Article(id=1154049104154972625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1708099200000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-17, acceptedDate=1708444800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-21, onlineDate=1753076347625, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076347625, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076347625, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076347625, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=172, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049104599568851, articleId=1154049104154972625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Nonlinear Magnetic Flux Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Gaussian Process Regression, columnId=1154049104540848594, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Gate Driving and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the burgeoning field of new energy vehicles, silicon carbide representing a new generation of semi-conductor power devices is progressively replacing silicon-based IGBTs, which also sets higher standards for the motor control performance within the corresponding innovative technological ecosystem. The precision of motor parameters is becoming increasingly critical for enhancing the performance of electric control systems as they evolve from the tradi-tional PI control and direct torque control to advanced algorithms such as model predictive control and neural network control. Aimed at the problem that the classic linear model for permanent magnet synchronous motors cannot adapt to complex and variable conditions due to nonlinear factors such as cross-saturation, a nonlinear magnetic flux identifica-tion method based on Gaussian process regression is proposed. By employing a second-order generalized integrator to acquire the magnetic flux data under dynamic conditions, the system identification is completed. Finally, the effective-ness of the proposed approach and the accuracy of parameter identification were verified through simulation and experi-mental results.

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在新能源汽车发展领域,以碳化硅为代表的新一代半导体功率器件正在逐步取代硅基 IGBT, 崭新的技术生态对电机控制性能也有了更高的要求。从传统的PI 控制、直接转矩控制到模型预测控制、神经网络控制等新算法,电机参数的精准度逐渐成为电控系统进一步提升性能的关键因素。针对永磁同步电机经典线性模型受交叉饱和等非线性因素影响不能适用于复杂多变工况的问题,提出基于高斯过程回归的非线性磁链辨识方法,使用二阶广义积分器获取动态工况中的磁链数据完成系统辨识,通过仿真与实验验证了该方案的有效性及参数辨识的准确性。

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刘忠永(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:模型预测控制、参数辨识。E-mail: lzy@mail.iee.ac.cn。

范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

何国林(1991-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:heguolin@mail.iee.ac.cn。

温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高转矩密度轮毂电机及驱动系统。E-mail: wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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刘忠永(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:模型预测控制、参数辨识。E-mail: lzy@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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刘忠永(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:模型预测控制、参数辨识。E-mail: lzy@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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何国林(1991-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:heguolin@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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何国林(1991-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:heguolin@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高转矩密度轮毂电机及驱动系统。E-mail: wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高转矩密度轮毂电机及驱动系统。E-mail: wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
永磁体极对数$p$ 4
永磁磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.085
相电阻${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 35
$d$ 轴电感${L}_{d}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 208
$q$ 轴电感${L}_{q}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 708
), ArticleFig(id=1154049136530805291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049104154972625, language=CN, label=表1, caption=永磁同步电机参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
永磁体极对数$p$ 4
永磁磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.085
相电阻${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 35
$d$ 轴电感${L}_{d}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 208
$q$ 轴电感${L}_{q}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 708
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基于高斯过程回归的永磁同步电机非线性磁链辨识
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刘忠永 1, 2 , 范涛 1, 2 , 何国林 2 , 温旭辉 1, 2
电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024,22(3): 172-181
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电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024, 22(3): 172-181
基于高斯过程回归的永磁同步电机非线性磁链辨识
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刘忠永1, 2 , 范涛1, 2 , 何国林2 , 温旭辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
  • 2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
  • 刘忠永(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:模型预测控制、参数辨识。E-mail: lzy@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    何国林(1991-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:heguolin@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高转矩密度轮毂电机及驱动系统。E-mail: wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

Nonlinear Magnetic Flux Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Gaussian Process Regression
Zhongyong LIU1, 2 , Tao FAN1, 2 , Guolin HE2 , Xuhui WEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
  • 2 Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.172
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在新能源汽车发展领域,以碳化硅为代表的新一代半导体功率器件正在逐步取代硅基 IGBT, 崭新的技术生态对电机控制性能也有了更高的要求。从传统的PI 控制、直接转矩控制到模型预测控制、神经网络控制等新算法,电机参数的精准度逐渐成为电控系统进一步提升性能的关键因素。针对永磁同步电机经典线性模型受交叉饱和等非线性因素影响不能适用于复杂多变工况的问题,提出基于高斯过程回归的非线性磁链辨识方法,使用二阶广义积分器获取动态工况中的磁链数据完成系统辨识,通过仿真与实验验证了该方案的有效性及参数辨识的准确性。

碳化硅  /  电机控制  /  参数辨识  /  高斯过程回归

In the burgeoning field of new energy vehicles, silicon carbide representing a new generation of semi-conductor power devices is progressively replacing silicon-based IGBTs, which also sets higher standards for the motor control performance within the corresponding innovative technological ecosystem. The precision of motor parameters is becoming increasingly critical for enhancing the performance of electric control systems as they evolve from the tradi-tional PI control and direct torque control to advanced algorithms such as model predictive control and neural network control. Aimed at the problem that the classic linear model for permanent magnet synchronous motors cannot adapt to complex and variable conditions due to nonlinear factors such as cross-saturation, a nonlinear magnetic flux identifica-tion method based on Gaussian process regression is proposed. By employing a second-order generalized integrator to acquire the magnetic flux data under dynamic conditions, the system identification is completed. Finally, the effective-ness of the proposed approach and the accuracy of parameter identification were verified through simulation and experi-mental results.

Silicon carbide  /  motor control  /  parameter identification  /  Gaussian process regression
刘忠永, 范涛, 何国林, 温旭辉. 基于高斯过程回归的永磁同步电机非线性磁链辨识. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 172 -181 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.172
Zhongyong LIU, Tao FAN, Guolin HE, Xuhui WEN. Nonlinear Magnetic Flux Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Gaussian Process Regression[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 172 -181 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.172
在 “碳中和、碳达峰” 的大背景下,为进一步提高新能源汽车的效率及可靠性, 充分发挥碳化硅 SiC(silicon carbide) 等宽禁带半导体器件的优势, 电机控制技术需要进一步提升全方位的控制性能。 近年来, 随着控制单元计算能力的提升, 模型预测控制等基于模型的最优化算法逐渐应用于电机控制领域[1-2],在保证系统稳定性的同时,能够实现更快的响应速度。该类算法通常需要精准的电机参数作为策略优化的基础[3],且电机运行过程中由各类非线性因素导致的参数时变现象也会直接影响到控制性能, 因此电机参数辨识逐渐成为电控系统中不可或缺的一环, 准确的参数辨识结果不仅能提高控制策略的精度和效率, 而且对于处理非线性因素和动态变化的挑战至关重要。
在永磁同步电机 PMSM(permanent magnet synchronous motor)线性模型框架下, 待辨识的电气参数主要为绕组电阻、永磁磁链和交直轴 (${dq}$ 轴) 电感[4-6],而在实际运行过程中, PMSM 表现出较强的非线性,受电流交叉饱和影响,${dq}$ 轴电感在实际运行过程中对控制性能产生影响较大, 因此在电控参数辨识领域, 使用磁链与电流的关系来表征系统模型更为准确[7-9]; 在辨识过程中由于磁链信息不可直接测得, 常见的方法为基于电机稳态方程求解磁链[10],但该方法需要等待电机进入稳态,获取数据的效率较低;基于 PMSM 电压动态模型,直接积分法是获取磁链最直观的方式[11-12],但是由于积分初值未知、电压电流检测误差等原因,估计磁链中会出现较大误差;在积分器后串联 1 个高通滤波器, 可以消除直流偏置和谐波, 但是滤波器效应将导致幅值衰减和相位延迟,需要对其进行补偿[12-14]
永磁同步电机的参数辨识算法分为在线辨识[4,11,15-17] 与离线辨识 2 种。在线辨识与控制算法构成闭环, 辨识数据在线获取, 辨识结果直接应用于控制[18],主要包括各类观测器类算法、卡尔曼滤波器和结合人工智能的先进算法等。离线辨识一般分为基于机理的有限元分析[19-20] 和基于测量的实验标定 2 种, 其中有限元分析法通常在电机的设计阶段完成, 但计算结果往往与真实运行情况有所差异; 实验标定法, 根据是否需要额外注入信号分为 2 类, 前者通常对电机注入特定信号, 基于其输出响应完成辨识工作, 而后者仅需在电机运行过程中收集数据即可。离线辨识最常用的是最小二乘类辨识算法, 通过求解辨识模型与真实数据的误差最小确定参数[21],表达形式可以是机理模型,也可以是输入-输出的多项式模型, 这种使用数学函数计算数据的方法属于代理模型[22],而代理模型是对待辨识数据的线性近似, 因此当辨识数据呈现非线性或存在异常数据时, 辨识模型可能会出现较大误差; 高斯过程回归 GPR(Gaussian process regression)是用于数据驱动预测的回归方法[23],它与最小二乘法的区别在于是否考虑回归函数与数据之间的误差相关性, 通过在模型中构建随机过程, 保证辨识模型能够通过每个辨识数据点, 由于模型提供的是概率分布, 因此对于不确定性数据的辨识结果更为稳健。
综上所述, 本文提出一种基于高斯过程回归的 PMSM 非线性磁链辨识算法, 电机在线运行时通过构建二阶广义积分器 SOGI(second-order generalized integrator) 进行磁链观测, 能够有效消除直接积分器带来的直流偏置与谐波。基于动态工况完成辨识数据获取方式, 相较于基于稳态工况的数据获取方式, 能够大幅提升辨识效率。对磁链-电流关系构建高斯过程回归模型, 相较于最小二乘算法, 能够更好地处理变量之间的非线性关系,得到更为精准的辨识结果。
内置式永磁同步电机经典线性电气模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{d}= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{d}+ {L}_{d}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{q}{i}_{q}\\{u}_{q}= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{q}+ {L}_{q}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{d}{i}_{d}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${u}_{d}\text{、}{u}_{q}$$d\text{、}q$ 轴电压;${i}_{d}\text{、}{i}_{q}$$d\text{、}q$ 轴电流;${\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为转子电角速度;${L}_{d}\text{、}{L}_{q}$$d\text{、}q$ 轴电感;${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为相电阻;${\psi }_{d}$${\psi }_{q}$$d$$q$ 轴磁链;${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为永磁磁链。在理想情况下,电感${L}_{d}\text{、}{L}_{q}$ 由磁链${\psi }_{d}\text{、}{\psi }_{q}\text{、}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 所定义,二者呈一维线性仿射关系。但受交叉饱和影响,在三维空间内, 磁链是关于电流的非线性映射, 通常定义磁链-电流函数关系为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{d}= {L}_{d}{i}_{d}+ {\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}\\{\psi }_{q}= {L}_{q}{i}_{q}\end{array}\rightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{d}= {f}_{d}\left({{i}_{d},{i}_{q}}\right)\\{\psi }_{q}= {f}_{q}\left({{i}_{d},{i}_{q}}\right)\end{array}\right.}\right.$
摒弃线性电感定义, PMSM 在转子坐标系下的电压-磁链模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{d}= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{d}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\psi }_{q}\\{u}_{q}= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{q}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\psi }_{d}\end{array}\right.$
由于磁链信息不可直接测得, 因此无法直接通过计算式得到,将其转换到定子坐标系$\left({\alpha \beta }\right)$ 下,理想情况下直接对定子坐标系电压与电阻压降之差${v}_{\mathrm{s}}=$ $\left\lbrack {{\nu }_{\alpha },{\nu }_{\beta }}\right\rbrack$ 进行积分,可得到定子坐标系磁链${\widehat{\mathbf{\psi }}}_{\mathrm{s}}= \left\lbrack {{\widehat{\psi }}_{\alpha },{\widehat{\psi }}_{\beta }}\right\rbrack$, 方程表示为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\alpha }= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{a}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{\alpha }}{\mathrm{d}t}\\{u}_{\beta }= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\beta }+ \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{\beta }}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\rightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{\psi }}_{\alpha }= \frac{1}{s}\left({{u}_{\alpha }- {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\alpha }}\right)= \frac{1}{s}{v}_{\alpha }\\{\widehat{\psi }}_{\beta }= \frac{1}{s}\left({{u}_{\beta }- {R}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\beta }}\right)= \frac{1}{s}{v}_{\beta }\end{array}\right.}\right.$
再进行 park 变换即可得到${dq}$ 轴磁链观测值。 由于积分初始值未知,对${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 直接积分得到的磁链存在估计误差,且受参数失配、检测误差等非理想因素影响, 电压信号中还可能包含直流误差, 由于积分器对直流量增益无限大,观测磁链中将包含随时间累计增长的误差项。针对直接积分法中各类非理想因素带来的问题, 在积分器后串联 1 个高通滤波器, 可一定程度消除其影响。积分器与高通滤波器串联后形成 1 个低通滤波器$G\left( s\right)$,即
$ G\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{s}\frac{s}{s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}= \frac{1}{s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}$
式中,${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为滤波器截止频率。电压信号经过$G\left( s\right)$ 后会出现幅值衰减和相位延迟,记理想磁链为${\widehat{\mathbf{\psi }}}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}$,通过低通滤波器后的观测磁链为${\widehat{\psi }}_{\mathrm{s}2}$,二者在定子坐标系上的关系如图1 所示, 因此该方法需要对观测磁链进行幅频补偿, 在电机运行过程中实现较为繁琐,不宜实现。
二阶广义积分器最初应用于电网技术领域[24-25], 用于提取交流信号的频率与幅值, 其优势是实现简单, 在基频处可以不受延迟影响下得到滤波后的 1 组正交信号, 并且可以随输入信号自适应地调整滤波频率。SOGI 原理框图如图2 所示,图中$k$ 为增益系数。
图2 中,$\nu$ 为输入,${\nu }^{\prime }\text{、}q{\nu }^{\prime }$ 为相互正交的输出信号,其传递函数表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} D\left( s\right)= \frac{{\nu }^{\prime }\left( s\right)}{\nu \left( s\right)} =\frac{k{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s}{{s}^{2}+ k{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}\\ Q\left( s\right)= \frac{q{\nu }^{\prime }\left( s\right)}{\nu \left( s\right)} =\frac{k{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}{{s}^{2}+ k{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$D\left( s\right)$ 为 1 个带通滤波器传递函数,以${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为通带频率,滤除非理想因素(直流偏置、谐波);$Q\left( s\right)$ 为 1 个低通滤波器传递函数, 二者的幅频及相频特性分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|{D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)}\right|= \left|\frac{\mathrm{j}{k\omega }{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{-{\omega }^{2}+ \mathrm{j}k{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\omega +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}\right|= \frac{{k\omega }{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{\sqrt{{\left({\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}- {\omega }^{2}\right)}^{2}}+ {\left( k\omega {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}}\\\angle D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \operatorname{atan}\left(\frac{\mathrm{j}{k\omega }{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}- {\omega }^{2}+ \mathrm{j}k{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\omega }\right)= \operatorname{atan}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}- {\omega }^{2}}{{k\omega }{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\end{array}\right.\\\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|{Q\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)}\right|= \frac{{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{s}D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \frac{{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{\omega }\frac{{k\omega }{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{\sqrt{{\left({\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}- {\omega }^{2}\right)}^{2}}+ {\left( k\omega {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}}\\\angle Q\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \angle D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)- \frac{\pi }{2}\end{array}\right.$
SOGI 可随时调整中心频率,当频率$\omega ={\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 时幅频、相频特性分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\left|{D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)}\right|= 1 &\angle D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= 0 \\\left|{Q\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)}\right|= {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}& \angle D\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= -\frac{\pi }{2}\end{array}\right.$
由此可保证${\nu }^{\prime }$ 为无幅值衰减及相位延迟的理想信号,$q{\nu }^{\prime }$ 为增益${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的理想积分信号,二者的伯德图如图3 所示。
基于 SOGI 的磁链观测器表示为
${\widehat{\mathbf{\psi }}}_{\mathrm{o}\beta }= \frac{1}{s}D\left( s\right)\mathbf{v}\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}}Q\left( s\right)\mathbf{v}\left( s\right)$
基于直接积分法、低通滤波器法和二阶广义积分器法的磁链观测结果如图4 所示。
高斯过程回归(GPR)又被称为克里金插值,是一种基于数据的建模方法, 与最小二乘多项式拟合、神经网络拟合等方法相比,主要有两点不同:一是高斯过程回归辨识的数学模型穿过所有的数据点;二是其认为待辨识模型由确定性的全局函数与局部偏差 (随机过程) 的和组成。线性拟合模型认为模型是准确的, 训练数据具有误差, 且误差之间相互独立, 而 GPR 认为训练数据是准确的, 模型是不确定的, 不确定因素体现在局部偏差的建模中, 且误差之间不相互独立。对于待辨识的${ny}$ 个训练数据$\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}}\right\rbrack$,定义高斯过程模拟输出$\widehat{z}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 由全局函数$\mathbf{\xi }\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\mathbf{\theta }$ 及局部偏差$s\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 组成,其中$\mathbf{\xi }\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 是与全局函数系数$\mathbf{\theta }$ 相关的基函数向量,通常设置为自变量的幂函数,确定全局参数个数${np},\mathbf{\theta }$ 为全局函数系数,$s\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 为均值为 0 、方差${\sigma }^{2}$ 、且协方差不为 0 的高斯随机过程。则$\widehat{\mathbf{z}}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{z}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \mathbf{\xi }\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\mathbf{\theta }+ s\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\\\text{ s.t.}s\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\sim N\left({0,{\sigma }^{2}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
由于随机过程的存在,高斯过程$\widehat{\mathbf{z}}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 的具体形式未知, 但可以确定相邻数据点之间的相关性, 仅取决于数据点之间的距离, 并且随着距离的增加而衰减。相关性通常由核函数定义, 本文选用的核函数为径向基函数,训练数据点自相关性矩阵为$\mathbf{R}$ 、 待预测数据点的相关性矩阵$\mathbf{r}$ 、超参数为$h$,设计矩阵为$\mathbf{x}$,则径向基函数定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\mathbf{R}= \left\lbrack {R\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{k},{\mathbf{x}}_{l}}\right)}\right\rbrack & k, l = 1,2,\cdots, n)\\\mathbf{r}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \left\lbrack {R\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{k},\mathbf{x}}\right)}\right\rbrack & k = 1,2,\cdots,{ny}\\ R\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{k},{\mathbf{x}}_{l}}\right)= \exp \left\lbrack {-{\left({x}_{\mathrm{d}}/h\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack &{x}_{\mathrm{d}}= \begin{Vmatrix}{{\mathbf{x}}_{k}- {\mathbf{x}}_{l}}\end{Vmatrix}\end{array}\right.$
${ny}$ 组数据全部填充至$\mathbf{\xi }\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$,得到用于训练的设计矩阵$\mathbf{X}$
$\mathbf{X}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\xi }_{0}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{1}\right)& {\xi }_{1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{1}\right)& {\xi }_{2}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{1}\right)& \cdots &{\xi }_{{np}- 1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{1}\right)\\{\xi }_{0}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{2}\right)& {\xi }_{1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{2}\right)& {\xi }_{2}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{2}\right)& \cdots &{\xi }_{{np}- 1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{2}\right)\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\{\xi }_{0}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{ny}\right)& {\xi }_{1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{ny}\right)& {\xi }_{2}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{ny}\right)& \cdots &{\xi }_{{np}- 1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{ny}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
训练数据点的联合概率密度可用于确定似然函数,即
$ f\left({y \mid \theta,{\sigma }^{2}}\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{{\left( 2\pi \right)}^{ny}{\left({\sigma }^{2}\right)}^{ny}\left|\mathbf{R}\right|}}.\\\exp \left({-\frac{\left({y -\mathbf{X}\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}\right){\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\left({y -\mathbf{X}\mathbf{\theta }}\right)}{2{\sigma }^{2}}}\right)$
通过求解最大化似然函数可得到全局函数的估计参数$\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}\text{、}{\widehat{\mathbf{\sigma }}}^{2}$ 及相关系数矩阵中的超参数$h$ 分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}= {\left({\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}y \\{\sigma }^{2}= \frac{{\left( y -\mathbf{X}\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\left({y -\mathbf{X}\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}\right)}{{ny}- {np}}\\\widehat{h}= \operatorname{argmin}\left({\ln \left({{\widehat{\sigma }}^{2\left({{ny}- {np}}\right)}\left|\mathbf{R}\right|}\right)}\right)\end{array}\right.$
局部偏差由随机过程所定义, 由于高斯过程经过所有的训练数据点, 模拟输出可定义为所有训练数据点的线性组合, 表示为
$\widehat{z}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= {\mathbf{w}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\mathbf{x}\right) y ={w}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right){y}_{1}+ {w}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right){y}_{2}+ \cdots +{w}_{ny}\left(\mathbf{x}\right){y}_{ny}$
式中,${\mathbf{w}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \left\lbrack {{w}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right),{w}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right),\cdots,{w}_{ny}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 为权函数向量。求解模拟输出与真实数据之间的最小均方误差$\varepsilon \left( x\right)$$\mathbf{w}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 确定权函数的表达式分别为
$\varepsilon \left( x\right)= \widehat{z}\left( x\right)- z\left( x\right)= {\mathbf{w}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( x\right) y -\mathbf{\xi }\left( x\right)\theta + s\left( x\right)$
$\mathbf{w}\left( x\right)= {\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{r}+ {\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}{\left({\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}\right)}^{-1}\left({{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}- {\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{r}}\right)= \\{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{r}- {\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}{\left({\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}\right)}^{-1}\mathbf{X}{\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{r}+ \\{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}{\left({\mathbf{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\mathbf{X}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}$
将式(17)代入式(15),可得到高斯过程回归的最优表达为
$\widehat{z}\left( x\right)= \mathbf{\xi }\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}+ {\mathbf{r}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}^{-1}\left({\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{X}\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}\right)$
式(18)的形式为全局函数与局部偏差函数的组合, 局部偏差模型由待预测数据点与训练数据点的相关系数决定。
为验证本文所提辨识算法的有效性, 基于 MATLAB 进行仿真验证。仿真所用电机出厂参数如表1 所示。给定电流遍历指令${i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }= \left\lbrack {0 :{100}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{A},{\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }= \lbrack 0 :\pi /$ 2],电流步长为${10}\mathrm{\;A}$,电流角度步长为${10}^{\circ }$,动态过程中的电流与观测磁链仿真结果如图5 所示。
基于高斯过程回归的仿真辨识结果及预测误差如图6 所示。在仿真中, 以理想线性磁链模型为辨识对象, 尽量模拟真实实验场景, 但受到逆变器开关噪声、位置、电流采样噪声等影响,磁链观测与辨识结果都很难得到理想的线性映射。因此设置两组数据,一组数据用于训练模型,记为训练点, 在图6 中以五角星$\star$ 表示; 另一组数据用于验证模型的准确性, 记为测试点, 在图6 中以三角形$\Delta$ 表示。由测试点误差数据可知,${dq}$ 轴磁链估计最大绝对误差为 0.003 Wb,最大相对误差为 2.2%。
基于一套全自动电机测试系统进行验证。计算单元选用 TI 公司生产的 TMS32028388 主控芯片, 开关频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$。动态过程磁链观测实验结果如图7 所示, 基于高斯过程回归的实验辨识结果及预测误差如图8 所示,${dq}$ 轴磁链在电流三维空间内呈非线性分布,由于高斯过程模型必过训练数据点的特性,预测结果并不是光滑的曲面,基于测试数据点估计最大绝对误差为${0.006}\mathrm{\;{Wb}}$,最大相对误差为${3.1}\%$
至此, 基于仿真与实验分别验证了高斯过程回归辨识算法的有效性。图9 为仿真与实验的磁链对比结果, 相较于仿真中所用的理想模型, 实验结果表现出较强的非线性, 揭示了电机在实际工作环境中,基于交叉饱和、温度变化、材料非均匀性等因素, 以及磁链与电流关系的复杂性和动态变化, 证明了磁链非线性辨识算法的必要性。
本文针对新一代功率半导体在应用背景下的高性能电控需求, 提出一种基于高斯过程回归的 PMSM 非线性磁链辨识方法。基于动态工况获取实验数据, 系统运行过程中基于 SOGI 进行磁链观测, 离线进行高斯过程回归系统辨识, 仿真辨识结果最大绝对误差为${0.003}\mathrm{{Wb}}$,最大相对误差为${2.2}\%$;实验辨识结果最大绝对误差为${0.006}\mathrm{{Wb}}$,最大相对误差为 3.3%,证明了本文所提方案的有效性及参数辨识的准确性。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2500600)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.172
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-02-17
  • 录用日期:2024-02-21
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2500600)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2500600)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
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