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Power semiconductor devices are the core of electric energy conversion and electric drive based on the power electronics technology, which have broad application prospects in new energy generation, transportation, aerospace and other fields. However, the problems such as degradation, failure and reliability caused by heat generation have become bottlenecks that limit their further development, and it is urgent to explore effective thermal management methods to improve their reliability and service life. In this paper, based on the introduction of thermal management methods for power modules, the research progress in active thermal management methods is reviewed in detail, and these methods are divided into device-level, system-level and multi-parameter comprehensive methods according to the difference in control parameters. In addition, various methods are analyzed and compared. Finally, the development trend and prospect of technologies for power devices which are related to junction temperature are put forward, providing a reference for the subsequent research and applications.
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功率半导体器件是基于电力电子技术的电能变换、电力驱动等领域的核心,在新能源发电、交通运输以及航空航天等领域有广阔的应用前景,然而其发热原因造成的退化失效和可靠性等问题已成为其进一步发展的瓶颈,亟需探究有效的热管理方法,以提高其可靠性和使用寿命。在介绍功率模块的热管理方法的基础上,重点综述了其主动热管理方法的研究进展。依据控制参量的不同将其分为器件级、系统级和多参量的综合方法,并对各种方法进行了分析比对总结。最后提出了功率器件结温相关技术的发展趋势,进行了展望,以期为其后续研究应用提供参考。
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皇甫宜耿(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源与混合动力。E-mail: yigeng@nwpu.edu.cn。 |
宋少林(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail: songshaolin@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
王晓鹏(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合动力无人机能量管理。E-mail: wang_xiaopeng@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
李凡(1999-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池建模与能量管理。E-mail: lfan@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
甘子瑜(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail: ganziyu@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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皇甫宜耿(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源与混合动力。E-mail: yigeng@nwpu.edu.cn。
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皇甫宜耿(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源与混合动力。E-mail: yigeng@nwpu.edu.cn。
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宋少林(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail: songshaolin@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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王晓鹏(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合动力无人机能量管理。E-mail: wang_xiaopeng@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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王晓鹏(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合动力无人机能量管理。E-mail: wang_xiaopeng@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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李凡(1999-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池建模与能量管理。E-mail: lfan@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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甘子瑜(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail: ganziyu@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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甘子瑜(2000-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail: ganziyu@mail.nwpu.edu.cn。
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2017. (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Active thermal management control of PWM inverter based on the estimation of real-time temperature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049922795033327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=115, pageEnd=122, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=41, authorNames=刘文业, 康力璇, 刘海涛, journalName=机车电传动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘文业, 康力璇, 刘海涛, 等. 高可靠牵引变流器 IGBT 主动结温控制技术研究[J].
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2021. 5): 115-122 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Research on high reliability traction converter IGBT active junction temperature control, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154049917216608909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049917220803214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, companyId=1154049917216608909, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Automation Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049917224997519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, companyId=1154049917216608909, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西北工业大学 自动化学院 西安 710072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154049919515087538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Various control layers that manage the thermal behavior of power converters, figureFileSmall=k4zPOLA9tBAxYy79WYrpqw==, figureFileBig=o8H73nWuH9Mo2eVbugBReQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919561224883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
管理功率转换器热行为的各种控制层, figureFileSmall=k4zPOLA9tBAxYy79WYrpqw==, figureFileBig=o8H73nWuH9Mo2eVbugBReQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919615750836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
PWM control method of switching frequency based on ${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ control ${}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=auLD04Feufq72JWttjExcg==, figureFileBig=eYi6pnItNJH1AGuGfkkl5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919674471093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
基于 ${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 控制的开关频率的 PWM 控制方法 ${}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=auLD04Feufq72JWttjExcg==, figureFileBig=eYi6pnItNJH1AGuGfkkl5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919716414134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Traditional voltage source gate driver with switchable gate resistance network ${}^{\left\lbrack {16}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=k70dLtvmJEhDNZVxpVc6Nw==, figureFileBig=7wQxp8s4Nv6GJApP9xwrdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919775134391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
具有可切换栅极电阻网络的传统电压源栅极驱动器 ${}^{\left\lbrack {16}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=k70dLtvmJEhDNZVxpVc6Nw==, figureFileBig=7wQxp8s4Nv6GJApP9xwrdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919829660344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Dynamic current limiting controller ${}^{\left\lbrack {20}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=3XM8rPioqZdfUxTX0X/Wqw==, figureFileBig=Dyv8kO8qgbFHhSPAMoe9hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919884186297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
动态电流限幅控制器 ${}^{\left\lbrack {20}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=3XM8rPioqZdfUxTX0X/Wqw==, figureFileBig=Dyv8kO8qgbFHhSPAMoe9hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919938712250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Block diagram of inverter active thermal management control system ${}^{\left\lbrack {32}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=+0e5GBXDBGE79+c55aL2EQ==, figureFileBig=DP6F7eToPLfLJIZQFLpEAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049919993238203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
逆变器主动热管理控制系统框图${}^{\left\lbrack {32}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=+0e5GBXDBGE79+c55aL2EQ==, figureFileBig=DP6F7eToPLfLJIZQFLpEAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049920039375549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Block diagram of integrated active junction temperature control system ${}^{\left\lbrack {33}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=Lqmzs0QLbh/ddngXBk3fgQ==, figureFileBig=wuTiqHi7cG48wZ8jfZqokg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049920110678719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
综合主动结温控制系统框图${}^{\left\lbrack {33}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=Lqmzs0QLbh/ddngXBk3fgQ==, figureFileBig=wuTiqHi7cG48wZ8jfZqokg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049920156816064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Summary of thermal management methods for power modules, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法分类 | 控制方式 | 外加电路 | 引入损耗 | 输出影响 | 实现难度 | 响应速度 | 热应力缓解程度 | 优点 | 缺点 | 参考文献 |
| 基于 散热 器热 管理 | 风冷 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 慢 | 热阻降低 10%~20% 降低温升 5~10 °C | 简单易实现 | 外加散热器、 体积较大 | [4][6][7] |
| 液冷 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 慢 | 最高结温降低 10~20 ℃ | 简单易实现 | 外加散热器、 体积较大 | [5][8] |
| 相变材料 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 较复杂 | 慢 | 降低结温 波动 30% | 利用材料自身优 势提升模块性能 | 需重新设计封装结 构 | [9][10] |
| 器件 级主 动热 管理 | 变开关频率 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 容易 | 快 | 降低 结温波动 50% | 动态响应迅速 应对负载变化能力强 外加器件少 | 滤波器设计困难 受到极限开关频 率、电能质量和散 热条件约束 | [13][14][15] |
| 变调制策略 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 较复杂 | 快 | 结温降低 8~10 °C | 动态响应迅速 不需要修改外电路 | 控制复杂 调节范围有限 | [19] |
| 变栅极电阻 | 是 | 是 | 无 | 复杂 | 快 | 结温波动 降低 20% 平均结温 降低 8% | 响应速度块 不影响模块的 正常工作 | 需额外的驱动控制 电路控制较为复杂 调节效果有限 | [16] |
| 变栅极电压 | 是 | 是 | 无 | 较复杂 | 快 | 结温波动降低 30%~40% 平均结温降低 8%~10% | 不影响变流器 输出性能 | 需额外的驱动 控制电路 | [17][18] |
| 系统 级主 动热 管理 | 负载电流限幅 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 容易 | 较快 | 输出功率 提升 40% | 提升器件过载能力 | 降低系统性能 | [20] |
| 直流母线电压 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 较复杂 | 较快 | 最大结温 降低 15 ℃ | 控制简单、控制量 易采集 | 母线电压对系统稳 定性重要、使用场 景较少 | [12][21][22] |
| 有功调节 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 容易 | 慢 | 最高结温 降低 7 ℃ | 可减少成本 对输出、寿命有 合理折中 | 限制系统输出性能 | [23] |
| 无功调节 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 慢 | 结温波动 最大降低 40% | 不影响系统的 正常运行 | 影响电能输出质量 仅缓解结温波 动情况 | [24] |
| 功率动态分配 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 较快 | 最高壳温下降 6 ℃ 器件最大寿命 提升 1.5 年 | 不影响系统的 正常运行 | 增加非薄弱模块的 应力 | [25][26][27] |
| 综合 调节 方式 | 变频、变风扇流 量 | 是 | 否 | 有 | 较复杂 | 快 | 切载时结温 跳变减小 80% | 弥补单一 方式缺陷 | 策略间存在 耦合问题 | [15] |
| 变频、限流、变风 扇流量 | 是 | 否 | 有 | 复杂 | 快 | 结温波动减少 20 ℃ 平均结温下降 10 ℃ | 弥补单一 方式缺陷 | 需重点考虑各种方 式的触发节点 | [32] |
| 变频、限流、变栅 极电阻、变流量 | 是 | 是 | 有 | 复杂 | 快 | 结温波动 均下降 15 ℃ | 弥补单一 方式缺陷 | 需重点考虑各种方 式的触发节点 | [33] |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049920249090753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049895783715433, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
功率模块热管理方法总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法分类 | 控制方式 | 外加电路 | 引入损耗 | 输出影响 | 实现难度 | 响应速度 | 热应力缓解程度 | 优点 | 缺点 | 参考文献 |
| 基于 散热 器热 管理 | 风冷 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 慢 | 热阻降低 10%~20% 降低温升 5~10 °C | 简单易实现 | 外加散热器、 体积较大 | [4][6][7] |
| 液冷 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 慢 | 最高结温降低 10~20 ℃ | 简单易实现 | 外加散热器、 体积较大 | [5][8] |
| 相变材料 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 较复杂 | 慢 | 降低结温 波动 30% | 利用材料自身优 势提升模块性能 | 需重新设计封装结 构 | [9][10] |
| 器件 级主 动热 管理 | 变开关频率 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 容易 | 快 | 降低 结温波动 50% | 动态响应迅速 应对负载变化能力强 外加器件少 | 滤波器设计困难 受到极限开关频 率、电能质量和散 热条件约束 | [13][14][15] |
| 变调制策略 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 较复杂 | 快 | 结温降低 8~10 °C | 动态响应迅速 不需要修改外电路 | 控制复杂 调节范围有限 | [19] |
| 变栅极电阻 | 是 | 是 | 无 | 复杂 | 快 | 结温波动 降低 20% 平均结温 降低 8% | 响应速度块 不影响模块的 正常工作 | 需额外的驱动控制 电路控制较为复杂 调节效果有限 | [16] |
| 变栅极电压 | 是 | 是 | 无 | 较复杂 | 快 | 结温波动降低 30%~40% 平均结温降低 8%~10% | 不影响变流器 输出性能 | 需额外的驱动 控制电路 | [17][18] |
| 系统 级主 动热 管理 | 负载电流限幅 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 容易 | 较快 | 输出功率 提升 40% | 提升器件过载能力 | 降低系统性能 | [20] |
| 直流母线电压 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 较复杂 | 较快 | 最大结温 降低 15 ℃ | 控制简单、控制量 易采集 | 母线电压对系统稳 定性重要、使用场 景较少 | [12][21][22] |
| 有功调节 | 否 | 否 | 有 | 容易 | 慢 | 最高结温 降低 7 ℃ | 可减少成本 对输出、寿命有 合理折中 | 限制系统输出性能 | [23] |
| 无功调节 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 慢 | 结温波动 最大降低 40% | 不影响系统的 正常运行 | 影响电能输出质量 仅缓解结温波 动情况 | [24] |
| 功率动态分配 | 否 | 否 | 无 | 容易 | 较快 | 最高壳温下降 6 ℃ 器件最大寿命 提升 1.5 年 | 不影响系统的 正常运行 | 增加非薄弱模块的 应力 | [25][26][27] |
| 综合 调节 方式 | 变频、变风扇流 量 | 是 | 否 | 有 | 较复杂 | 快 | 切载时结温 跳变减小 80% | 弥补单一 方式缺陷 | 策略间存在 耦合问题 | [15] |
| 变频、限流、变风 扇流量 | 是 | 否 | 有 | 复杂 | 快 | 结温波动减少 20 ℃ 平均结温下降 10 ℃ | 弥补单一 方式缺陷 | 需重点考虑各种方 式的触发节点 | [32] |
| 变频、限流、变栅 极电阻、变流量 | 是 | 是 | 有 | 复杂 | 快 | 结温波动 均下降 15 ℃ | 弥补单一 方式缺陷 | 需重点考虑各种方 式的触发节点 | [33] |
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