Article(id=1154049423169540277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.264, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=1708444800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-21, acceptedDate=1708876800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-26, onlineDate=1753076423684, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076423684, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076423684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076423684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=264, endPage=271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049423731577016, articleId=1154049423169540277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Digital Compensation Strategy for Integral Error of PCB Rogowski Coil Current Sensor, columnId=1154049353741226958, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=On-line Monitor, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate and reliable switching current information is important for power electronic converters to realize closed-loop control, harmonic suppression and short-circuit protection, which is conducive to further improving the reliability of power devices. The PCB Rogowski coil current sensor has an important research value and application prospect owing to its advantages of high bandwidth, small size, low cost and low intrusion. However, its measurement accuracy is seriously limited by the drift error and droop error in the traditional integral processing circuit. A resettable integrator is used to avoid the continuous accumulation of drift error while eliminating the influence of droop error. At the same time, a digital compensation strategy for the drift error and offset error in the resettable integrator is proposed, which uses a digital signal processor to control the digital-to-analog conversion module to generate an analog compensation signal and eliminates errors by means of a high-speed subtractor. As a result, this method has advantages of a high compensation accuracy and simple adjustment, and it can greatly reduce the influence due to integral errors. Finally, double-pulse, multiple-pulse and short-circuit protection experiments were carried out based on a double-pulse test platform, and the performance of the proposed PCB Rogowski coil current sensor was verified.

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准确可靠的开关电流信息是电力电子变换器实现闭环控制、谐波抑制和短路保护的关键要素,有利于进一步提升功率器件的可靠性。PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器因其高带宽、小体积、低成本和低侵扰的特点,具有重要的研究价值和应用前景。然而,传统积分处理电路存在漂移误差与下垂误差,严重限制了PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的测量精度。首先,本文采用复位型积分电路以避免漂移误差的持续累积,并消除下垂误差带来的影响。同时,针对复位型积分电路存在的漂移误差与偏置误差提出一种数字补偿策略,该方案采用数字信号处理器控制数模转化模块产生模拟补偿信号,并通过高速减法器消除误差,具有补偿精度高、调整方式简单的优点,可以大幅减小积分误差造成的影响;最后,基于双脉冲测试平台分别进行双脉冲、多脉冲和短路保护实验,验证了所提PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的性能。

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姚宇(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:PCB罗氏线圈在高功率密度变换器中的应用研究。E-mail: 202121401116@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

周泽(1997-),男,博士。研究方向: 功率半导体器件电磁状态监测及其可靠性设计。E-mail: 202111401009@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

石亚飞(1996-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器和电力电子系统状态监测。E-mail:201821401030@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

辛振(1988-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件封装与可靠性、电力电子系统状态感知。E-mail:xzh@hebut.edu.cn。

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姚宇(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:PCB罗氏线圈在高功率密度变换器中的应用研究。E-mail: 202121401116@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

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姚宇(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:PCB罗氏线圈在高功率密度变换器中的应用研究。E-mail: 202121401116@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

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周泽(1997-),男,博士。研究方向: 功率半导体器件电磁状态监测及其可靠性设计。E-mail: 202111401009@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

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周泽(1997-),男,博士。研究方向: 功率半导体器件电磁状态监测及其可靠性设计。E-mail: 202111401009@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

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石亚飞(1996-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器和电力电子系统状态监测。E-mail:201821401030@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

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石亚飞(1996-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器和电力电子系统状态监测。E-mail:201821401030@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

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辛振(1988-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件封装与可靠性、电力电子系统状态感知。E-mail:xzh@hebut.edu.cn。

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辛振(1988-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件封装与可靠性、电力电子系统状态感知。E-mail:xzh@hebut.edu.cn。

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PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器积分误差的数字补偿策略
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姚宇 , 周泽 , 石亚飞 , 辛振
电源学报 | 在线监测 2024,22(3): 264-271
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电源学报 | 在线监测 2024, 22(3): 264-271
PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器积分误差的数字补偿策略
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姚宇 , 周泽 , 石亚飞 , 辛振
作者信息
  • 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(河北工业大学) 天津 300401
  • 姚宇(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:PCB罗氏线圈在高功率密度变换器中的应用研究。E-mail: 202121401116@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

    周泽(1997-),男,博士。研究方向: 功率半导体器件电磁状态监测及其可靠性设计。E-mail: 202111401009@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

    石亚飞(1996-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器和电力电子系统状态监测。E-mail:201821401030@stu.hebut.edu.cn。

    辛振(1988-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件封装与可靠性、电力电子系统状态感知。E-mail:xzh@hebut.edu.cn。

Digital Compensation Strategy for Integral Error of PCB Rogowski Coil Current Sensor
Yu YAO , Ze ZHOU , Yafei SHI , Zhen XIN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300401 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.264
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准确可靠的开关电流信息是电力电子变换器实现闭环控制、谐波抑制和短路保护的关键要素,有利于进一步提升功率器件的可靠性。PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器因其高带宽、小体积、低成本和低侵扰的特点,具有重要的研究价值和应用前景。然而,传统积分处理电路存在漂移误差与下垂误差,严重限制了PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的测量精度。首先,本文采用复位型积分电路以避免漂移误差的持续累积,并消除下垂误差带来的影响。同时,针对复位型积分电路存在的漂移误差与偏置误差提出一种数字补偿策略,该方案采用数字信号处理器控制数模转化模块产生模拟补偿信号,并通过高速减法器消除误差,具有补偿精度高、调整方式简单的优点,可以大幅减小积分误差造成的影响;最后,基于双脉冲测试平台分别进行双脉冲、多脉冲和短路保护实验,验证了所提PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的性能。

PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器  /  误差补偿  /  短路保护  /  可靠性

The accurate and reliable switching current information is important for power electronic converters to realize closed-loop control, harmonic suppression and short-circuit protection, which is conducive to further improving the reliability of power devices. The PCB Rogowski coil current sensor has an important research value and application prospect owing to its advantages of high bandwidth, small size, low cost and low intrusion. However, its measurement accuracy is seriously limited by the drift error and droop error in the traditional integral processing circuit. A resettable integrator is used to avoid the continuous accumulation of drift error while eliminating the influence of droop error. At the same time, a digital compensation strategy for the drift error and offset error in the resettable integrator is proposed, which uses a digital signal processor to control the digital-to-analog conversion module to generate an analog compensation signal and eliminates errors by means of a high-speed subtractor. As a result, this method has advantages of a high compensation accuracy and simple adjustment, and it can greatly reduce the influence due to integral errors. Finally, double-pulse, multiple-pulse and short-circuit protection experiments were carried out based on a double-pulse test platform, and the performance of the proposed PCB Rogowski coil current sensor was verified.

PCB Rogowski coil current sensor  /  error compensation  /  short-circuit protection  /  reliability
姚宇, 周泽, 石亚飞, 辛振. PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器积分误差的数字补偿策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 264 -271 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.264
Yu YAO, Ze ZHOU, Yafei SHI, Zhen XIN. Digital Compensation Strategy for Integral Error of PCB Rogowski Coil Current Sensor[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 264 -271 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.264
开关电流信息作为闭环控制、短路保护、有源钳位、损耗计算和寿命监测等功能的关键信息[1-3], 可进一步提升功率器件的可靠性。然而开关电流的测量与应用仍存在以下挑战:①开关电流信息既包含开关瞬态的高频分量,也存在开关通态的低频分量,因此电流传感器需满足$\mathrm{{Hz}}- \mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的宽频带测量范围[4];②电流传感器需具备一定的抗干扰能力以减小高频电磁干扰带来的影响;③功率装置的不断优化升级需电流传感器的体积与可集成性得到进一步优化; ④电流传感器的侵入性需进一步减小,以降低开关瞬态存在的电压过冲和振荡;⑤ 高性能电流传感器的成本也需进一步缩减。
目前电流传感技术主要有以下 5 种:霍尔传感器、电流互感器、分流器、磁电阻传感器和罗氏线圈电流传感器。霍尔传感器基于霍尔效应, 通过收集待测电流产生的磁场实现电流感知, 可以实现电流信息的非接触式测量, 但由于存在磁饱和问题, 其带宽往往被限制在${500}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 以内[5];电流互感器带宽较高,拥有电流隔离、功耗小和无需复杂的处理电路等优点, 但由于其需要磁芯聚集磁场, 较大的体积使其不易实现集成设计[6]; 分流器通过采样电阻的电压降反映被测电流, 具有原理简单、体积小和成本低的优点, 但其侵入性强, 无电气隔离, 且存在集肤效应、邻近效应会影响其测量高频电流的准确度[7],无法满足高频开关电流的测量需求; 磁电阻传感器带宽可达数兆赫兹, 响应时间百纳秒, 但仍不能满足纳秒级开关瞬态电流的测量需求[8];罗氏线圈电流传感器带宽可达数百兆赫兹,具备体积小、成本低、测量范围广和侵入性低的优点, 但柔性罗氏线圈一致性差, 且容易发生断线等情况, 不利于传感器的集成化设计; PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器采用 FR4 基板作为非磁性骨架, 更适合规模化生产和集成化设计, 但传统积分处理方案的低频性能差, 测量低频电流时会产生显著的下垂效应, 并不适合开关通态电流的测量[9-10]
相比于传统罗氏线圈电流传感器中采用的有损积分电路, 本文采用的复位型积分电路无下垂效应, 避免了运放的饱和问题, 适用于开关电流的精确测量[11-14]。但运放的失调电压和失调电流会造成较大的漂移误差, 复位开关的电荷注入效应会造成较大的偏置误差。为此, 文献[12]利用可调电位器对运放输入侧的失调电压进行调节, 但其补偿精度受限于可调电阻的精度, 且无法对复位开关造成的偏置误差进行补偿;文献[13]将测量结果采样到数字信号处理器中, 利用查表法在软件中实现了误差补偿, 但其补偿效果只限于采样点, 牺牲了传感器的高频性能;文献[14]提出一种主从补偿型积分方案, 可同时对复位型积分器的偏置误差与漂移误差进行补偿, 但由于运算放大器间存在个体差异, 其补偿效果具有一定的随机性。因此, 现有积分误差补偿方案难以实现高精度的误差补偿。
本文提出一种针对积分误差的数字补偿策略, 通过数字信号处理器控制数模转化模块产生模拟补偿信号, 并通过高速减法器对积分误差进行校正。该方案既规避了主从补偿方案中的运放匹配问题, 又避免了软件补偿方案中采样率造成的带宽下降问题, 保证高带宽特性的同时减小了 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的积分误差。
PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器可分为 PCB 罗氏线圈和积分处理电路 2 个部分。前者的原理是法拉第电磁感应定律和安培环路定律, 是一种用来测量交流和脉动电流的空心线圈,其基本结构和等效电路如图1 所示。
PCB 罗氏线圈主要由走线、过孔和非磁性骨架 3 个部分组成,其中,$a$$b$ 分别为线圈的内径与外径,$h$$N$ 分别为线圈的高度与匝数。其输出电压$v\left( t\right)$ 与待测电流变化率$\mathrm{d}{i}_{1}\left( t\right)/\mathrm{d}t$ 近似呈比例关系,可表示为
$ v\left( t\right)= - N\frac{\mathrm{d}\varphi }{\mathrm{d}t}= -\frac{N{\mu }_{0}h}{2\pi }\ln \left(\frac{a + b}{b}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{1}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \\- M\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{1}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式中:$\varphi$ 为磁通量;${\mu }_{0}$ 为真空磁导率;$M$ 为线圈与待测导线间的互感。
由于走线与过孔中存在寄生参数, 线圈的集总模型中同时存在寄生电阻${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 、寄生电感${L}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 和寄生电容${C}_{\mathrm{S}}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$。其中,寄生电感与寄生电容将构成一阶谐振环节,影响线圈的高频带宽。为抑制线圈的高频谐振,通常在线圈的输出端并联阻尼电阻${R}_{\mathrm{D}}$,此时, 罗氏线圈可等效为一个二阶谐振环节, 其传递函数${G}_{\text{coil }}$ 可表示为
${G}_{\text{coil }}\left( s\right)= \frac{v\left( s\right)}{{i}_{1}\left( s\right)} =\\\begin{matrix}{sM}{R}_{\mathrm{D}}\\{s}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{D}}{L}_{\mathrm{S}}{C}_{\mathrm{S}}+ s\left({{L}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{S}}{R}_{\mathrm{D}}{C}_{\mathrm{S}}}\right)+ \left({{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{D}}}\right)\end{matrix}$
积分处理电路可分为无源积分电路和有源积分电路 2 种。无源积分电路结构简单但积分性能较差, 难以准确还原待测电流信息; 有源积分电路性能较好, 但由于运算放大器的非理想性, 容易引入积分误差,影响电流测量精度。当积分器被视为理想积分环节,罗氏线圈电流传感器的测量结果${u}_{\mathrm{{rscs}}}\left( t\right)$
${u}_{\mathrm{{rscs}}}\left( t\right)= {K}_{\mathrm{I}}\int M\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{1}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}\mathrm{\;d}t ={G}_{\mathrm{{th}}}{i}_{1}\left( t\right)$
式中:${K}_{\mathrm{I}}$ 为积分器的放大倍数;${G}_{\text{th }}$ 为罗氏线圈电流传感器的灵敏度。
PCB 罗氏线圈与积分电路的频率特性曲线如图2 所示。其中, PCB 罗氏线圈在中低频段呈现微分特性,高频段出现谐振,通常将第一谐振点${f}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 作为罗氏线圈的测量带宽上限, 而积分电路的设计决定了传感器的下限截止频率${f}_{1}$。因此,$\mathrm{{PCB}}$ 罗氏线圈电流传感器只有在积分器低频截止频率与线圈高频谐振频率间,才能够准确测量电流信息。
传统积分方案中存在的积分误差主要有漂移误差、下垂误差和偏置误差 3 种。其中, 漂移误差主要存在于纯积分电路中, 其结构如图3(a) 纯积分部分所示,由运放输入侧存在的失调电压${V}_{\mathrm{{OS}}}$ 、失调电流$\left({{I}_{\mathrm{B}+ }- {I}_{\mathrm{B}- }}\right)$ 持续对积分电容$C$ 充电造成,其大小可表示为
${u}_{\text{drift }}= \frac{{RCs}+ 1}{RCs}{V}_{\mathrm{{OS}}}+ \frac{1}{Cs}\left\lbrack {{I}_{\mathrm{B}- }- \left({{RCs}+ 1}\right){I}_{\mathrm{B}+ }}\right\rbrack $
式中,$R$ 为积分电阻。
纯积分电路中漂移误差将随时间逐渐累积, 表现为实测电流信号持续向上偏移, 直至达到运放可输出的最大电压,如图3(b) 纯积分部分所示,最终使运放饱和无法工作。
下垂误差主要存在于有损积分电路中, 其结构如图3(a)有损积分部分所示。有损积分电路在积分电容$C$ 上并联一个阻尼电阻${R}_{\mathrm{f}}$,此时,有损积分电路的传递函数可推导为
${G}_{i}\left( s\right)= -\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{f}}/R}{1 +{R}_{\mathrm{f}}{Cs}}$
频率特性曲线如图2 所示。可以看出, 有损积分电路在低频段不再表现为积分环节, 而表现为比例环节, 因此有损积分电路可实现积分漂移的抑制。但同时有损积分电路也丧失了低频段积分运算能力,如图3(b)有损积分部分所示,表现为实测电流信号幅值逐渐衰减,直至波形关于$u = 0$ 中心对称。为表征下垂误差造成的影响, 积分器的下限截止频率${f}_{1}$ 可推导为
${f}_{1}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }{R}_{\mathrm{f}}C}$
下限截止频率越高, 下垂误差越明显, 低频运算能力越差, 因此漂移误差的抑制与下垂误差的减小存在一定矛盾[14]
偏置误差主要存在于复位型积分电路中, 其结构如图3(a)复位积分部分所示。复位型积分电路在积分电容两侧并联 1 个复位开关$\mathrm{S}$,此时,复位型积分电路的传递函数可推导为
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{G}_{i}\left( s\right)= -\frac{1}{RCs}& S = 0 \\{G}_{i}\left( s\right)= 0 & S = 1 \end{array}\right.$
当复位开关$\mathrm{S}$ 断开时,复位型积分电路处于积分阶段, 可等效为纯积分环节, 因此不存在下垂误差,但失调电压和失调电流产生的漂移误差${u}_{\text{drift }}$ 在积分阶段仍然存在。需要注意的是, 复位开关在断开瞬间存在电荷注入效应, 可等效为复位开关串联电荷源$Q$,在断开瞬间对积分电容进行充电, 所造成的偏置误差${u}_{\text{offset }}$ 可推导为
${u}_{\text{offset }}= \frac{Q}{C}$
具体表现为实测电流信号在积分阶段偏离理想电流信号,如图3(b)复位积分部分所示。当复位开关$\mathrm{S}$ 闭合时,复位型积分电路处于复位阶段,积分电容$C$ 两侧短路,对积分电容在积分阶段累积的漂移误差和偏置误差清零, 其输出恒为 0。尽管复位型积分电路需要复位时间且在积分阶段存在偏置误差和漂移误差, 但其低频性能优异, 无下垂效应, 没有运放饱和问题, 具有显著优势。
由于开关电流中既包含开关瞬态的高频分量, 又包含开关通态的低频分量, PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器需同时具备强大的低频和高频测量能力。同时, 由于开关器件在关断时只存在微小的漏电流, 复位型积分电路可在器件关断阶段进行复位动作, 对开关电流的准确测量无影响。因此, 本文采用复位型积分电路作为罗氏线圈的积分处理电路, 但复位型积分电路在积分阶段存在的偏置误差和漂移误差亟待精确补偿。
本文针对复位型积分电路在积分阶段存在的漂移误差和偏置误差, 提出一种数字补偿策略, 可有效提高 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的测量精度。 本方案可分为复位型积分器、数字补偿器和高速减法器 3 个部分,其结构如图4 所示。其中,复位型积分器输入侧连接 PCB 罗氏线圈, 用于还原开关电流信号${i}_{1}$,但其输出结果中同时包含误差信号${u}_{\text{error }}$;数字补偿器用于产生驱动信号${u}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 、复位信号${u}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 和高精度误差补偿信号${u}_{\text{comp }}$; 高速减法器用于消除误差信号,还原准确的开关电流信息。
由于 PCB 罗氏线圈输出信号的有效电流信息主要存在于开关边沿,表现为 1 个高频脉冲,因此必须保证复位型积分电路可对开关边沿信息进行精准还原。本文设置复位信号为开关电流信号的互补波形,并预留足够的裕量时间$t$,其控制逻辑如图5 所示。可以看出,复位开关可实现在电流上升沿之前断开,在下降沿之后导通,从而保证了复位动作不会对开关电流边沿信息的感知产生干扰。
为满足复位型积分方案的高频运算需求, 运放本身存在的带宽和延迟也需进行相应考虑。首先, 运放的带宽将影响积分电路的高频信号处理能力, 表现为开关边沿瞬间的高频电流信息无法被准确还原, 因此运放的带宽需为最大输入信号频率的 10 倍[16];其次,运放的延迟将影响积分电路的响应速度, 导致信号处理结果的失真或时延, 为尽可能减小运放延迟对测量结果产生的影响, 运放的压摆率${SR}$ 需满足条件为
${SR}> \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}}{{T}_{\text{edge }}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为传感器最大输出电压峰值;${T}_{\text{edge }}$ 为 IGBT 开关边沿时间。
本文选择运放(THS4031)带宽为${100}\mathrm{{MHz}}$,压摆率为${100}\mathrm{\;V}/\mathrm{{\mu s}}$
同时, 运放的失调电压越小越好, 以减小其引入的漂移误差。通用运放的失调电压一般在 0.5~${10}\mathrm{{mV}}$ 之间,而精密运放由于采用自稳零技术,失调电压可进一步减小, 但其带宽通常被限制在 10$\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 以下[17]。由于运放的高频带宽和失调电压往往存在矛盾,因此传统积分方案无法同时实现高带宽、 低误差的测量需求。本文采用高带宽运放和数字补偿方案结合的策略, 可在保证运放高带宽性能的同时, 避免运放失调电压产生漂移误差的影响。
此外, 为确保复位动作的准确性, 复位开关的开关特性需同时具备快速开断能力、双向阻断能力以及较小的导通电阻和漏电流。文献[14]对 MOSFET、 JFET、双向反串联 MOSFET 和模拟开关进行了性能对比,本文不再赘述。本文选择复位开关为高速模拟开关 (DG401),注入电荷为${15}\mathrm{{pC}}$
为保证数字补偿方案的准确性, 数字补偿器产生的模拟补偿信号需与实际误差信号在幅值和时间基准上保持高度一致。本文采用数字控制器 DSP 控制数模转化模块 DAC 输出补偿信号,可对偏置补偿分量和漂移补偿分量的幅值和时间基准实现精确控制, 其控制逻辑如图6 所示。可以看出, 补偿信号在积分器复位阶段恒输出 0,在复位开关关断瞬间上升至偏置补偿设定值, 并在积分阶段呈阶梯式更新, 最终增长至漂移误差设定值。需要注意的是,数模转化模块 DAC 生成的补偿信号只能实现定时更新,其更新速率受系统中断周期控制, 中断周期越短, 补偿效果越好, 因此本文对补偿程序进行了相应简化, 可在${2\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 内实现补偿信号的及时更新。
为测试所设计 PCB 罗氏线圈的高频带宽, 本文使用矢量网络分析仪 BODE100 搭建频率响应测试平台,如图7 所示。其中,正弦扫描信号由 BODE100 的源接口发出,信号通过 1 个${10\Omega }$ 电阻接地来模拟待测电流${i}_{1}\left( t\right)$。CH1 接口通过采样${10\Omega }$ 电阻的电压间接得到${i}_{1}\left( t\right)$,线圈的输出端连接到$\mathrm{{CH}}2$ 以提供线圈的感应电压, BODE100 通过计算感应电压与采样信号的比值来绘制线圈的频率特性曲线, PCB 罗氏线圈的频率特性曲线测试结果如图8 所示。
从幅频特性曲线可知, 所设计线圈高频谐振频率即传感器高频带宽为${28}{\mathrm{{MHz}}}_{\circ }$ 需要注意的是,本文设计的 PCB 罗氏线圈为了提高增益以获得更高的信噪比,匝数设计较多,因此带宽受到一定限制。 在应用中可根据实际情况通过减小绕组匝数的方式进一步提高线圈的高频测量带宽。
基于 IGBT (MPBW40N120B)搭建的双脉冲测试平台如图9 所示, 其中, 直流母线电压设置为${150}\mathrm{\;V}$,负载电感为${50\mu }\mathrm{H}$。实验通过控制下管驱动产生 2 个脉冲信号, 进而测试下管漏源极电流的上升沿和下降沿信息。
当收到第 1 个脉冲时, 被测 IGBT 导通, 电感电流线性增加, 关断后电感电流通过二极管进行续流,电流缓慢衰减。在第 2 个脉冲来临时,由于电感电流并未产生较大的衰减,因此 IGBT 导通时电流会迅速上升至电感电流大小,随后进行关断。双脉冲实验可对传感器的宽频测量能力进行校验,其中,开关瞬态过程用于校验传感器的高频测量能力, 而开关通态过程中低频分量较多, 可用于校验传感器的低频测量能力。图10 为补偿前后采用复位型积分电路的传感器性能对比,可以看出,数字补偿策略可实现偏置误差与漂移误差的准确补偿, 还原得到准确的开关电流信息。同时与商用电流钳 (DC-120 MHz)进行对比, 补偿后传感器的测量波形与电流钳的测量波形在开关瞬态和开关通态过程中均保持高度重合,验证了自制传感器的宽频测量性能。
此外,本文利用多脉冲实验进一步验证传感器的低频测量效果。相较于双脉冲实验,双脉冲实验持续时间更长,输出电流信息中蕴含的低频分量更多,因此传感器低频测量限制造成的下垂效应更明显[9]。由第 2 节分析可知,传统罗氏线圈积分电路主要采用有损积分电路对开关电流信号进行还原,低频测量能力较差,其测量结果如图11 所示。可以看出,传统积分方案还原得到的开关电流信号存在明显的下垂效应,且随时间的增长逐渐显著。在相同实验条件下进行测试, 采用复位型积分方案还原得到的测量结果如图12 所示, 可以看出, 在测量多个连续脉冲的情况下, 传感器测得的开关电流波形仍与商用电流钳保持高度重合,验证了本文所设计传感器优异的低频信号测量性能。
本文将补偿后的 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器应用于系统短路保护中, 实现了功率器件的快速可靠保护,其硬关断短路保护效果如图13 所示。可以看出, 自制 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器可精确测量短路电流, 与商用电流钳测量结果吻合。在短路故障发生${280}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 后,短路电流达到设定短路保护阈值${60}\mathrm{\;A}$,所设计短路保护电路可在${680}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 内成功实现器件的可靠保护, 有利于进一步提高功率器件的可靠性。
本文针对 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器存在的积分误差,提出了一种高精度数字补偿策略。该方案采用复位型积分电路避免了下垂误差造成的影响, 提高了传感器的低频测量能力。同时,通过数字补偿器产生幅值和时间基准高度匹配的模拟补偿信号,基本消除了复位型积分电路在积分阶段存在的漂移误差和偏置误差,可大幅提升 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器的测量精度。文章同时分析了 PCB 罗氏线圈的高频带宽限制,并通过矢量网络分析仪进行了测试。所提 PCB 罗氏线圈电流传感器在双脉冲、多脉冲和短路保护实验中与商用电流钳测量结果匹配良好,并可在${1\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 内实现功率器件的快速短路保护,有望大幅提升功率器件的可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52377179)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.264
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
  • 修回日期:2024-02-21
  • 录用日期:2024-02-26
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52377179)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52377179)
作者信息
    省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(河北工业大学) 天津 300401
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