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A rapid solution method for the thyristor electro-thermal coupling model based on the conjugate gradient method is developed to address the limitations of traditional solution techniques in terms of processing efficiency and computational cost. By optimizing the iteration process and convergence criteria, the solution efficiency and accuracy are significantly improved. A novel parameter selection strategy is introduced to automatically adjust the algorithm's iteration step size, thus accelerating the convergence speed and reducing the computational resource consumption. Compared with the traditional solution methods, the optimization approach achieves an average reduction of 10% in solution time and an 8% increase in solution accuracy. This progress demonstrates the effectiveness of the adaptive conjugate gradient method in the rapid solution of electro-thermal coupling models, providing an efficient and reliable computational tool for the thermal management of power electronic devices. The proposed method exhibits significant efficiency improvement and good accuracy under various test conditions, offering an innovative solution for efficiently solving the thyristor electro-thermal coupling models. This method is also of practical significance for related research in the field of power electronics.

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为解决传统求解技术在处理效率和计算成本上的局限问题,针对晶闸管电热应力耦合交互模型,提出一种基于共轭梯度法的高效解析方法。通过优化迭代过程和收敛条件来显著提升求解效率和精度。新的参数选择策略被引入以自动调整算法迭代步长,加快收敛速度,减少计算资源消耗。相比传统求解方法,所提优化方法在求解时间上平均减少10%,求解精度提高8%。这一进展证明自适应共轭梯度法在电热应力耦合模型快速求解中的有效性,可为电力电子设备热管理提供高效、可靠的计算工具。所提方法在多种测试条件下均表现出显著的提升效率和良好的精确度,为晶闸管电热耦合模型的高效求解提供了创新方案,同时对电力电子领域的相关研究具有重要的实践意义。

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刘隆晨(1987-),男,通信作者,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及换流阀检测试验技术。E-mail: liulongchen@live.cn。

李龙蛟(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特高压直流输电技术。E-mail: lilj5013@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

彭东(1978-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特高压直流输电技术。E-mail: pengd2112@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

禹佳(1983-),女,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电设备运维技术。E-mail: yuj0524@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

杨玥坪(1995-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: yangyp0018@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

喻悦箫(1993-),女,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: yuyx0169@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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刘隆晨(1987-),男,通信作者,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及换流阀检测试验技术。E-mail: liulongchen@live.cn。

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彭东(1978-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特高压直流输电技术。E-mail: pengd2112@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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喻悦箫(1993-),女,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: yuyx0169@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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(in Chinese)., articleTitle=Thermal management simulation and optimization control of lithiumion batteries coupled with phase change cooling and liquid cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049721590075599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049685267402849, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=万明德, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=万明德. 电热耦合场下直流/交流 GIL 三支柱绝缘子电场特性研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工业大学, 2023., articleTitle=电热耦合场下直流/交流 GIL 三支柱绝缘子电场特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049721644601552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049685267402849, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Wan Mingde, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wan Mingde. Research on electric field characteristics of DC/AC GIL three pillar insulators under electric heating coupling field[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang University of Technology, 2023. 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Thermal analysis and thermal management of lithium iron phosphate battery for energy storage[D]. Qinhuangdao: Yanshan University, 2023. 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基于共轭梯度法的晶闸管电热耦合模型快速求解方法研究
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刘隆晨 1 , 李龙蛟 2 , 彭东 2 , 禹佳 2 , 杨玥坪 1, 3 , 喻悦箫 1, 3
电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024,22(3): 54-61
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电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024, 22(3): 54-61
基于共轭梯度法的晶闸管电热耦合模型快速求解方法研究
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刘隆晨1 , 李龙蛟2 , 彭东2 , 禹佳2 , 杨玥坪1, 3 , 喻悦箫1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 成都 610041
  • 2 国网四川省电力公司 设备管理部 成都 610000
  • 3 电力物联网四川省重点实验室 成都 610041
  • 刘隆晨(1987-),男,通信作者,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及换流阀检测试验技术。E-mail: liulongchen@live.cn。

    李龙蛟(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特高压直流输电技术。E-mail: lilj5013@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    彭东(1978-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特高压直流输电技术。E-mail: pengd2112@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    禹佳(1983-),女,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电设备运维技术。E-mail: yuj0524@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    杨玥坪(1995-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: yangyp0018@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    喻悦箫(1993-),女,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: yuyx0169@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

Research on Rapid Solution Method for Thyristor Electro-thermal Coupling Model Based on Conjugate Gradient Method
Longchen LIU1 , Longjiao LI2 , Dong PENG2 , Jia YU2 , Yueping YANG1, 3 , Yuexiao YU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu 610041 China
  • 2 Equipment Management Department State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu 610000 China
  • 3 Power Internet of Things Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610041 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.54
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为解决传统求解技术在处理效率和计算成本上的局限问题,针对晶闸管电热应力耦合交互模型,提出一种基于共轭梯度法的高效解析方法。通过优化迭代过程和收敛条件来显著提升求解效率和精度。新的参数选择策略被引入以自动调整算法迭代步长,加快收敛速度,减少计算资源消耗。相比传统求解方法,所提优化方法在求解时间上平均减少10%,求解精度提高8%。这一进展证明自适应共轭梯度法在电热应力耦合模型快速求解中的有效性,可为电力电子设备热管理提供高效、可靠的计算工具。所提方法在多种测试条件下均表现出显著的提升效率和良好的精确度,为晶闸管电热耦合模型的高效求解提供了创新方案,同时对电力电子领域的相关研究具有重要的实践意义。

直流输电系统  /  晶闸管  /  电热耦合  /  共轭梯度法  /  优化求解

A rapid solution method for the thyristor electro-thermal coupling model based on the conjugate gradient method is developed to address the limitations of traditional solution techniques in terms of processing efficiency and computational cost. By optimizing the iteration process and convergence criteria, the solution efficiency and accuracy are significantly improved. A novel parameter selection strategy is introduced to automatically adjust the algorithm's iteration step size, thus accelerating the convergence speed and reducing the computational resource consumption. Compared with the traditional solution methods, the optimization approach achieves an average reduction of 10% in solution time and an 8% increase in solution accuracy. This progress demonstrates the effectiveness of the adaptive conjugate gradient method in the rapid solution of electro-thermal coupling models, providing an efficient and reliable computational tool for the thermal management of power electronic devices. The proposed method exhibits significant efficiency improvement and good accuracy under various test conditions, offering an innovative solution for efficiently solving the thyristor electro-thermal coupling models. This method is also of practical significance for related research in the field of power electronics.

DC transmission system  /  thyristor  /  electro-thermal coupling  /  conjugate gradient method  /  optimization solution
刘隆晨, 李龙蛟, 彭东, 禹佳, 杨玥坪, 喻悦箫. 基于共轭梯度法的晶闸管电热耦合模型快速求解方法研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 54 -61 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.54
Longchen LIU, Longjiao LI, Dong PENG, Jia YU, Yueping YANG, Yuexiao YU. Research on Rapid Solution Method for Thyristor Electro-thermal Coupling Model Based on Conjugate Gradient Method[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 54 -61 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.54
随着电力电子技术的进步, 晶闸管因其优异的开关性能和高功率密度在电力转换系统,特别是在高效电源、电机驱动和电焊设备等领域得到了广泛应用。然而, 晶闸管在操作中的电热耦合现象, 即电气和热特性的相互影响对晶闸管的性能稳定性和可靠性提出了挑战。因此, 精确模拟和分析这种耦合行为对于优化晶闸管设计和提升其运行效率至关重要。
晶闸管电热耦合模型的建立和求解是一个复杂的问题。传统的求解方法通常依赖于耗时较大的数值模拟方法, 例如有限元分析, 其在处理大规模或高复杂度的模型时效率低下。可见传统方法的计算成本高且效率低,限制了晶闸管模型在实时或近实时应用场景中的可行性。因此, 提出一种准确、高效的求解方法对于提升晶闸管电热耦合模型的实用性至关重要。
目前, 关于晶闸管电热耦合模型的研究已经取得了一定的进展, 大多数研究集中于利用有限元方法对晶闸管的热行为进行模拟, 为理解晶闸管的热特性提供了新视角, 但在求解效率上仍存在局限性。文献[1]开发了一种电热建模方法, 利用经验拟合的紧凑型热模型结合电气解决方案来提高仿真速度, 然而在动态工作负载下, 简化模型仍表现出较大的不准确性; 文献[2]采用边界元素法 BEM (boundary element method) 优化电热仿真, 但在功率密度变化较大时出现了不稳定性; 文献[3]指出, 目前对于集成协同设计至关重要的耦合三维电热仿真优化的文献较少, 且这种多物理场分析需要大量计算;文献[4]基于锂离子电池的电化学-热耦合模型, 深入研究了数值模型的电化学行为和参数敏感性识别, 并通过实验验证了自适应共轭梯度法在电池设计优化中的应用, 为锂离子电池的设计和优化提供了新的思路; 文献[5]提出了一种用于电动车牵引逆变器的快速电热模型, 通过考虑热耦合和温度依赖性材料特性的影响来进行结温预测, 实验结果表明该模型能够有效预测结温, 从而提高逆变器的性能和可靠性;文献[6]开发了一种基于有限差分方法的三维、多层次、多芯片热部件模型用于动态电热仿真, 展示了多芯片功率模块热交互作用时的优势;文献[7]利用人工智能技术提出了一种考虑热交叉耦合效应的功率电子设备/系统热模型, 同时考虑多个热源并利用人工神经网络能够更准确地描述和预测设备的热行为, 为功率电子设备的热管理提供了新方案;文献[8]通过引入一种高效的耦合电热设计建模方法, 使用类似 SPICE 的模拟器进行瞬态系统仿真, 并基于半导体物理的基本方程和修改后的 Foster 模型, 展示了在 MEMS 等耦合问题中的应用潜力。
综上所述, 现有的电热耦合模型计算方法在计算效率、处理多物理场问题、适应动态变化及用户友好性方面存在明显的限制, 不仅增加了设计和分析的时间成本, 也限制了其在更广泛应用领域的有效性和实用性。因此,本文基于共轭梯度法[9-10] 适用于解决具有稀疏矩阵的大规模线性系统问题、能够显著提升计算速度并减少迭代次数的优势, 提出一种用于加速电热耦合模型的高效计算策略,旨在克服现有计算方法在计算速度和资源消耗等方面的限制,确保计算过程的精确性和稳定性。
晶闸管电热耦合特性, 即由电流引起的热量对晶闸管电气参数(如输出电阻和阈值电压)的影响, 对其性能和可靠性至关重要。因此, 开发出准确的电热耦合模型是设计高效、可靠晶闸管的关键。其中,加热效应与温度反馈是提升电路效率和避免过热故障需要考虑的 2 个重要因素。
晶闸管的非线性电特性由其内部电导率调制特性定义, 其建模分为 3 层, 旨在精确捕获不同条件下的器件行为。晶闸管电模型直接求解结构内载流子和静电的半导体传输方程[11],考虑了掺杂剖面、 厚度、载流子寿命、迁移率及重组率参数等,有助于深入了解器件内部的物理特性, 但需要大量的计算资源, 因此本文使用包含理想化电气元件的等效电路来简化基于物理方法的电路, 即基于 1 个 PNP 晶体管和 1 个 NPN 晶体管组成的等效电路开展研究, 等效电路如图1 所示。
图1 可知阴极电流可表示为
${I}_{\mathrm{K}}= {\alpha }_{1}{I}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {\alpha }_{2}{I}_{\mathrm{K}}= {\alpha }_{1}\left({{I}_{\mathrm{G}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{K}}}\right)+ {\alpha }_{2}{I}_{\mathrm{K}}$
因此
${I}_{\mathrm{K}}= \frac{{\alpha }_{1}{I}_{\mathrm{G}}}{1 -\left({{\alpha }_{1}+ {\alpha }_{2}}\right)} $
晶闸管触发条件为
${\alpha }_{1}+ {\alpha }_{2}\geq 1 $
式中:${\alpha }_{1}$$\mathrm{{PNP}}$ 晶体管共基极增益;${\alpha }_{2}$$\mathrm{{NPN}}$ 晶体管共基极增益;${I}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 为阳极电流,${I}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为门极电流。通过调整参数, 外部终端行为与测量结果相匹配, 无需再现内部物理特性。
1)输入/输出曲线
晶闸管的输入和输出特性, 包括阻断特性和传导特性, 分别表征了其在不同电压和电流下的工作状态, 对于确保晶闸管在安全工作区操作和模型参数的提取至关重要。晶闸管的电压-电流特性曲线[12]图2 所示。
2)晶闸管损耗
通态损耗的计算公式为
${P}_{\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{{AV}}\right)} ={I}_{\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{{AV}}\right)} \times {V}_{\mathrm{{TO}}}+ {F}^{2}\times {I}_{\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{{AV}}\right)}^{2}\times {r}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{{AV}}\right)}$ 为通态平均电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{TO}}}$ 为门槛电压;$F$ 为波形系数;${r}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为斜率电阻。
正、反向阻断损耗的计算公式分别为
${P}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{MF}}}\times {I}_{\mathrm{{OF}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{DR}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{MR}}}\times {I}_{\mathrm{{OR}}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{{MF}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{MR}}}$ 分别为正、反向峰值阻断电压;${I}_{\mathrm{{OF}}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{{OR}}}$ 为电流对应于峰值电压时的漏电流。
开通、关断损耗的计算公式分别为
${P}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{{FM}}}\times {V}_{\mathrm{{AK}}}}{4.4}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}\times f $
${P}_{\text{off }}= \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{R}}\times {V}_{\mathrm{R}}}{4.4}{t}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}\times f $
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{{FM}}}$ 为开通后的阳极电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{AK}}}$ 为开通前阴、阳极之间的电压;${t}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为开通后的上升时间;${I}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为反向恢复电流 (峰值);${V}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为反向恢复电压;${t}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 为反向恢复时间;$f$ 为器件工作频率。
门极损耗的计算公式为
${P}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}= {I}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}\times {V}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}$ 为门极触发电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}$ 为门极触发电压。
晶闸管热模型旨在通过模拟芯片与环境之间的多维热传导、对流和界面电阻来确立器件温度[13] 对功率耗散的响应。复杂的热效应被简化为包含热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 、热电容${C}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 及结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 等关键参数的热回路[14]
热阻是衡量材料对热流传递阻碍程度的量度, 计算公式为
${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}= \frac{\Delta T}{P}$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 为热阻,$\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W};{\Delta T}$ 为温度变化量;$P$ 为热功率。
热容是指物体储存热能的能力, 可表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{{th}}}= \frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta T}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 为热容,$\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K};{\Delta Q}$ 为热能的变化量。
热流控制方程可表示为
$\rho {c}_{\mathrm{p}}\partial T/\partial t =\nabla \left({k \cdot \nabla T}\right)+ Q $
式中:$\rho \text{、}{c}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{、}k$ 为材料属性;$Q$ 为发热率。
Foster 和 Cauer 热网络模型的参数通常通过手册中的曲线进行拟合。Foster 模型利用 4 阶${R}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 网络进行拟合,其节点无具体物理意义。本研究使用 Foster 模型构建晶闸管的热网络模型, 如图3 所示,其中${P}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 代表晶闸管的功率损耗且在 Foster 模型中被视为等效电路的电流源;${R}_{i}$${C}_{i}$ 分别为晶闸管热特性的等效热阻和热容$\left({i = 1,2,3,4}\right);{R}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}$${R}_{\mathrm{{ca}}}$ 分别为连接壳体至散热器和散热器至环境的热阻;${C}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}$${C}_{\mathrm{{ca}}}$ 分别为连接壳体至散热器和散热器至环境的热容;${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为环境温度。
电热耦合模型结合了晶闸管的电气和热行为, 通过由电流引起的发热影响电气特性(如导通电阻和开关特性)。该模型通过电气模型(式(3)~式(8)) 和热模型 (考虑热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 和热容${C}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$,即式 (9) 和式 (10)的耦合来实现[15]。二者的耦合机理分别如图4图5 所示。
电气模型与热模型通过迭代方法耦合,每步先计算当前温度下的电气模型,再用其输出更新热模型。热模型计算温升,更新温度,用于下一轮电气模型计算, 直至收敛。在电热耦合分析中, 迭代继续至满足预设标准达到收敛, 保证结果稳定。未收敛的模型可能导致不准确的设计或性能预测。
耦合模型的核心在于电气和热模型之间建立数学联系, 其耦合方程可以表示为
${P}_{\text{total }}= {P}_{\mathrm{T}\left(\mathrm{{AV}}\right)}\left({T, I, V}\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}\left({T, I, V}\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{DR}}}\left({T, I, V}\right)+ \\{P}_{\mathrm{{on}}}\left({T, I, V}\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{off}}}\left({T, I, V}\right)+ {P}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}\left({T, I, V}\right)\\{\Delta T}= f\left({{P}_{\text{total }},{R}_{\mathrm{{th}}},{C}_{\mathrm{{th}}}}\right)$
式中:${P}_{\text{total }}$ 为总功率损耗;$T$ 为温度;$f$ 为根据功率损耗计算温升的函数。在实际应用中, 这种耦合模型能够帮助更准确地预测晶闸管在不同操作条件下的行为,从而进行更有效的热管理和可靠性分析[16]
综上分析可见, 在解决电热耦合模型的快速求解问题时, 面临多重挑战: 首先, 模型中电场与热场的相互作用显著增加了计算复杂程度, 同时需要解决相互耦合的非线性电磁方程和热传递方程, 这使得直接求解变得极为困难和耗时。其次,模型固有的非线性问题,特别是材料参数随温度变化引起的非线性效应, 以及电流密度对温度的影响进一步增加了求解难度, 迫使本研究采用迭代方法进行求解, 这在每一步均需要大量的计算且难以快速收敛。再次,三维模型的数值求解产生的大规模数据既需要巨大的存储空间也需要大量的计算资源,增加了本研究数据处理的难度。此外, 在算法方面, 本研究需要高效的求解算法来应对大规模或高度非线性问题, 然而传统算法往往效率低下, 难以达到快速求解的要求, 同时在强非线性条件下保证算法的收敛性也是一项挑战。最后,追求快速求解的过程中必须保持求解的准确性和稳定性, 确保算法能够准确捕捉电热耦合效应, 避免数值不稳定性导致的错误。
共轭梯度法常用于解${Ax}= b$ 的线性方程组,适用于大型稀疏对称正定矩阵。此法基于方向共轭性和梯度下降, 通过迭代逼近方程解。其中,“共轭”意味方向间满足特定正交性条件,对于矩阵$\mathbf{A}$,若两向量满足$\left({\mathbf{u}}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)\mathbf{A}\left( v\right)= 0$,则称它们为$\mathbf{A}$ -共轭,即
${\mathbf{u}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{A}v = 0 $
初始化: 选择 1 个初始猜测解${x}_{0}$,计算初始残差和初始搜索方向。
计算步长
${\alpha }_{k}= \frac{{r}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}{r}_{k}}{{d}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{A}{d}_{k}}$
更新解
${x}_{k + 1}= {x}_{k}+ {\alpha }_{k}{d}_{k}$
更新残差
${r}_{k + 1}= {r}_{k}+ {\alpha }_{k}{d}_{k}$
如果${r}_{k + 1}$ 足够小,则停止迭代;否则,继续。更新方向
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{k + 1}= {r}_{k + 1}+ {\beta }_{k}{d}_{k}\\{\beta }_{k}= \frac{{r}_{k + 1}^{\mathrm{T}}{r}_{k + 1}}{{r}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}{r}_{k}}\end{array}\right.$
综上可见, 共轭梯度法以其独特的搜索方向和步长计算,特别适用于大型稀疏线性系统解决方案,如电热耦合模型,其能在不超过矩阵维数的迭代次数内精确收敛以提高计算效率,并通过每次迭代显著减少误差,快速达到精确解。
在电热耦合模型的求解过程中, 自适应参数调整技术, 尤其是结合非精确线搜索和 Armijo 规则, 对于提高计算效率和确保全局收敛性至关重要。电热耦合模型, 作为一种复杂的物理模型, 通常涉及晶闸管等大规模问题的求解, 其计算挑战不容小觑。在这种背景下, Armijo 规则的应用显得尤为重要。Armijo 规则的核心在于动态调整算法的步长和方向系数,通过逐步减小步长来搜索最优解,直至找到满足特定减少条件的解。这种方法不仅加速了求解过程, 而且通过保证算法每一步都朝着全局最优解前进, 显著提高了全局收敛性。在电热耦合模型的求解中, 这意味着能够更快地找到模型的稳定状态, 从而有效地模拟和预测电热效应对晶闸管等电子设备性能的影响。具体步骤如下:
步骤 1 选择 1 个相对较大的初始步长。
步骤 2 设定减少的条件, 通常形式为
$ f\left({{x}_{k}+ {\alpha }_{k}{P}_{k}}\right)\leq f\left({x}_{k}\right)+ c{\alpha }_{k}\nabla f{\left( xk\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}{P}_{k}$
式中:$f$ 为目标函数;${x}_{k}$ 为当前迭代的解;${\alpha }_{k}$ 为步长;${P}_{k}$ 为搜索方向;$\nabla f\left({x}_{k}\right)$ 为在${x}_{k}$ 处的梯度; 而$c$ 为 1 个较小的常数。
步骤 3 更新步长: 如果上述条件不满足, 就减少步长,然后重复检查条件。
步骤 4 终止条件: 找到满足上述减少条件的步长,停止搜索并使用该步长进行下一次迭代。
采用 Fletcher-Reeves 方法自适应调整方向系数, 并基于残差变化改进梯度下降法来计算新共轭方向,可提升收敛速度,效率高于传统梯度下降。具体步骤如下:
步骤 1 选择初始猜测解${x}_{0}$
步骤 2 计算初始梯度
${g}_{0}= \nabla f\left({x}_{0}\right)$
计算初始搜索方向
${P}_{0}= -{g}_{0}$
步骤 3 计算步长${\alpha }_{k}$ : 确定步长${\alpha }_{k}$,通过 Armijo 方法来最小化沿搜索方向的函数值
步骤 4 更新解: 更新解向量
${x}_{k + 1}= {x}_{k}+ {\alpha }_{k}{P}_{k}$
步骤 5 更新梯度:计算新的梯度系数
${\beta }_{k + 1}= \frac{{g}_{k + 1}^{\mathrm{T}}{g}_{k + 1}}{{g}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}{g}_{k}}$
步骤 6 更新搜索方向
${P}_{k + 1}= -{g}_{k + 1}+ {\beta }_{k + 1}{P}_{k}$
步骤 7 检查收敛性: 如果梯度足够小或达到预定的迭代次数,算法终止。
自适应共轭梯度法优化求解过程通过动态调整步长和搜索方向减少迭代次数来加速收敛, 适用于处理电热耦合模型的复杂性, 包括晶闸管内部的电流和温度分布及其相互作用, 每次迭代根据模型响应灵活调整策略。
首先,将晶闸管电热耦合模型转化为线性方程组的形式, 即
$\mathbf{A}x = b $
式中:$\mathbf{A}$ 为基于电热模型的系数矩阵,表示电热耦合效应;$x$ 为待求解的温度分布;$b$ 为包含了由晶闸管功率损耗等引起的热源项。
综上可见,适应参数调整的共轭梯度算法对于晶闸管电热耦合模型求解显示出高效和精确的处理能力, 特别适用于电力电子中的电热问题。算法通过转化模型为线性方程组并以初始化步骤设定起始条件, 启动迭代求解过程, 其核心优势在于自适应地调整步长和更新搜索方向, 并利用 Armijo 规则减少非必要计算, 同时确保每步迭代有效并朝最优值稳进应用自适应共轭梯度算法加快了收敛速度, 提高了求解晶闸管模型时的稳定性和效率, 算法处理流程如图6 所示。
本文选用由嘉兴斯达半导体公司专为满足高频高压应用场景设计生产的高性能晶闸管 GT-600 A 开展相关实验。GT-600 A 晶闸管支持最大工作电压可达${1200}\mathrm{\;V}$;最大工作电流为${50}\mathrm{\;A}$,具备极佳的热稳定性和电流承载能力;热阻值为${0.3}\mathrm{\;K}/\mathrm{W}$, 热容量为${15}\mathrm{\;J}/\mathrm{K}$,可使其在高负载工作条件下表现出优异的热管理能力。
本文特别关注了晶闸管在不同电热工况下的性能,包括其在环境温度为${25}\sim {150}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时的稳定性, 以及电流从${10}\mathrm{\;A}$ 逐步增加至${50}\mathrm{\;A}$ 时的热响应。通过细致模拟上述条件,本文旨在全面评估 GT-600 A 在实际应用中的电热耦合行为。同时, 本文实验设计考虑了长时间持续工作和短时高负载冲击等多种电热工况, 以准确模拟晶闸管在实际电力系统中可能遭遇的极端情况。通过对 GT-600 A 在不同工作条件下的热稳定性和电热耦合效率进行评估, 能够详细分析晶闸管的性能限制和优化潜力。
本研究还探讨了环境温度和电流变化对晶闸管内部温度分布的影响, 为改进晶闸管设计和优化其在电力电子设备中的应用提供了重要依据。通过引入 GT-600 A 晶闸管作为研究对象, 并详细描述其型号参数与电热工况, 展示了共轭梯度法在电热耦合模型快速求解中的有效性, 也为晶闸管的热管理和性能优化提供了实验数据支持和理论分析。
此外, 本文精确设置电热耦合模型的参数以模拟电子设备的热行为,包括热导率(半导体材料为${148}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{{mK}})$ 和电阻率 (铜材料为${1.68}\times {10}^{-8}\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ ), 并将模型的尺寸设置为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times 1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,旨在代表集成电路或小型电子组件。而边界条件设置反映了实际操作环境,例如一侧以固定温度为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 模拟室温,另一侧绝热,并将上、下表面采用对流系数为${10}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\mathrm{\;K}}\right)$ 的自然对流来进行冷却。通过与传统算法的性能对比来评估共轭梯度法解决电热耦合问题的优势。
为了研究优化算法收敛速度和优化性能的影响, 本文对比了优化算法和传统算法的各项指标, 建立了高斯消元法、传统共轭梯度法、本文优化方法这 3 种模型下迭代次数与均方误差 MSE (mean squared error)之间的关系, 结果如图7 所示。
图7 不同算法随迭代次数变化的 MSE 结果表明, 经过引入优化机制的算法 (以下简称 “优化算法”)与传统算法在收敛速度和准确度上表现出显著差异。在迭代次数增加的过程中, 所有算法的 MSE 均呈下降趋势。然而, 优化算法在迭代周期数达到 80 时, MSE 的下降趋势趋缓, 显示出收敛迹象。通过计算每次迭代的 MSE 变化率发现, 优化算法在第 80 次迭代后的变化率下降至小于 0.001 的阈值, 而传统算法则约在第 140 次迭代时达到同样的收敛阈值。这一差异通过$t$ -检验获得统计显著性$\left({p >{0.05}}\right)$,证明了本文优化算法的收敛速度显著快于传统算法。
在电热耦合模型的数值模拟中, 求解速度是衡量计算效率的主要指标。本文比较了高斯消元法、 传统共轭梯度法、本文优化方法这 3 种算法在不同复杂度下的时间性能, 发现所有算法的求解时间随迭代次数的增加而增长, 尤其是文献[4]使用的高斯消元法和文献[9]使用的传统共轭梯度法的时间增长较快,反映了计算复杂度的增加。相比之下,本文提出的优化算法显示出更缓慢的时间增长,表明了其在处理大量迭代需求时的计算效率优势, 如图8 所示。可见,本文提出的优化方法更适用于处理需要大量迭代的问题。
本文提出了一种基于共轭梯度法的晶闸管电热应力交互耦合模型快速求解优化方法, 为晶闸管等电力电子器件热管理提供了一种高效可靠的计算工具。该方法通过深入分析和优化共轭梯度法的迭代过程和收敛标准, 显著提高了求解过程的效率和精度。计算结果表明,与传统算法相比,优化后的算法在迭代 80 次后, 均方误差 (MSE) 变化率降至 0.001 以下,展现出更快的收敛速度和更高的计算精度;同时上述方法计算时间增长较慢,经$t$ -检验呈现出显著性($p >{0.05}$ )。本文实验验证了自适应共轭梯度法在电热耦合模型快速求解中的有效性, 进一步证明了该算法在计算效率上的显著优势。通过引入新的参数选择策略, 该优化算法在提高收敛速度的基础上,求解时间平均减少了 10%,求解精度提高了 8%,相较于传统方法优势明显,有效克服了传统求解技术在处理效率和计算成本上的局限, 为大功率电力电子器件电热应力交互耦合模型的快速准确求解提供了创新方案。
  • 国网四川省电力公司科技项目(52199723000B)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023NSFSC0818)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.54
  • 接收时间:2024-02-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-03
  • 修回日期:2024-02-21
  • 录用日期:2024-02-23
基金
State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Science and Technology Project(52199723000B)
国网四川省电力公司科技项目(52199723000B)
Sichuan Natural Science Foundation Project(2023NSFSC0818)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023NSFSC0818)
作者信息
    1 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 成都 610041
    2 国网四川省电力公司 设备管理部 成都 610000
    3 电力物联网四川省重点实验室 成都 610041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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