Article(id=1154049134626595795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1704556800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-07, acceptedDate=1705161600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-14, onlineDate=1753076354891, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076354891, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076354891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076354891, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=190, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049135117329365, articleId=1154049134626595795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Optimization of Wire Bonding Parameters and Reliability Analysis for SiC Power Module Interconnections, columnId=1154049135037637588, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Reliability Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the development of technologies for power electronic devices used in automobiles, the power modules are developing towards the direction of miniaturization and high power density. As a result, the high-frequency switching of power devices used in automobiles will increase the fatigue failure risk of bonding wires. To improve the strength and reliability of bonding, the action mechanism of bonding parameters at different stages was revealed from the perspective of the bonding principle at first, and the optimization intervals for different parameters were obtained using single-factor experiments. Subsequently, a systematic investigation of the influence of wire bonding materials on bonding reliability was conducted through numerical simulations and aging tests. Results indicate that compared with Al bonding wires, Cu bonding wires exhibited higher maximum temperatures and higher maximum equivalent stress. However, due to material properties, Cu bonding wires only achieved half the maximum plastic strain of Al bonding wires. Based on power cycling tests, the lifetime of Cu bonding wires was approximately four times that of Al bonding wires. Moreover, Cu bonding wires exhibited a higher degree of variability in bonding quality, with the phenomenon of stepwise signal escalation due to the detachment of a single wire serving as an early warning signal for potential failures in daily operations.

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在汽车电力电子器件开发技术中,功率模块正朝着小型化和高功率密度方向发展,而汽车动力装置的高频通断操作会增加键合线的疲劳失效风险。为了提高键合强度及可靠性,首先从键合原理角度出发,揭示键合参数在不同阶段的作用机理,利用单因素实验得到各参数的优化区间;然后通过数值计算与老化实验相结合的方法系统性研究了键合线材料对键合可靠性的影响。结果显示,Cu键合线的最高溫度、最大等效应力均高于 Al键合线,但受材料属性影响,Cu键合线的最大塑性应变仅为Al键合线的1/2,根据功率循环实验,其寿命约为Al键合线的4倍,并且Cu线键合质量分散性大,单根键合线脱落引起监测信号阶段性跃升的现象可以成为日常工作中的失效预警信号。

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李乐洲(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率模块封装及可靠性。E-mail: 202134487@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

兰欣(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副研究员。研究方向:功率模块封装测试。E-mail:lanxin@sdu.edu.cn。

何志伟(1999-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:分子动力学。E-mail: 202134480@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

程勇(1963-),男,博士后,教授。研究方向:内燃机测控技术。E-mail:cysgd@sdu.edu.cn.

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李乐洲(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率模块封装及可靠性。E-mail: 202134487@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

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李乐洲(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率模块封装及可靠性。E-mail: 202134487@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

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兰欣(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副研究员。研究方向:功率模块封装测试。E-mail:lanxin@sdu.edu.cn。

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兰欣(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副研究员。研究方向:功率模块封装测试。E-mail:lanxin@sdu.edu.cn。

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何志伟(1999-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:分子动力学。E-mail: 202134480@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

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何志伟(1999-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:分子动力学。E-mail: 202134480@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

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程勇(1963-),男,博士后,教授。研究方向:内燃机测控技术。E-mail:cysgd@sdu.edu.cn.

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程勇(1963-),男,博士后,教授。研究方向:内燃机测控技术。E-mail:cysgd@sdu.edu.cn.

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Journal of Power Supply, 2024. 22(1): 147-152 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Investigation on reliability of high-temperature gate oxide in SiC MOSFET, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049165068853384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=140, pageEnd=146, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=李靖, 曹君临, 陆国权, journalName=电源学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李靖, 曹君临, 陆国权, 等. 一种采用柔性缓冲垫块的双面散热 SiC MOSFET 双向开关模块研究[J]. 电源学报, 2024. 22(1): 140-146., articleTitle=一种采用柔性缓冲垫块的双面散热 SiC MOSFET 双向开关模块研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049165119185033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=140, pageEnd=146, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Li Jing, Cao Junlin, Lu Guoquan, journalName=Journal of Power Supply, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Jing, Cao Junlin, Lu Guoquan, et al. 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IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2021. 11(9): 1426-1434., articleTitle=The influence and application of bond wires failure on electrothermal characteristics of IGBT module, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154049164733309058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, awardId=52376118, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049164783640707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, awardId=52376118, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049164829778052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, awardId=51976107, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976107), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049164880109701, 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tableContent=
实验 编号 键合 压力/g 实验 编号 超声 功率/W 实验 编号 键合 时间/ms
1 1600 7 80 13 100
2 1800 8 90 14 125
3 2000 9 100 15 150
4 2200 10 110 16 175
5 2400 11 120 17 200
6 2600 12 130 18 225
), ArticleFig(id=1154049164397764733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, language=CN, label=表1, caption=Cu 键合线 18 组实验参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验 编号 键合 压力/g 实验 编号 超声 功率/W 实验 编号 键合 时间/ms
1 1600 7 80 13 100
2 1800 8 90 14 125
3 2000 9 100 15 150
4 2200 10 110 16 175
5 2400 11 120 17 200
6 2600 12 130 18 225
), ArticleFig(id=1154049164452290686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Anand model material parameters of SAC305 solder, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${S}_{0}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 39.09
$\frac{Q}{R}/\mathrm{K}$ 8900
$A/{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${2.23}\times {10}^{4}$
$\xi$ 6
${m}_{0}$ 0.182
${h}_{0}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 3321.15
$\widehat{S}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 73.81
$n$ 0.0018
$a$ 1.82
), ArticleFig(id=1154049164502622335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, language=CN, label=表2, caption=SAC305 焊料的 Anand 模型材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${S}_{0}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 39.09
$\frac{Q}{R}/\mathrm{K}$ 8900
$A/{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${2.23}\times {10}^{4}$
$\xi$ 6
${m}_{0}$ 0.182
${h}_{0}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 3321.15
$\widehat{S}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 73.81
$n$ 0.0018
$a$ 1.82
), ArticleFig(id=1154049164561342592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Parameters related to fatigue life prediction of materials Al and $\mathrm{{Cu}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 $\Delta {\varepsilon }_{1}/$ (mm/mm) ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${N}_{\mathrm{f}}$
Al 0.008112 10.786 21001
Cu 0.00160264 17.05 ${2.97}\times {10}^{8}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049164615868545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049134626595795, language=CN, label=表3, caption=Al、 $\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 材料疲劳寿命预测相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 $\Delta {\varepsilon }_{1}/$ (mm/mm) ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${N}_{\mathrm{f}}$
Al 0.008112 10.786 21001
Cu 0.00160264 17.05 ${2.97}\times {10}^{8}$
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SiC 功率模块引线键合参数优化与可靠性分析
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李乐洲 1 , 兰欣 1, 2 , 何志伟 1 , 程勇 1
电源学报 | 可靠性分析 2024,22(3): 190-198
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电源学报 | 可靠性分析 2024, 22(3): 190-198
SiC 功率模块引线键合参数优化与可靠性分析
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李乐洲1 , 兰欣1, 2 , 何志伟1 , 程勇1
作者信息
  • 1 山东大学 能动学院 济南 250012
  • 2 元山(济南)电子科技有限公司 济南 250000
  • 李乐洲(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率模块封装及可靠性。E-mail: 202134487@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

    兰欣(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副研究员。研究方向:功率模块封装测试。E-mail:lanxin@sdu.edu.cn。

    何志伟(1999-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:分子动力学。E-mail: 202134480@mail.sdu.edu.cn。

    程勇(1963-),男,博士后,教授。研究方向:内燃机测控技术。E-mail:cysgd@sdu.edu.cn.

Optimization of Wire Bonding Parameters and Reliability Analysis for SiC Power Module Interconnections
Lezhou LI1 , Xin LAN1, 2 , Zhiwei HE1 , Yong CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Power Engineering Shandong University Ji'nan 250012 China
  • 2 Yuanshan (Ji'nan) Electronic Technology Co., Ltd Ji'nan 250000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.190
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在汽车电力电子器件开发技术中,功率模块正朝着小型化和高功率密度方向发展,而汽车动力装置的高频通断操作会增加键合线的疲劳失效风险。为了提高键合强度及可靠性,首先从键合原理角度出发,揭示键合参数在不同阶段的作用机理,利用单因素实验得到各参数的优化区间;然后通过数值计算与老化实验相结合的方法系统性研究了键合线材料对键合可靠性的影响。结果显示,Cu键合线的最高溫度、最大等效应力均高于 Al键合线,但受材料属性影响,Cu键合线的最大塑性应变仅为Al键合线的1/2,根据功率循环实验,其寿命约为Al键合线的4倍,并且Cu线键合质量分散性大,单根键合线脱落引起监测信号阶段性跃升的现象可以成为日常工作中的失效预警信号。

功率模块  /  键合参数  /  寿命预测  /  功率循环

In the development of technologies for power electronic devices used in automobiles, the power modules are developing towards the direction of miniaturization and high power density. As a result, the high-frequency switching of power devices used in automobiles will increase the fatigue failure risk of bonding wires. To improve the strength and reliability of bonding, the action mechanism of bonding parameters at different stages was revealed from the perspective of the bonding principle at first, and the optimization intervals for different parameters were obtained using single-factor experiments. Subsequently, a systematic investigation of the influence of wire bonding materials on bonding reliability was conducted through numerical simulations and aging tests. Results indicate that compared with Al bonding wires, Cu bonding wires exhibited higher maximum temperatures and higher maximum equivalent stress. However, due to material properties, Cu bonding wires only achieved half the maximum plastic strain of Al bonding wires. Based on power cycling tests, the lifetime of Cu bonding wires was approximately four times that of Al bonding wires. Moreover, Cu bonding wires exhibited a higher degree of variability in bonding quality, with the phenomenon of stepwise signal escalation due to the detachment of a single wire serving as an early warning signal for potential failures in daily operations.

Power module  /  bonding parameter  /  lifetime prediction  /  power cycling
李乐洲, 兰欣, 何志伟, 程勇. SiC 功率模块引线键合参数优化与可靠性分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 190 -198 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.190
Lezhou LI, Xin LAN, Zhiwei HE, Yong CHENG. Optimization of Wire Bonding Parameters and Reliability Analysis for SiC Power Module Interconnections[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 190 -198 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.190
近几年,随着第三代半导体技术的飞速发展, 碳化硅 SiC(silicon carbide)功率模块在工业生产中得到广泛应用, SiC 材料制成的功率模块非常适合应用于大功率领域${}^{\Pi }$。随着功率模块朝着高温、高功率、高密度方向发展,对模块的封装提出更高的要求[2]。根据以往变换器失效分析,功率器件在电力电子转换过程中最易老化,其失效占比超过${30}{\%}^{\left\lbrack 3\right\rbrack }$。而 SiC 芯片体积小, 可键合面积减小, 并且更大的功率密度带来更高的交变温度荷载, 产生幅值更大、 频率更高的交变应力, 造成长期服役下的键合线和焊料层位置出现老化现象,导致 SiC 功率模块可靠性降低。根据功率模块的失效分析结果,键合线失效占比${70}{\%}^{\left\lbrack 3\right\rbrack }$,因此对$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 功率模块键合强度及其可靠性的研究具有重大意义。
王小钰等[4] 通过对绝缘栅双极晶体管 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺进行单因素实验, 发现键合功率对芯片键合点的影响最大, 键合压力对源极处键合点的影响最大,而键合时间虽然作为主要键合参数, 却对键合强度的影响最小; Goehre J 等[5] 为评估超声参数对 Al 键合线造成的影响, 进行了功率循环实验、剪切力实验以评估其可靠性和机械强度, 发现高键合功率的键合寿命是低超声功率键合寿命的 1.5 ~ 3.0 倍, 且微观结构分析发现超声功率会影响功率循环后的微观结构和裂纹扩展路径;Gao Jing 等。[6] 探讨了键合线逐渐失效对器件瞬态热阻抗的影响, 建立了器件的电热耦合模型并进行了数值仿真实验, 发现键合线老化不但会引起正向导通压降上升, 而且会造成芯片表面综合温度上升,测量得到的瞬态热阻也会增大。
上述文献对键合线的可靠性研究具有重要意义, 然而其并未从键合原理角度探究主要键合参数对$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺键合强度的影响,也未详细分析$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺在键合线可靠性方面的优越性。本文通过单因素法和正交实验对比法来寻求工业生产中不同键合材料的最优参数区间, 然后采用有限元仿真和可靠性实验的方法从电热性能、工艺可靠性和寿命预测等角度来说明车规级功率模块中$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺代替 Al 键合工艺的必要性。
超声键合工艺参数在不同阶段发挥不同的作用,具体影响机理为:在预变形阶段,键合压力施加在 “V”型劈刀上, 键合线发生预变形, 预变形过程中键合材料之间作初步接触; 在清洁阶段,超声功率施加在楔形劈刀上, 带动键合线做周期振动, 通过摩擦去除界面杂质, 键合线与纯净金属接触后形成活性洁净区域并扩大键合界面的接触面积; 在变形阶段,键合线在超声软化及摩擦生热双重作用下发生塑性变形, 清洁区域及键合面积进一步扩大; 最后在扩散阶段,法向应力与剪切应力共同作用, 界面原子产生塑性流动, 形成稳定的欧姆接触, 达到超声键合的目的[7-9]
在工业生产中, 通常采用剪切力测试作为评估引线键合强度的方法, 本节通过剪切力计算模型从理论上分析影响超声键合强度的因素。
超声键合时, 在形成洁净区的过程中, 氧化层会有局部残留,因此实际的键合面积${A}_{\text{eff }}$ 小于接触面积$A$,剪切力和键合界面接触面积计算公式[10] 分别为
${F}_{\mathrm{s}}= {A}_{\text{eff }}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$
$ A =\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}}{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{pl}}}}$
式中:${F}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为剪切力;${A}_{\text{eff }}$ 为实际的键合面积;$A$ 为接触面积;${\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为剪切强度;${F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}$ 为键合压力;${\sigma }_{\mathrm{{pl}}}$ 塑性极限。
从式(1)可以看出, 键合线的剪切强度与键合面积呈正相关, 因此对键合面积的形成及其成长机制进行研究具有重要意义。
定义$\gamma$ 为键合面积质量指标,即键合面积与理论接触面积的比值, 实际的键合面积主要受键合时产生的摩擦力的影响[10],其与时间的响应关系为
$\gamma \left( t\right)= \frac{{A}_{\mathrm{{eff}}}\left( t\right)}{A\left( t\right)} =\frac{\beta }{A\left( t\right)}{\int }_{0}^{t}{P}_{\mathrm{{RR}}}\left({t}^{* }\right)\mathrm{d}{t}^{* }+ {\gamma }_{0}$
式中:$\beta$ 为材料常数;${P}_{\mathrm{{RR}}}$ 为摩擦功率,与超声功率有关;${\gamma }_{0}$ 为初始阶段实际键合面积与理想面积之比。
对式 (3) 进行微分处理, 由于清洁阶段时接触面拓展,但是拓展面积可以忽略不计,于是默认$\frac{\mathrm{d}A\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0$,最终得到
$\frac{{d\gamma }\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{\beta }{A\left( t\right)}{P}_{\mathrm{{RR}}}\left( t\right)$
由摩擦力引起的切向力[11] 可表示为
${F}_{\mathrm{T}}\left( t\right)= \left\{{\left\lbrack {1 -\gamma \left( t\right)}\right\rbrack {\mu }_{\mathrm{{ox}}}+ \gamma \left( t\right){\mu }_{\mathrm{{Met}}}}\right\}{F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}$
式中:${F}_{\mathrm{T}}\left( t\right)$ 为切向力;${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ox}}}$ 为未清洁区域摩擦因数;${\mu }_{\mathrm{{Met}}}$ 为清洁区域摩擦因数。
由 Von-mises 应力计算公式、塑性极限与切向力可得接触面积与时间的关系[11],即
$ A\left( t\right)= \frac{\sqrt{{F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}^{2}+ 3{F}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2}\left( t\right)}}{A}$
综合式 (2)~式(4)和式(6)可得
${A}_{\text{eff }}= \gamma \left( t\right) A\left( t\right)= \beta {\int }_{0}^{t}{P}_{\mathrm{{RR}}}\left({t}^{* }\right)\mathrm{d}{t}^{* }+ \\{\gamma }_{0}\frac{\sqrt{{F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}^{2}+ 3{F}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2}\left( t\right)}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{pl}}}}{{F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}\gamma \left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{\beta {\sigma }_{\mathrm{{pl}}}}{\sqrt{{F}_{\mathrm{{NB}}}^{2}+ 3{F}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2}\left( t\right)}}{P}_{\mathrm{{RR}}}\left( t\right)$
由式 (7) 和式 (8) 可知, 键合面积的增长受材料属性、界面的清洁程度等系统参数和键合工艺中主要键合参数 (功率、时间、压力) 的共同影响。在封装过程中发现, 过高的键合压力会影响键合质量, 这是因为过高的键合压力导致理想接触面积$A$ 大幅增加,而键合面积${A}_{\text{eff }}$ 主要受键合功率的影响,因此增加幅度较小。由式 (3) 可知, 键合质量下降, 但小范围地增大键合压力会提高键合质量,进而提高引线键合强度。
实验键合工艺使用 K&S 公司生产的 3600plus 型超声键合机, 通过剪切测试这种破坏性实验方法进行键合强度分析。剪切力测试则使用 Nordson DAGE3800型键合强度测试仪中的 BS5Kg 剪切力测试模块进行测试。
键合实验样品中, DBC 选用 AIN 陶瓷基板(尺寸为${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\mathrm{{Cu}}- {0.38}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\mathrm{{AlN}}- {0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\mathrm{{Cu}}$ ),然后使用超声键合机进行键合,其中$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线选用${12}\mathrm{{mil}}\left({1\mathrm{{mil}}= {25.4\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 线径,断裂负荷 (B.L.) 和延伸率(E.L.)分别为${1500}\sim {1700}\mathrm{{gf}}$${20}\%\sim {30}\%$,引线键合的几何形状参数与样品实物如图1 所示。
本实验对包括压力、时间和功率在内的主要键合参数进行超声键合、推拉力测试,根据$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 线键合材料性质、对照业内传统的 Al 键合区间对实验参数进行有序选择和调整, 每个参数设计 6 组值, 因此需要设置 18 组实验,每组实验使用 10 根引线键合,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺键合参数设置如表1 所示。
实验将每个参数按照调整的 6 组值进行键合, 键合后经过剪切强度测试得到各参数剪切强度趋势,分别如图2~图4 所示,图中对应点的工字型区间为该参数值测得 10 根键合线剪切强度的波动范围, 该波动区间体现其收敛性, 1st bonds 折线表示第一键合点的平均键合强度趋势, 2nd bonds 折线表示第二键合点的平均键合强度趋势。
1) 键合压力影响区间
键合压力实验结果显示,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 线键合强度的平均值均超过了工艺强度要求达到的断破力$(\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 线${2210}\mathrm{\;g}$ ),键合点的均值剪切强度在键合压力为${2000}\mathrm{\;g}$ 前呈现先升后降的趋势,在键合压力为${2000}\mathrm{\;g}$ 后开始攀升。但在工艺实验中,当$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合压力设置为${2600}\mathrm{\;g}$ 时,实验的 10 根键合线剪切强度的数值波动范围最大,数据收敛性变差,局部键合点出现过键合现象,造成焊盘起皮、介质层开裂、芯片弹坑等,影响整体的键合质量。综合上述结果,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线最优压力区间为${1600}\sim {2400}\mathrm{g}$
2) 键合功率影响区间
图3 键合功率实验结果可以看出,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 材料的键合强度均符合工艺强度要求;$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线在超声功率为${90}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时剪切强度下降。为了保证键合效率和键合质量,本文得到了键合工艺中$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线最优键合功率区间为${80}\sim {90}\mathrm{\;W}$。其中,键合强度大幅度下降与键合线宽度的拓展有很大的关联,而键合功率是使其产生塑性变形和键合宽度拓展的主要因素。
3) 键合时间影响区间
在键合时间实验中,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 材料的键合强度同样均符合工艺强度要求。从图4 可以看到,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线键合时间在${150}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 后第一键合点的键合强度与离散性基本保持不变, 第二键合点的键合强度在${125}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 后保持下降趋势,在${200}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 后键合强度出现上升趋势。需要注意的是, 在生产作业中施加在键合线上长时间的振动冲击容易造成材料结构疲劳损坏,形成细小裂纹,裂纹在冲击中不断拓展造成过键合现象,最终导致键合强度下降。因此,综合考虑最优键合时间的区间为${100}\sim {150}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
综合整个键合功率实验发现,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺中键合功率参数对键合强度影响最大,并且键合强度对其变化最为敏感,因此可选择的优化区间较小, 进行参数调整时需要更加谨慎。同时,键合时间越长对键合强度的影响越不显著, 甚至产生过键合现象, 键合质量变差, 因此可调整的优化区间集中在所选区域的前半段,优化区间范围最大。
与现有的$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合工艺相比,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线具有较高的键合强度,本节将重点研究$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 线代替$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 线在功率循环仿真实验中的热失配现象及可靠性分析, 并进行寿命预测。
恒电流模式下的功率循环是目前进行可靠性评估的有效手段。首先,给功率模块施加时间为$2\mathrm{\;s}$ 、 恒定电流为${69}\mathrm{\;A}$,模拟芯片功率耗散产生热应力;然后,为了模拟冷却水的冷却效果,将底部对流换热系数设置为${5500}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}$,将其他部分默认为绝热。根据传统功率循环实验可知,秒级功率循环容易造成键合线失效[12],因此本节通过有限元仿真实现秒级功率循环来探究键合线的老化规律。
功率模块使用简化模型进行数值仿真, 如图5(a) 所示。其中,简化 DBC 模型包括键合线、芯片、 SAC305 焊料层、上铜层、${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 陶瓷层、下铜层,电流激励施加条件如图5(b) 所示。由于工艺中功率模块会进行硅胶灌封和塑封等工艺, 因此仿真中忽略辐射散热及与空气的自然对流, 默认初始环境温度为${22}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,冷却水温度为${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
受交变热应力影响,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 材料会产生弹性变形及塑性变形,仿真中采用双线性运动硬化模型来表示材料的弹、塑性;使用线弹性模型来表示$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 芯片、陶瓷层等脆性材料; SAC305 焊料使用Anand 粘塑性模型, 具体 Anand 模型材料参数见表2, 并通过该模型来具体描述焊料的弹塑性及蠕变行为。表2 中:${S}_{0}$ 为内部变量,与内部位错密度及晶粒尺寸效应相关;$Q$ 为激活能;$R$ 为通用气体常数;$A$ 为常数;$\xi$ 为应力乘子;${m}_{0}$ 为应变率灵敏系数;${h}_{0}$ 为与动态硬化和恢复有关的硬化常数;$\widehat{S}$ 为变形阻力饱和值系数;$n$ 为应变率敏感指数;$a$ 为硬化过程中的应变率敏感性。应工艺要求,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合线仿真模型线径分别为${12}\mathrm{{mil}}$${15}{\mathrm{{mil}}}_{\circ }$ 该仿真实验的电导率采用实验室估计值, 忽略温度对材料热导率的影响, 仅进行单向耦合。
本次仿真实验在 ANSYS Workbench 中使用 ANSYS Maxwell 3D 与 Transient Thermal 进行联合仿真,将电仿真模块得到的功率损耗数据作为载荷引入瞬态热仿真模块中,仿真得出该模型的温度场分布数据, 再将温度场数据作为载荷导入至Transient Structural(瞬态结构力模块)中,保持求解器与仿真条件一致, 然后进行仿真求解, 提取出最大 Von-mises 等效应力曲线、最大塑性应变曲线,仿真模拟过程大约经过 4 个循环周期后进入稳定状态, 仿真结果如图6 所示。
图6 可以看出:$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合工艺代替$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合工艺后,$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 芯片与键合线的峰值温度均升高,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 线键合点的平均温度明显更高且温度梯度更加陡峭, 这是因为相比于$\mathrm{{Al}},\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 具有优秀的导热系数; 但$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 线键合难度更大,相同电流所适配的$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线线径更小,导致$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线入口处出现电流拥挤效应,芯片表面的电流密度增大,根据焦耳热原理,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线与附近区域的芯片表面温度升高[13]。在实际工艺中,可以通过增加总的键合面积来解决这个问题, 但是容易造成过键合现象, 因此在设计键合线布局时要综合考虑。
对比图6(c)和(d)可见,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线抗波动能力较强,相同周期内虽然$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合模块热失配严重、等效应力更高,但是塑性应变累积量较小,老化速度较慢。
功率模块键合线的寿命预测方法可分为两类, 一类是从加速老化实验中获得数据的经验寿命预测模型, 另一类是通过模拟热机械应力-应变、基于失效物理的寿命预测模型。键合线在功率循环等老化实验条件下的疲劳为低周疲劳,最常用的寿命模型为 Coffin-Manson 寿命预测模型[14]。该模型分别从塑性应变幅值和结温波动这 2 个角度描述来描述键合线寿命, 其结构简单, 但是在进行寿命预测时忽略了弹性形变的影响, 后来 Morrow 等将弹性形变参数引入该模型,并利用平均应力${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 对寿命模型进行修正,基于已有的研究方法得出疲劳强度指数和疲劳延续指数分别为-0.12 与 -0.6,得到通用表达式[15]为
$\frac{\Delta {\varepsilon }_{1}}{2}= \frac{{3.5}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}}- {\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}}{E}{\left( 2{N}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}^{-{0.12}}+ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}^{0.6}{\left( 2{N}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}^{-{0.6}}$
式中:$\Delta {\varepsilon }_{1}$ 为总应变幅值;${\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为断裂强度;${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为平均等效应力;$E$ 为弹性模量;${N}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为寿命循环数;${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为疲劳延性。${\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}}$${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 均可通过抗拉强度${\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 和断面吸收率$\psi$ 进行计算[15-16],即
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}}= {\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}\left({1 +\psi }\right)$
${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}= -\ln \left({1 -\psi }\right)$
提取仿真结果中的键合线平均等效应力和总应变幅值,通过上述模型来计算$\mathrm{{Cu}}$$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合线在跟脚危险点的疲劳寿命,结果如表3 所示。
表3 可以看到, 采用同一模型进行寿命预测,$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合线预测的失效循环数较符合实际情况,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线预测出的循环数已经脱离实际, 这说明该寿命模型并不适用于$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线,也间接说明从同一角度预测的$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线的疲劳寿命要远高于$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合线。
实验制备了 2 种$\mathrm{{Cu}}$$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 不同键合线材料的样品模块,通过功率循环实验来探究$\mathrm{{Cu}}\text{、}\mathrm{{Al}}$ 这 2 种不同键合工艺对功率模块老化效应的影响。为满足单一变量要求, 选用电参数接近的芯片。SiC MOSFET 芯片尺寸为$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times 5\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {0.15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,模块内部封装单颗 SiC 芯片,并通过 4 根键合线与 DBC 相连,为了减小端子热效应的影响, 选用 5 根 pin 针作为外接端子,并使用耐高温硅胶线与端子相连,封装参数与上述键合样品相同, 施加激励与仿真保持一致。实验时将 2 个模块样品串联接入实验平台, DBC 底面通过涂覆导热硅脂增强与水冷板的接合度。为了精确测量热阻,每隔 5000 次循环进行 1 次稳态热阻测试。实验通过采集计算正向压降${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 和热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 来监测老化程度,将正向压降增加 5%或者结壳热阻增加 20%作为判断失效的标准[17],制作的单芯片模块实验样品与功率循环实验平台实物,如图7 所示。
功率循环实验结果如图8 所示,可见$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线的结温、壳温波动与仿真结果出现较大差异,其主要原因为实际热电偶测量的温度为芯片附近的综合温度,与仿真提取的最高温度差别较大。
图8(a)和(b)可以看出,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合模块的芯片结温与壳温更高,与仿真结果吻合。实验中的正向压降${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 在最高温度时进行采集。传统功率循环实验中功率模块的${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 能够作为失效监测参数反映键合线的一般老化规律。图8 中,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线实际老化寿命接近$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合线的 4 倍,且$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线失效监测参数呈阶段性递增趋势。通过观察发现,第二阶段至第三阶段递增的原因是最边侧短键合线发生熔断脱落。键合线脱落后, 剩余键合线电流重新分配导致热失配更加严重,且键合线脱落后$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合功率模块运行 5000 余次循环后被判定失效。仿真作为对照的 2 根短键合线位置与温度分布相似, 实验过程仅有 1 根短线发生熔断脱落现象,这说明 2 根短线键合点的键合质量受焊盘等因素影响具有分散性, 键合质量差的键合点会提前发生熔断脱落。同时, 根据实验现象观察到, 1 根键合线发生熔断后会造成监测参数${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 阶跃式递增,模块在维持较短时间的正常工况后迅速恶化,直至完全失效。 因此, 可以将可靠性较差的键合线熔断引起的参数${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 阶跃式递增现象作为键合线数量较少的功率模块失效预警信号, 在发现阶跃式递增现象时进行检修, 更换功率模块, 避免造成更为严重的后果。图8(d)中,功率模块的结壳热阻逐渐减小,分析可能是功率模块与冷板之间所涂导热硅脂在温度升高后其致密性增加, 空气泡排出时导致的, 具体原因有待进一步探究。
本文针对封装工艺键合参数、键合线可靠性和寿命预测等问题进行单要素实验和有限元仿真, 仿真结果与实验数据基本吻合, 其对车规级全 SiC 功率模块封装工艺具有参数指导和参考作用,通过仿真与实验得出以下结论。
(1)通过超声键合理论计算模型分析得到键合强度与键合面积呈正相关, 然后对键合面积理论计算模型进行推导,最终发现系统参数和键合参数是决定有效键合面积的主驱动因素。
(2)通过单要素键合实验探究了 3 种键合参数对引线键合强度的影响规律,确定了$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 功率模块$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合参数的最优选择区间; 对比现有的$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合工艺发现,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合时对超声功率的增加更加敏感,可选择的最优区间较小;相较于$\mathrm{{Al}},\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 的硬度更大, 键合难度更高, 其键合可靠性问题更加突出, 3 种键合参数在最优区间内需要配合使用, 在保证键合质量的同时提高键合的可靠性。
(3)采用有限元分析和实验相结合的方法对功率循环中$\mathrm{{Cu}}$$\mathrm{{Al}}$ 键合线功率模块的老化规律和疲劳寿命进行了研究。键合线的可靠性不仅与键合工艺有关,还与键合线的几何形状、材料等因素有关。 受$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合线材料属性影响,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合功率模块的键合线、$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 芯片虽然面临更严重的热失配,但键合线寿命有所延长, 键合线可靠性有所提升。此外, 通过实验发现,$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合功率模块键合质量分散性较大,容易发生单一键合线脱落导致老化、监测参数阶跃式上升的现象,这一现象可以作为$\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 键合功率模块的失效预警信号。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376118)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51976107)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.190
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 修回日期:2024-01-07
  • 录用日期:2024-01-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376118)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376118)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976107)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51976107)
作者信息
    1 山东大学 能动学院 济南 250012
    2 元山(济南)电子科技有限公司 济南 250000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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