Article(id=1154049580023927450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.30, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704816000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-10, revisedDate=1709395200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-03, acceptedDate=1709568000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-05, onlineDate=1753076461082, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076461082, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076461082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076461082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049580590158493, articleId=1154049580023927450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Construction of Hybrid Thermal Network Model and Estimation Method for Its Junction Temperature, columnId=1154049574160294800, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Device Modeling, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the widespread applications of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in power electronic systems, the accurate acquisition of junction temperature which affects their reliability has become crucial. However, one of the main forms of module failure is the aging of the solder layer, which can have a significant impact on the junction temperature. To accurately estimate the junction temperature, the advantages of two traditional thermal network models (i.e., Cauer and Foster) are combined in this paper, and an interface method for the two models is studied, so that the combination is completed. The aging of the chip solder layer is taken into account, and a hybrid thermal network model is proposed. Finally, through the comparison of finite element simulation and experimental test with the calculation results of the hybrid thermal network model, it is verified that the hybrid thermal network model can achieve an accurate junction temperature estimation, providing a basis for monitoring the operating status of the module.

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随着绝缘栅双极晶体管在电力电子系统中的广泛应用,对影响其可靠性的结温的准确获取变得至关重要。然而,模块主要的失效形式之一即焊料层的老化,会对结温产生很大的影响。为精确估计结温,结合2种传统热网络模型 Cauer和Foster的优点,研究了2种热网络模型的接口方法,完成两部分模型的结合,将芯片焊料层的老化考虑在内提出了一种混合热网络模型。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验测试与混合热网络模型的计算结果对比,验证了混合热网络模型能够实现准确的结温估计,为模块运行状态的监测提供了依据。

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王兆萍(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail:wzp13292383969@163.com。

信金蕾(1996-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail: 13302197371@163.com。

杜明星(1980-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性等。E-mail:dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

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王兆萍(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail:wzp13292383969@163.com。

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王兆萍(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail:wzp13292383969@163.com。

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信金蕾(1996-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail: 13302197371@163.com。

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信金蕾(1996-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail: 13302197371@163.com。

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杜明星(1980-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性等。E-mail:dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

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杜明星(1980-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性等。E-mail:dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623669854246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同功率下 12.6%空洞模块芯片结温对比曲线, figureFileSmall=Ukzt4QBr5C1U/XGFN5mtdw==, figureFileBig=1jVp0HDKLAefcGKRCjznkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623715991591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Materials and properties of each layer in IGBT finite element module, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层结构 材料 厚度/mm 密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 导热系数$/\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 比热容/[J・($\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}{)}^{-1}$ ]
芯片 Si 0.20 2330 148.3 700
芯片焊料层 Sn-Ag-Cu 0.15 7300 54.0 230
上铜层 Cu 0.30 8900 390.0 390
陶瓷层 ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 0.38 3600 30.0 850
下铜层 Cu 0.30 8900 390.0 390
基板焊料层 Sn-Ag-Cu 0.12 7300 54.0 230
铜底板 Cu 3.00 8900 390.0 390
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层结构 材料 厚度/mm 密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 导热系数$/\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 比热容/[J・($\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}{)}^{-1}$ ]
芯片 Si 0.20 2330 148.3 700
芯片焊料层 Sn-Ag-Cu 0.15 7300 54.0 230
上铜层 Cu 0.30 8900 390.0 390
陶瓷层 ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 0.38 3600 30.0 850
下铜层 Cu 0.30 8900 390.0 390
基板焊料层 Sn-Ag-Cu 0.12 7300 54.0 230
铜底板 Cu 3.00 8900 390.0 390
), ArticleFig(id=1154049623833432105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of calculated junction temperature among three models at different convective coefficients, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对流系数/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 传统 Cauer 模型结温 传统 Foster 模型结温 混合热网络模型结温 芯片温度${l}^{\prime }\mathrm{C}$
计算结果/℃ 计算误差/% 计算结果/% 计算误差/% 计算结果/% 计算误差/%
2000 42.052 1.55 41.668 2.45 42.772 0.13 42.716
3000 39.716 1.72 39.332 2.67 40.457 0.11 40.412
4000 38.432 1.84 38.048 2.82 39.197 0.11 39.153
), ArticleFig(id=1154049623892152362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同对流系数下 3 种模型结温计算对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对流系数/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 传统 Cauer 模型结温 传统 Foster 模型结温 混合热网络模型结温 芯片温度${l}^{\prime }\mathrm{C}$
计算结果/℃ 计算误差/% 计算结果/% 计算误差/% 计算结果/% 计算误差/%
2000 42.052 1.55 41.668 2.45 42.772 0.13 42.716
3000 39.716 1.72 39.332 2.67 40.457 0.11 40.412
4000 38.432 1.84 38.048 2.82 39.197 0.11 39.153
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混合热网络模型的构建及其结温估计方法
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王兆萍 1 , 信金蕾 2 , 杜明星 1
电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024,22(3): 30-37
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电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024, 22(3): 30-37
混合热网络模型的构建及其结温估计方法
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王兆萍1 , 信金蕾2 , 杜明星1
作者信息
  • 1 天津市新能源电力变换传输与智能控制重点实验室 天津 300384
  • 2 国网天津市电力公司城东供电分公司 天津 300250
  • 王兆萍(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail:wzp13292383969@163.com。

    信金蕾(1996-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail: 13302197371@163.com。

    杜明星(1980-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性等。E-mail:dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

Construction of Hybrid Thermal Network Model and Estimation Method for Its Junction Temperature
Zhaoping WANG1 , Jinlei XIN2 , Mingxing DU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion, Transmission and Intelligent Control Tianjin 300384 China
  • 2 Chengdong Power Supply Branch, State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company Tianjin 300250 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.30
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随着绝缘栅双极晶体管在电力电子系统中的广泛应用,对影响其可靠性的结温的准确获取变得至关重要。然而,模块主要的失效形式之一即焊料层的老化,会对结温产生很大的影响。为精确估计结温,结合2种传统热网络模型 Cauer和Foster的优点,研究了2种热网络模型的接口方法,完成两部分模型的结合,将芯片焊料层的老化考虑在内提出了一种混合热网络模型。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验测试与混合热网络模型的计算结果对比,验证了混合热网络模型能够实现准确的结温估计,为模块运行状态的监测提供了依据。

IGBT 模块  /  混合热网络模型  /  结温估计

With the widespread applications of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in power electronic systems, the accurate acquisition of junction temperature which affects their reliability has become crucial. However, one of the main forms of module failure is the aging of the solder layer, which can have a significant impact on the junction temperature. To accurately estimate the junction temperature, the advantages of two traditional thermal network models (i.e., Cauer and Foster) are combined in this paper, and an interface method for the two models is studied, so that the combination is completed. The aging of the chip solder layer is taken into account, and a hybrid thermal network model is proposed. Finally, through the comparison of finite element simulation and experimental test with the calculation results of the hybrid thermal network model, it is verified that the hybrid thermal network model can achieve an accurate junction temperature estimation, providing a basis for monitoring the operating status of the module.

Insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) module  /  hybrid thermal network model  /  junction temperature estimation
王兆萍, 信金蕾, 杜明星. 混合热网络模型的构建及其结温估计方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 30 -37 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.30
Zhaoping WANG, Jinlei XIN, Mingxing DU. Construction of Hybrid Thermal Network Model and Estimation Method for Its Junction Temperature[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 30 -37 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.30
IGBT 模块作为能源变换与传输系统的核心器件, 在轨道交通、航空航天、电动汽车以及可再生能源发电等各种工业领域都应用广泛[1]。功率器件的热应力过大是导致电力电子装置失效的主要原因[2],为提高功率器件的可靠性,结温成为了功率器件健康状态监测和可靠性分析的重要指标[3]
现在研究最多的结温估计方法是温敏电参数法和热网络模型法。文献[4]比较了不同温敏电参数对 IGBT 模块结温估计的准确性, 而在应用各温敏电参数进行结温测量时均需要破坏模块封装提前进行离线标定,且对测量电路的要求也更高[5]。热网络模型分为 Cauer 热网络模型和 Foster 热网络模型 2 种。文献[6-7]梳理了 2 种热网络模型的发展状况以及模型中热参数的提取方式, Cauer 热网络模型能够反映器件内部的物理结构, 清楚地展示出热量在模块内部的传递过程以及各层热阻的瞬态热行为, 而 Foster 热网络模型能够根据易老化的结构层对整个热网络区域进行重新划分以快速获取热参数; 文献[8-9]将焊点疲劳考虑在内, 在 IGBT 模块内部各层状结构表面设置温度监测点,在各温度监测点之间建立 Foster 热网络模型估计 IGBT 模块中关键层的温度;文献[10]用热阻抗曲线拟合的方法建立 Cauer 热网络模型快速地获取了结温, 而其未将焊料层的老化考虑在内, 容易造成结温的低估;文献[11]将 Foster 热网络模型与集射极通态压降结合, 解耦了焊料层老化对模块结温的影响, 而利用电参数测温需提前进行温度校准,使测量工作变得复杂; 文献[12]在芯片与温度传感器之间建立二阶的 Foster 热网络模型, 提高了结温估计精度, 且不受散热条件的影响。
然而,随着功率循环次数的增加, IGBT 模块内部各层结构材料因热膨胀系数不匹配会产生周期性应力,主要由焊料层承受,焊料层空洞损伤引起的电流密集效应会使 IGBT 模块电热击穿失效[13-14]。 为实现 2 种热网络模型对 IGBT 老化模块结温的准确估计,文献[15]提出通过实时监测外壳温度来识别焊料层的空洞损伤情况, 分析了焊料层空洞对中心壳体温度的影响;文献[16]将焊料层空洞考虑在内建立了 7 阶的 Cauer 热网络模型,而对各层热参数的逐一计算增加了模型的计算误差。因此, 为实现结温的准确测量并提高测温效率, 本文利用 Cauer 热网络模型的热参数具有物理特性可通过材料参数公式进行更新及 Foster 热网络模型的热参数易于获取的优点, 提出了一种混合热网络模型。
本文研究的器件为${1200}\mathrm{\;V}/{100}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的 MG100 HF12TFC1IGBT 模块, 去除外壳封装的内部结构和剖面分别如图1图2 所示。该 IGBT 模块内部从上至下由芯片、芯片焊料层、上铜层、陶瓷层、下铜层、基板焊料层及铜底板 7 层结构组成, 上铜层、陶瓷层和下铜层共同组成了 DBC 基板, 每个 IGBT 模块包含 2 个对称的 IGBT 芯片和二极管芯片。
Cauer 热网络模型中的一阶热阻、热容参数与模块内部的各层结构相对应, 热量在每层材料中的传导过程可以用该层的热阻和热容参数表示,因此, 可单独对易老化结构层的热参数进行更新。 Foster 热网络模型建模简单实用, 由仿真软件快速获取测温点的温度并拟合瞬态热阻抗曲线, 可实现热参数的准确提取,避免了 IGBT 模块材料公式计算而引起的误差。由于 Foster 热网络模型不考虑 IGBT 模块内部的传热, 模型中的各节点及热阻、热容参数均无实际的物理意义。考虑芯片焊料层空洞损伤的 Cauer 热网络模型以及传统的 Foster 热网络模型分别如图3图4 所示。
在 IGBT 模块内部由上、下 2 层金属铜层和中间的陶瓷层组成的 DBC 基板中, 陶瓷层由最为成熟的 DBC 陶瓷材料氧化铝构成,整个 DBC 基板具有良好的导热、散热和绝缘性能,不易疲劳损坏。而其余层状结构中, 各层材料接触面之间会产生周期性的热机械应力而发生非弹性应力应变, 造成较大的结温波动,特别是芯片与 DBC 基板之间的芯片焊料层空洞的出现, 会使热通量聚集在空洞边缘处, 减小芯片焊料层的有效传热面积, 造成芯片的温度升高。空洞引起的热流分布及三维物理混合热网络模型如图5 所示。
芯片温度会随着空洞率的增大而升高, 最终造成芯片焊料层退化脱落,降低模块的使用寿命。为及时更新芯片焊料层的热阻,将芯片焊料层建立为 1 阶的 Cauer 热网络模型。而其余各层状结构不易损坏,且为提高热参数的获取效率,在芯片与芯片焊料层表面、上铜层表面与底板底部以及底板底部与环境之间建立 1 阶的 Foster 热网络模型。
最后, 将第 1 部分 Foster 二端口热网络的下端口与芯片焊料层的 Cauer 二端口热网络的上端口进行连接, 连接口为芯片焊料层表面处的测温点; 将芯片焊料层的 Cauer 二端口热网络的下端口与第 2 部分 Foster 二端口热网络的上端口进行连接, 连接口为上铜层表面处的测温点。 2 种二端口网络在同一温度监测点处连接, 形成了一种新的等效电路, 能够使热源从芯片传导至铜底板, 2 种热网络模型的连接不影响各自热参数的提取。综上, 建立了由传统 Cauer 热网络模型和 Foster 热网络模型连接而成的混合热网络模型,如图5 所示。
Cauer 热网络模型中的热阻决定了 IGBT 模块芯片结温的稳态平均值, 热阻热容参数的提取与 IGBT 模块的几何特征及物理特性相关。根据热性能三维传热方程, 热流在模块内纵向传导, 可将芯片焊料层的有效热阻${R}_{\text{solder }}$ 和热容${C}_{\text{solder }}$ 计算为
${R}_{\text{solder }}= {\int }_{0}^{d}\frac{1}{{K}_{\text{solder }}{A}_{\text{solder }}}\mathrm{d}z $
${C}_{\text{solder }}= {c}_{\text{solder }}\rho {A}_{\text{solder }}d $
式中:${K}_{\text{solder }}\text{、}{c}_{\text{solder }}\text{、}\rho$$d$ 分别为芯片焊料层的导热率、比热容、密度和厚度;${A}_{\text{solder }}$ 为热通量流过芯片焊料层的有效导热面积。
将芯片焊料层中的空洞建模为热阻热容,与芯片焊料层的热阻热容平行排列。不同空洞率${V}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 通过影响芯片焊料层的导热系数${K}_{\text{solder }}$ 而影响热阻参数。含空洞的芯片焊料层热阻${R}_{\text{solderl }}$ 的表达式[17]
${R}_{\text{solderl }}= \frac{d}{{K}_{\text{solderl }}{A}_{\text{solder }}}$
${K}_{\text{solder1 }}= {K}_{\text{solder }}\left({1 -{V}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)+ {K}_{\text{air }}{V}_{\mathrm{f}}$
式中:${K}_{\text{solderl }}$ 为含空洞的芯片焊料层的导热系数;${K}_{\text{air }}$ 为空洞中空气的导热系数;${V}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为空洞率。文献[11] 中焊料疲劳老化对 IGBT 模块的热阻热容影响大小的研究结果表明,与对热阻的影响相比,芯片焊料层疲劳对热容的影响可以忽略不计。
在有限元仿真中, 将总热源注入 IGBT 模块的其中一个 IGBT 芯片, 对模块进行暂态热仿真直至芯片温度达到稳定, 通过各监测点的温度曲线拟合得到 2 个温度监测点之间的瞬态热阻抗曲线。瞬态热阻抗关系式定义为
${Z}_{\mathrm{{th}}\left({\mathrm{a}- \mathrm{b}}\right)}\left( t\right)= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right)- {T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)}{{P}_{\text{loss }}}$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right)\text{、}{T}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时刻 2 个温度监测点$\mathrm{a}$$\mathrm{b}$ 的温度;${P}_{\text{loss }}$ 为总功率损耗;${Z}_{\mathrm{{th}}\left({\mathrm{a}- \mathrm{b}}\right)}\left( t\right)$ 为瞬态热阻抗。在芯片温度上升至稳态这一时间段内将瞬态热阻抗曲线进行指数函数拟合, 提取 Foster 热网络模型的热参数为
${Z}_{\mathrm{{th}}\left({\mathrm{a}- \mathrm{b}}\right)}\left( t\right)= {R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}\left\lbrack {1 -\exp \left({-\frac{t}{{R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{th}}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
当芯片焊料层出现空洞时, 首先利用式(3)和式(4)实现芯片焊料层热阻的更新。然后,通过更新的芯片焊料层热阻与混合热网络模型的初始热阻参数之间的线性关系,可估计出模块的芯片结温[11],即
${T}_{\mathrm{j}\left(\text{aged }\right)} ={P}_{\text{loss }}{R}_{\text{thjc }}\left({\frac{{R}_{\text{solder1 }}}{{R}_{\text{solder }}}- 1}\right)+ {T}_{\mathrm{j}\left(\text{initial }\right)} $
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{j}\left(\text{initial }\right)}$${T}_{\mathrm{j}\left(\text{aged }\right)}$ 分别为 IGBT 模块芯片焊料层无空洞损伤和空洞损伤后的芯片结温;${R}_{\text{thjc }}$ 为结壳热阻。
根据图1 中 IGBT 模块的内部结构和表1 中 IGBT 模块各层材料的热特性,对 IGBT 模块进行三维建模, 然后将简化的三维有限元模型导入仿真软件中, 采用六面体网格划分方式对三维模型设定精细的网格划分,以提高计算精度,如图6 所示。本文在 IGBT 模块处于恒导通状态下进行研究, 稳态工作条件下不计网格划分对结温波动的影响。为简化模型, 考虑到键合线对结温的影响可以忽略不计, 则忽略了键合线和二极管的影响。
由于热量主要经 IGBT 模块内部通过散热器传递到外部环境, 因此忽略外壳与硅胶对模块散热的影响,将模块的上方及侧面设定为绝热边界。 为模拟散热器, 将铜底板底部和四周分别设置为${3000}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$${10}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 的工业对流系数,环境温度设为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,将模块的导通周期设为${1800}\mathrm{\;s}$, IGBT 模块各层的材料及属性如表1 所示。
芯片结温随功率损耗和对流系数变化的三维图如图7 所示。设定不同的工况,分别将本文所提的混合热网络模型的结温计算结果与 Cauer 热网络模型和 Foster 热网络模型的计算结果进行比较, 比较结果如表2图8 所示。
convection coefficient
根据表2图8 可知, 相较于传统的 Cauer 热网络模型和 Foster 热网络模型, 在不同对流系数以及功率损耗的情况下, 本文建立的混合热网络模型对健康 IGBT 模块芯片结温的计算精度更高。
在不同的仿真条件下对设有 3 种不同空洞率的 IGBT 模块进行热仿真模拟,以验证混合热网络模型结温估计的准确性。将芯片结温的仿真结果与模型的计算结果对比, 如图9 所示。经计算, 混合热网络模型对不同模块稳态结温计算的最大误差分别为 0.17%、1.45%和 0.84%,均小于 2%。因此,所建立模型能够实现不同空洞模块结温的准确测量。
为验证上述理论的有效性, 本文搭建实验装置,如图10 所示。以额定电压${1200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、额定电流${100}\mathrm{\;A}$ 、去除外壳封装与内部硅胶的、带有黑色涂层的 MG100HF12TFC1IGBT 模块为研究对象, 输入${15}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的固定驱动电压使 IGBT 模块常导通,测量 IGBT 模块的集电极电流和集射极饱和压降, 将两者的乘积作为总功率损耗。利用红外摄像测温仪监测模块芯片结温的变化, 在 IGBT 模块底板底部设置光栅光纤温度传感器监测模块底板底部的温度变化。
设置铝散热片散热,测试时间设为${1800}\mathrm{\;s}$,在不同工况下实时监测 IGBT 模块的芯片结温曲线与底板温度曲线。将测得的底板温度曲线输入混合热网络模型计算结温, 并与红外摄像测温仪实时监测到的结温进行对比,结果如图11 所示。
通过图11 芯片结温的对比曲线可以看出, 不同功率下的芯片稳态结温误差均小于$1\%,2$ 条结温曲线的吻合性较好。同时对芯片焊料层空洞率为 12.6%的 IGBT 空洞模块进行了实验, 结果如图12 所示, 可见不同功率下 12.6%空洞模块芯片的稳态结温误差均小于 1%,进一步验证了混合热网络模型结温估计的准确性。
系统中的功率器件长期在复杂条件下运行,其中温度是引起功率器件故障的关键因素。为实现 IGBT 模块结温的准确监测, 本文将 Cauer 热网络模型和 Foster 热网络模型在同一测温点处连接, 通过芯片焊料层的材料特性公式提取了 Cauer 热网络模型的热参数, 由其余层状结构之间的瞬态热阻抗曲线获取了 Foster 热网络模型的热参数, 考虑芯片焊料层的老化,构建了一种混合热网络模型。最后, 利用有限元仿真和实验测试, 验证了混合热网络模型结温计算的准确性。该热网络模型减小了不必要的材料公式计算误差, 提高了热参数的提取效率,可用于 IGBT 模块的结温预测。
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.30
  • 接收时间:2024-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-10
  • 修回日期:2024-03-03
  • 录用日期:2024-03-05
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    1 天津市新能源电力变换传输与智能控制重点实验室 天津 300384
    2 国网天津市电力公司城东供电分公司 天津 300250
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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