calibration scheme is designed based on a 5SNA 3000K452300 PP IGBT module(4 500 V, 3 000 A) produced by ABB, including experimental circuits, temperature calibration range selection, junction temperature control method, measurement circuits and calibration experimental procedure. Finally, based on a pulse test platform, the proposed method was verified. Experimental results show that the junction temperature calibration and observation scheme proposed was effective, the junction temperature observation error was within ±5 °C, and it can be applied to the case of differences in PP IGBT modules.

Press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor (PP-IGBT)  /  junction temperature calibration experiment  /  thermo-sensitive electrical parameter  /  on-state voltage drop  /  error analysis
肖凯, 王振, 严喜林, 李文骁, 胡剑生, 刘平. 基于导通压降的大容量IGBT模块结温观测与误差分析研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 127 -137 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.127
Kai XIAO, Zhen WANG, Xilin YAN, Wenxiao LI, Jiansheng HU, Ping LIU. Observation and Error Analysis of Junction Temperature of Large-capacity IGBT Module Based on On-state Voltage Drop[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 127 -137 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.127
在柔性直流输电系统中, 模块化多电平换流阀组件是实现整流、逆变、开关等关键作用的核心设备[1]。而压接式 IGBT 功率器件是高压大容量柔直换流阀装备中的核心部件, 在我国重大电网工程中得到了广泛应用,如昆柳龙混合直流输电工程[1] 、张北直流电网工程[2] 、海上柔性直流输电和白鹤滩混合直流输电工程[3-7] 等。由于复杂的电应力工况,压接式 IGBT 器件容易受到高压大电流交变电流应力的影响。有研究表明, 大功率压接式 IGBT 器件 55%的失效是由温度因素引起的[8-9]。在正常温度工作范围内,器件结温每上升 10 ℃,器件的失效率也会翻倍[10]。因此,为了能够对压接式 IGBT 器件进行状态监测与寿命评估, 提高电网系统运行可靠性, 准确地在线观测 IGBT 结温具有重要的意义。
热敏电参数法 TSEP(thermo-sensitive electrical parameters)是一种有效的 IGBT 结温观测方法, 其借助 IGBT 内部物理参数与温度的相关性, 通过测量对热源敏感性强的外部电气参数来逆向预估 IGBT 的平均结温。热敏电参数法可分为动态热敏电参数和静态热敏电参数。动态热敏电参数利用器件开关状态的特征参数反映结温, 常用参数包括阈值电压和开通/关断延迟时间;静态热敏电参数利用器件的导通或关断状态的特征参数来反映结温, 常用方法有小电流注入法、饱和电流法以及导通压降法等。
目前, 热敏电参数法已被用于大容量压接式 IGBT 模块的结温估计,文献[11-15]利用小电流下的导通压降设计了分离门极控制实验,总结出了测量压接式 IGBT 模块中各个芯片结温的方法, 但由于小电流下饱和压降法涉及到电流的开关切换, 故应用该方法需要 1 个复杂的恒定小电流电路, 不利于在线测量应用;文献[16]利用漏电流作为热敏电参数对英飞凌 FF100R12KS4 模块的结温进行测量,但该方法对漏电流测量精度要求较高(可达$\mu \mathrm{A}$ 级),因此该方法仅适用于精密的实验研究,在实际工况下难以应用;文献[17]利用关断电流最大变化率对压接式 IGBT 的结温进行测量,但对于不同模块的寄生电感会存在差异,该方案的普适性不强。
相较于其他方法, 导通压降稳定性好且测量简单,尤其适用于各种实验测试,包括热阻、瞬态热阻抗测试及功率循环测试等。导通压降的非侵入性和集成性使其在实际运行工况下特别适用, 成为在线准确提取大容量压接式 IGBT 结温的理想选择。目前, 大电流下的导通压降作为热敏电参数被使用于各种场合下的结温观测,然而大部分对其的研究仅适用于体积较小且较易观察到其内部结构的缝合引线式 IGBT 模块, 其标定实验中的加热方法通常使用加热板或恒温箱[18-21],结温监测通常使用红外观测或设定恒温箱温度[22-23]。而压接式 IGBT 利用其特殊的封装技术, 采用压力接触的方式将内部半导体芯片与表面功率电极端口连接, 如此形成的紧凑型结构难以在实验中直接测量到其结温, 其巨大的体积也会导致在加热板上或置于恒温箱中使模块的控制温度不均匀。
综上所述, 为了攻克在大容量压接式 IGBT 模块结温估计方面出现的难题, 本文首先根据压降式模块的物理特性, 从理论上对基于热敏电参数结温估计方法的可行性进行了论证。然后针对一种 ABB 的大容量压接式 IGBT 模块 (5SNA3000K452300) 搭建了全功率测试平台, 提出了可在实际工况中应用的结温标定方法。最后利用所提方法, 对被测器件的结温进行了标定实验。
与普通 IGBT 相同,压接式 IGBT 的内部结构相当于在$\mathrm{N}$ 沟道 MOSFET 上增加了 1 个$\mathrm{P}+$ 衬底,分析 IGBT 通态特性时,其结构可简化为: 1 个 P-i-N整流器串联 1 个工作在线性区的 MOSFET。总通态压降可以等效于 MOSFET 沟道电压和 P-i-N 整流器压降之和[24],即
${V}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{IGBT}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{PiN}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ MOSFET }}$
在小电流范围内, 以 P-i-N 整流器压降为主; 在大电流时, 以 MOSFET 沟道压降为主。图1 为 IGBT 内部结构与简化的通态模型。
P-i-N 整流器的导通压降[24] 计算公式为
${V}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{PiN}}}= \frac{2kT}{q}\ln \left(\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{c}}{W}_{\mathrm{N}}}{{4q}{D}_{\mathrm{a}}{n}_{\mathrm{i}}F\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}\right)$
式中:$k$ 为玻尔兹曼系数;$T$ 为结温;$q$ 为元电荷量;${J}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为集电极电流面密度;${W}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为漂移区宽度;${D}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为双极扩散系数;${n}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为本征载流子浓度;${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为双极扩散长度; 函数$F\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)$ 可表示为
$ F\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)= \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}\tanh \left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{\sqrt{1 -{0.25}{\tanh }^{4}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{q{V}_{\mathrm{N}}}{2kT}}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 为漂移区电压降。
MOSFET 部分工作在线性区时, 沟道电阻导通压降的计算公式为
${V}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ MOSFET }}= \frac{p{L}_{\mathrm{{CH}}}{J}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{{ni}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{OX}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{G}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}}\right)} $
式中:$p$ 为元胞节距;${L}_{\mathrm{{CH}}}$ 为沟道长度;${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ni}}}$ 为沟道迁移率;${C}_{\mathrm{{OX}}}$ 为栅极氧化层电容;${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为栅极驱动电压;${V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}$ 为栅极阈值电压。
将式(2)和式(4)代入式(1),得到 IGBT 结构的导通压降为
${V}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{IGBT}}}= \frac{2kT}{q}\ln \left(\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{c}}{W}_{\mathrm{N}}}{{4q}{D}_{\mathrm{a}}{n}_{\mathrm{i}}F\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}\right)+ \\\frac{p{L}_{\mathrm{{CH}}}{J}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{{ni}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{OX}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{G}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}}\right)} $
当栅极偏置电压较大, 集电极电流密度较低时, 即 IGBT 小电流导通时, 式(5)等号右侧第 1 项占主导地位, 此时 IGBT 的集电极电流以指数形式随导通压降的增加而增加; 当集电极电流密度较大时, 即 IGBT 大电流导通时, 式(5)等号右侧的第 2 项占主导地位,此时近似于$\mathrm{P}- \mathrm{i}- \mathrm{N}$ 整流器串联 1 个电阻。
将式(3)代入式(5)得
${V}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{IGBT}}}= \frac{2kT}{q}.\\\left\lbrack {\ln \left({{J}_{\mathrm{c}}{W}_{\mathrm{N}}}\right)- \ln \left({{4q}{D}_{\mathrm{a}}{n}_{\mathrm{i}}\frac{{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}\tanh \left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{\sqrt{1 -{0.25}{\tanh }^{4}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}}}\right)}\right\rbrack +\\{V}_{\mathrm{M}}+ \frac{p{L}_{\mathrm{{CH}}}{J}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{{ni}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{OX}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{G}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}}\right)} $
由式 (6) 可知,当电流面密度${J}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 小于其通态压降测量结温的拐点电流面密度时, IGBT 的同台压降随结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 的上升而下降,且${J}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 越小,通态压降受结温的影响 (灵敏度) 越明显; 当电流面密度${J}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 大于其通态压降测量结温的拐点电流面密度时, IGBT 的通态压降随结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 的上升而上升,且${J}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 越大,通态压降受结温影响(灵敏度)越明显。通态压降测量结温的拐点电流面密度为
${J}_{\mathrm{c},\text{ inflection }}= \frac{{4q}{D}_{\mathrm{a}}{n}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{W}_{\mathrm{N}}}\frac{{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}\tanh \left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{\sqrt{1 -{0.25}{\tanh }^{4}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{N}}/2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}}$
即通态压降与结温的关系在此处发生变化, 且通态压降测量结温的灵敏度在此处最低[13]
综上所述,考虑到高压大功率压接式 IGBT 模块的运行工况, 且尽量避开对拐点电流附近的导通压降进行测量, 本文采用大电流下的饱和压降法对 IGBT 结温进行测量, 并且针对高压大功率压接式 IGBT 模块的特殊封装结构, 对其实验标定方案进行设计。
本文所进行的结温观测方法如图2 所示, 包括以下步骤:标定实验方案设计、实验标定与曲线拟合、导通压降-结温-电流关系确定、工程实际工况下压接式 IGBT 模块结温测量的应用。
其中,结温标定方案主要针对大容量压接式 IGBT 的高压大功率以及特殊封装结构进行相关设计;实验标定是将大容量压接式 IGBT 置于不同温度、不同电流下测得的不同导通压降数据进行处理; 导通压降-结温-电流关系是将处理后的实验数据导入到 MATLAB 曲线拟合器中进行曲线拟合得到结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 与导通压降${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$,导通电流${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 之间的反推关系式, 即利用导通压降与电流对结温进行描述, 从而达到利用关系式在现实工况下压接式 IGBT 模块的结温观测目的。
本文标定实验需要改变模块的导通电流, 但由于模块的额定电流较高, 电流上升时间较长会产生一定热量导致结温升高, 故无法使用施加短电流脉冲的方法, 因此本文搭建 IGBT 单脉冲实验电路, 如图3 所示。实验通过 1、2 号端口对电容$C$ 充电,之后对待测模块${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 施加单脉冲信号,与待测模块同桥臂模块${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 并联的负载电感进行续流,电流不断上升,从而对导通压降进行测量,波形如图4 所示。
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 的驱动电压脉冲时间${\Delta t}$ 确定方式为
${\Delta t}= \frac{{L}_{\text{load }}}{{U}_{\mathrm{c}}}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}$
式中:${\Delta t}$ 为驱动电压脉冲时间;${L}_{\text{load }}$ 为负载电感;${U}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为电容电压;${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为最大关断电流。
在本文实验中,负载电感${L}_{\text{load }}= {0.05}\mathrm{{mH}}$,最大关断电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}= {3000}\mathrm{\;A}$,对电容充电至${1500}\mathrm{\;V}$,计算得到设置指令脉宽为${100\mu }\mathrm{s}$,考虑裕量,本文实验设置${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 驱动电压脉冲时间为${120\mu }\mathrm{s}$
为了防止模块自热引起误差, 根据表1 中本文研究对象 ABB 公司 5SNA 3000K452300 压接式 IGBT 模块的瞬态热阻${R}_{i}$ 与时间常数${\tau }_{i}$ 按照式 (2) 计算器件在${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 工况下的温升,即
${\Delta T}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{R}_{i}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t}{{\tau }_{i}}}}\right) P $
通过对模块数据手册中的输出特性曲线进行描点,得到在${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的条件下,模块的导通压降为 2.85474 V。本文实验模块通过电流为从 0 经过${120\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 上升至${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的电流,此期间的平均电流为宽度为${120\mu }\mathrm{s}$${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 电流脉冲的$1/2$,损耗为其的$1/4$,即损耗为${2.141}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$。将上文得到的${120\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 脉冲时间、瞬态热阻抗参数及模块损耗代入式(2)得到温升为${0.077}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,其温升比较小,实验中可忽略不计。
大容量压接式 IGBT 模块在实际运行中,例如乌东德工程龙门站与广东背靠背工程,额定功率水平下,器件结温裕量通常不低于${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,即运行结温小于最高允许工作结温 30°C以上。因此,在通常情况下,模块的运行温度不会超过 95°C。
本文采用水冷方式对模块进行温度控制, 将模块的散热器通水,通过设备控制水温,待温度稳定后进行测试。优点在于 IGBT 温度分布均匀,且仅对模块进行温度控制而无需考虑与其通过短排线连接的驱动板卡的极限温度, 缺点在于最高加热水冷只能小于 100 °C。
综合考虑实验条件和器件的实际运行工况, 本文选择水冷方式在标定过程中对 IGBT 模块的结温进行控制。因此,结温标定范围设定为${25}\sim {95}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
为了保证结温观测的准确性, 必须确保导通压降测量有足够高的精度。本文实验主要利用采样电路确保导通压降的精度,相关理论分析如下。
本文设计了导通压降采样电路以满足导通压降高精度的采样,如图5 所示,分为电压取样、低通滤波、调理增益及 AD 转换。本文实验的采样电路如图6 所示。
采样电路输出电压为
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{R}_{3}+ {R}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{R}_{3}}\left\lbrack {\frac{{R}_{1}}{{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack -\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{R}_{3}}{V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}+ \\\frac{\left({{R}_{3}+ {R}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)\left({{R}_{2}{V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}- {R}_{1}{V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}}}\right)}{\left({{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}\right){R}_{3}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$ 为 1 个定值电压,大于 IGBT 的导通压降${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}};{\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 为参数完全相同的 2 个二极管,实际使用时用 6 个二极管串联阻断高压;${R}_{1}$${R}_{2}$ 为限流电阻;${R}_{3}$${R}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 的阻值远远大于${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 的导通电阻;${V}_{0}$ 为采样电路的输出,经过后级电路进一步处理后由 ADC 进行采集。
${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 完全相同时,
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{R}_{3}+ {R}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{R}_{3}}\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{2}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack -\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{R}_{3}}{V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$
${R}_{3}= {R}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 时,
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$
高压二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 起到关断后隔离后端测量的电路作用, 其导通压降的一致性对采样精度的影响较大,可从两个方面避免此问题。在选取过程中, 对同一型号同一批次的多个二极管在不同温度下的电压电流特性进行对比, 选择电压电流特性尽可能一致的 2 个二极管; 在设计电路过程中, 使 2 个二极管之间的距离尽可能近, 使 2 个二极管充分热耦合,并使用热凝胶进行覆盖,使 2 个二极管的温度在运行过程尽可能一致。
(1)模块加工。在压接功率模组的散热器角落上刻制一细长的凹槽, 用来插入测温光纤探针, 如图7 所示。将光纤测温探针沿凹槽伸入至 IGBT 内集电极上选定芯片中心垂直对应的散热器位置, 利用光纤测温仪读取温度数据。测量得到的该处温度, 近似等同于 IGBT 模块内选定芯片的结温。
(2)温度控制。在实验之前,对光纤测温探头的精度进行矫正。实验过程中将其插入散热器刻制的凹槽中,利用水冷加热装置对模块温度进行控制, 实时监测光纤测温探针表征温度, 直至稳定在标定所需温度。
(3)测试实验。首先开展低电压、小电流测试, 检查对应的导通压降、电流波形是否存在异常。若无异常则可进行高压大电流实验; 若存在异常则对实验装置进行排查。
(4)施加加载脉冲电流与数据记录。利用高压直流电源将电容充电至${1500}\mathrm{\;V}$,调节脉冲发波板脉冲宽度,给${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 施加驱动电压脉冲,使关断电流最大达到${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$,同步采集记录标定加载脉冲电流、 导通压降、温度。
(5)数据处理。标定实验结束后,对所得数据 (导通压降-电流-温度) 进行拟合, 得到结温、导通压降和电流的关系。
本文搭建的实验平台如图8 所示, 由全桥电路、IGBT 驱动板(集成了 IGBT 导通压降采样电路)、控制板、用于给电容充电的高压直流电源、水冷控制装置、光纤测温探头等组成,实验仪器与设备型号见表2
${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ (室温)至${95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的条件下,每隔${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 进行 1 次 0~3000 A 电流工况下的标定实验,测量 IGBT 模块在不同结温下的导通压降,其波形如图9 所示。
图9 反映了模块导通后电流与压降的关系: 当对模块施加驱动电压脉冲后, 模块导通电流从 0 经过${120\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 上升至${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$,模块导通压降先从${1500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 下降至$2 \sim 3\mathrm{\;V}$,后又伴随着导通电流的上升而上升。
图9 可以看到, 在模块的开通初期, 测量到的导通压降伴随着电流的上升而下降, 此时测量的导通压降是不准确的。从给模块施加开通信号到导通压降伴随电流上升这段变化过程所用的时间被称为延迟时间[11]
延迟时间的确定对于结温的准确测量非常关键, 如果在实际测量的过程中延迟时间的设置值比实际值小, 则测量得到的导通压降会比实际值大, 导致测量的结温也会比实际值大。而在延迟时间后测量得到的导通压降伴随着电流的上升而呈线性上升, 测量得到的上升斜率仅与模块所处的结温有关, 即此时的模块可视为 1 个电阻。本文针对模块在 26(室温)、40、70 和 95 ℃下的延迟时间进行测量, 结果如表3 所示。
结合表3 可知, 随着结温的升高, 延迟时间也在变长, 结温对延迟时间的影响较为明显。因此在考虑延迟时间的影响后,本文截取了在不同结温下模块开通后${33.3\mu }\mathrm{s}$ (对应导通电流${1000}\mathrm{\;A}$ )的波形,分别如图10图11 所示。由图11 可以看出, 压接式 IGBT 的标定曲线线性度较好。
利用 MATLAB 中的曲线拟合工具, 根据上述多项式拟合法对标定数据进行曲线拟合。本文改变自变量和因变量,分别对${T}_{\mathrm{j}}= f\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}},{I}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}= f\left({{T}_{\mathrm{j}},{I}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$ 的一次和二次多项式进行拟合, 拟合公式为
${T}_{\mathrm{j}}= \left({{a}_{11}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {a}_{12}}\right){V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}^{2}+ \left({{a}_{21}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {a}_{22}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {a}_{23}}\right){V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}+ {a}_{31}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{3}+ \\{a}_{32}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {a}_{33}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {a}_{34}\\{T}_{\mathrm{j}}= \left({{b}_{11}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {b}_{12}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {b}_{13}}\right){V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}+ {b}_{21}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{3}+ {b}_{22}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {b}_{23}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {b}_{24}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}= \left({{c}_{11}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {c}_{12}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{j}}^{2}+ \left({{c}_{21}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {c}_{22}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {c}_{23}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{j}}+ {c}_{31}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{3}+ \\{c}_{32}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {c}_{33}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {c}_{34}\\{V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}= \left({{d}_{11}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {d}_{12}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {d}_{13}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{j}}+ {d}_{21}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{3}+ {d}_{22}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ {d}_{23}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {d}_{24}$
式中,$a\text{、}b\text{、}c\text{、}d$ 分别为各项的拟合系数。
表4 为 4 种拟合方法的结果对比。其中, SSE (sum of squares due to error) 为和方差, 代表拟合数据和原始数据对应点误差的平方和, 其值越接近 0,说明模型选择和拟合效果越好,数据预测准确;R-square (coefficient of determination) 为决定系数, 也叫多重测定系数, 其值越接近 1, 表明方程的变量对因变量的解释能力越强; Adjusted R-square (degree-of-freedom adjusted coefficient of determination) 为矫正决定系数, 其值接近 1, 表示匹配效果越好, 通常是拟合效果的最佳指标; RMSE(root mean squared error) 为均方根, 其值越接近 0, 表明拟合效果越好[26]
综合各项指标来看,4 种拟合方法中,${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}= f\left({T}_{\mathrm{j}}\right.$,$\left.{I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)$ 的二次关系的拟合指标均优于其他拟合方法,故采用此方法进行结温计算的结果最为准确。其为${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}= f\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{j}}^{2}+ g\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{j}}+ h\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)$ 的形式,通过导通压降${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 的数学表达式求解结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$,可得
${T}_{\mathrm{j}}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{-g\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+ \sqrt{g{\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}- {4f}\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\left\lbrack {h\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)- {V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right\rbrack }}{{2f}\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)} \\\frac{-g\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)- \sqrt{g{\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}- {4f}\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\left\lbrack {h\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)- {V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right\rbrack }}{{2f}\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)} \end{array}\right.$
此二次函数开口向下, 因此选取对称轴左边的解作为求得的结温,进而得到结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 关于集电极电流${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 与模块导通压降${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 的数学表达式,即
${T}_{\mathrm{j}}= \frac{-g\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)- \sqrt{g{\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}- {4f}\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\left\lbrack {h\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)- {V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right\rbrack }}{{2f}\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)} $
式中:$f\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)= {1.601}\times {10}^{-5}- {3.284}\times {10}^{-9}{I}_{\mathrm{c}};g\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)= {0.003733}+$ ${4.604}\times {10}^{-7}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {2.417}\times {10}^{-{10}}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2};h\left({I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)= {1.224}+ {4.252}\times {10}^{-4}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}+$ ${3.358}\times {10}^{-8}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}- {9.995}\times {10}^{-{12}}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}^{3}$
为了防止仅用拟合数据进行误差分析会造成计算的误差偏小,本文在不同结温下重复测量了导通压降。同样考虑延迟时间与示波器的输入误差, 对所测数据进行处理后输入到拟合公式中进行结温计算,并和重复测量中光纤探头测量得到的结温进行对比, 计算各个测量温度与计算结温之间的误差, 如表5 所示。
计算出的提取计算结温最大正向误差为${4.5046}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,最大反向误差为$-{4.7036}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,误差范围在$\pm 5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。将导通电流-结温-结温误差散点输入至 MATLAB 中, 通过插值形成三维网格后得到的三维曲线如图12 所示。
图12 可以看出, 去除相关峰值点, 经过插值后,结温计算误差小于$\pm 4{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,满足正常工况下的结温观测需求。
结温观测误差产生的原因主要包括以下几点。
(1)本文所测量的导通压降仍存在一定误差,如本文所设计的采样电路存在二极管补偿部分, 不可避免的存在二极管之间的差异, 使二极管的通态压降存在差异,从而使导通压降的采样存在一定误差。
(2)本文实验即使在导通压降测量电路的输出端添加了滤波电路, 仍然无法避免采样得到的导通压降存在毛刺等问题。除此之外, 示波器同样存在一定输入误差。
(3)本实验使用水冷的方式对器件的结温进行调控, 并尽可能放置足够长的时间使温度稳定 (约${0.5}\mathrm{\;h}$ ),但是在测试的过程中仍然会产生$\pm {0.5}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度波动,导致本实验测得的结温数据存在少量偏差, 进而影响标定误差的准确性。
(4)本文实验在测量导通压降时由于存在一定的延迟时间,对于小电流下不同结温与导通压降之间的关系不够明确,仅针对电流在${1000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 以上的导通压降与结温的关系进行了拟合, 而小电流下的导通压降和电流之间的线性度相较大电流而言更差。
在生产的过程中, 即使功率模块的型号与封装相同,但个体之间仍然存在差异,这种差异来自于模块的制造偏差 (由生产设备的精度造成), 以及材料差异,如材料批次、来源及制备中存在的差异, 从而导致器件的内部结构、掺杂浓度或表面质量存在微小差异, 进而影响导通状态下的微小电性能变化。因此本文针对不同模块实际工作过程中可能在导通压降上存在的微小差异进行了相关分析。表6 为由 ABB 厂家提供的同批次生产的 5SNA 3000K452300 压接式 IGBT 热稳态测试(3${000}\mathrm{\;A},{125}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )下的导通压降数据。
表6 可知,在该批次模块中,${125}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{、}{3000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 下导通压降最大为${3.56}\mathrm{\;V}$,经过拟合曲线计算得到计算结温为${127.5774}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,误差为$+{2.5774}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;导通压降最小为${3.50}\mathrm{\;V}$,对应提取计算结温为${120.7715}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$, 误差为$-{4.2285}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;导通压降平均为${3.53}\mathrm{\;V}$,对应提取计算结温为${124.1825}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,误差为${0.8175}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
综上所述, 本文得到的拟合曲线针对不同模块之间的导通压降差异, 提取计算得到的结温误差不超过$\pm 5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,可以满足工程实际上对于不同模块结温估计的需要。
本文针对 ABB 公司一种压接式 IGBT 模块 (5SNA3000K452300)的物理特性及其大功率应用场景提出了一种基于导通压降模块平均结温在线估计的方法。首先基于单脉冲测试方法, 搭建了${1500}\mathrm{\;V}$${3000}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的测试平台,设计了 IGBT 模块结温与导通压降关系的标定策略, 并对测试结果进行了数据拟合。然后在不同工况下, 利用标定数学式对结温进行了实时估计测试,误差小于$\pm 5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。本文所提方法考虑了模块特殊封装与实际工况特性, 可用于换流阀中压接式 IGBT 模块的结温在线估计,提升其运行可靠性。
  • 南方电网公司科技资助项目(CGYKJXM20220108)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.127
  • 接收时间:2023-12-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-18
  • 修回日期:2024-01-13
  • 录用日期:2024-01-19
基金
China Southern Power Grid Corporation Science and Technology Project Funding(CGYKJXM20220108)
南方电网公司科技资助项目(CGYKJXM20220108)
作者信息
    1 中国南方电网有限责任公司 超高压输电公司电力科研院 广州 510000
    2 湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082
    3 许继电气股份有限公司 许昌 461000
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