Article(id=1154040958791438993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.94, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1609862400000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-06, revisedDate=1615392000000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-11, acceptedDate=1618156800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-04-12, onlineDate=1753074405620, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074405620, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074405620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074405620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040959424778900, articleId=1154040958791438993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=SOH Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Based on IMOCS-BP Neural Network, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the number of charge and discharge cycles of a lithium-ion battery increases, its state-of-health (SOH) will degrade to some degree accordingly. Aimed at this problem, a method for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion battery based on an improved multi-objective Cuckoo search (IMOCS)-BP neural network is designed, which adaptively changes the update probability and search step size of the Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm while avoiding the algorithm from falling into the local optimum, thereby solving the problems of slow convergence speed and low solution accuracy in the CS algorithm. The IMOCS algorithm is combined with BP neural network to conduct a global search in the node space, reduce the influence of initial values of weight and threshold on BP neural network, and realize the parameter optimization. Through Matlab simulations, it is verified that the SOH estimation algorithm based on IMOCS-BP neural network has a low error and a strong performance, thus realizing an accurate SOH prediction of lithium-ion battery.

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锂离子电池随着循环充放电次数的增长,其健康状态SOH(state-of-health)会随之发生一定程度的衰减。针对以上问题,设计了一种基于改进的多目标布谷鸟搜索 IMOCS(improved multi-objective Cuckoo search)-BP 神经网络的锂离子电池健康状态估计方法,在避免算法陷入局部最优的同时自适应改变布谷鸟搜索 CS(Cuckoo search)算法更新概率和搜索步长,解决 CS 算法收敛速度慢和求解精度低的问题。以 IMOCS 算法和BP神经网络结合,对节点空间范围进行全局搜索,降低权值和阈值的初值对BP神经网络的影响,实现参数优化。通过Matlab 仿真,验证了基于IMOCS-BP神经网络的SOH估计算法误差低、性能强,实现了锂电池SOH的精准预测。

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王雪(1996-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:测试计量技术及仪器。E-mail:1398576721@qq.com。

游国栋(1973-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:新能源并网发电控制技术。E-mail:yougdong@tust.edu.cn。

房成信(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化自动化系统与装置。E-mail:fangcxin@163.com。

张尚(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化装置。E-mail:756068653@qq.com。

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王雪(1996-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:测试计量技术及仪器。E-mail:1398576721@qq.com。

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王雪(1996-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:测试计量技术及仪器。E-mail:1398576721@qq.com。

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游国栋(1973-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:新能源并网发电控制技术。E-mail:yougdong@tust.edu.cn。

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游国栋(1973-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:新能源并网发电控制技术。E-mail:yougdong@tust.edu.cn。

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房成信(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化自动化系统与装置。E-mail:fangcxin@163.com。

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房成信(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化自动化系统与装置。E-mail:fangcxin@163.com。

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张尚(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化装置。E-mail:756068653@qq.com。

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张尚(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化装置。E-mail:756068653@qq.com。

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隐含层层数 MSE MAE MAPE/%
2 8.0951 2.7979 139.34
3 7.2204 2.6490 142.88
4 7.2039 2.6448 143.12
5 8.0319 2.7876 139.52
6 7.2549 2.6538 142.88
7 7.4835 2.6927 141.98
8 7.4585 2.6899 141.89
9 7.8264 2.7537 140.25
10 7.3098 2.6642 142.53
11 8.5723 2.8803 137.12
12 7.6117 2.7159 141.29
), ArticleFig(id=1154041015473263565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958791438993, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同隐含层层数的 BP 神经网络评价指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
隐含层层数 MSE MAE MAPE/%
2 8.0951 2.7979 139.34
3 7.2204 2.6490 142.88
4 7.2039 2.6448 143.12
5 8.0319 2.7876 139.52
6 7.2549 2.6538 142.88
7 7.4835 2.6927 141.98
8 7.4585 2.6899 141.89
9 7.8264 2.7537 140.25
10 7.3098 2.6642 142.53
11 8.5723 2.8803 137.12
12 7.6117 2.7159 141.29
), ArticleFig(id=1154041015540372431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958791438993, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Evaluation indexes for algorithms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电池编号 算法 MSE MAE MAPE/%
5# BP 7.2039 2.6448 143.12
MOCS-BP ${2.178}\;1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0039 0.54
IMOCS-BP ${1.520}\;2 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0032 0.43
6# BP 4.9398 2.1890 147.09
MOCS-BP ${5.285}\times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0048 0.80
IMOCS-BP ${1.984}\;7 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0032 0.52
7# BP 7.4596 2.6842 145.33
MOCS-BP ${1.593}\times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0031 0.40
IMOCS-BP ${6.936}\times {10}^{-6}$ 0.0021 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1154041015641035729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958791438993, language=CN, label=表2, caption=算法评价指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电池编号 算法 MSE MAE MAPE/%
5# BP 7.2039 2.6448 143.12
MOCS-BP ${2.178}\;1 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0039 0.54
IMOCS-BP ${1.520}\;2 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0032 0.43
6# BP 4.9398 2.1890 147.09
MOCS-BP ${5.285}\times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0048 0.80
IMOCS-BP ${1.984}\;7 \times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0032 0.52
7# BP 7.4596 2.6842 145.33
MOCS-BP ${1.593}\times {10}^{-5}$ 0.0031 0.40
IMOCS-BP ${6.936}\times {10}^{-6}$ 0.0021 0.27
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基于 IMOCS-BP神经网络的锂离子电池 SOH 估计
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王雪 , 游国栋 , 房成信 , 张尚
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(1): 94-100
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(1): 94-100
基于 IMOCS-BP神经网络的锂离子电池 SOH 估计
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王雪 , 游国栋 , 房成信 , 张尚
作者信息
  • 天津科技大学 电子信息与自动化学院 天津 300222
  • 王雪(1996-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:测试计量技术及仪器。E-mail:1398576721@qq.com。

    游国栋(1973-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:新能源并网发电控制技术。E-mail:yougdong@tust.edu.cn。

    房成信(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化自动化系统与装置。E-mail:fangcxin@163.com。

    张尚(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能化装置。E-mail:756068653@qq.com。

SOH Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Based on IMOCS-BP Neural Network
Xue WANG , Guodong YOU , Chengxin FANG , Shang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Electronic Information and Automation Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin 300222 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.94
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锂离子电池随着循环充放电次数的增长,其健康状态SOH(state-of-health)会随之发生一定程度的衰减。针对以上问题,设计了一种基于改进的多目标布谷鸟搜索 IMOCS(improved multi-objective Cuckoo search)-BP 神经网络的锂离子电池健康状态估计方法,在避免算法陷入局部最优的同时自适应改变布谷鸟搜索 CS(Cuckoo search)算法更新概率和搜索步长,解决 CS 算法收敛速度慢和求解精度低的问题。以 IMOCS 算法和BP神经网络结合,对节点空间范围进行全局搜索,降低权值和阈值的初值对BP神经网络的影响,实现参数优化。通过Matlab 仿真,验证了基于IMOCS-BP神经网络的SOH估计算法误差低、性能强,实现了锂电池SOH的精准预测。

锂离子电池  /  健康状态  /  布谷鸟搜索算法  /  BP神经网络

As the number of charge and discharge cycles of a lithium-ion battery increases, its state-of-health (SOH) will degrade to some degree accordingly. Aimed at this problem, a method for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion battery based on an improved multi-objective Cuckoo search (IMOCS)-BP neural network is designed, which adaptively changes the update probability and search step size of the Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm while avoiding the algorithm from falling into the local optimum, thereby solving the problems of slow convergence speed and low solution accuracy in the CS algorithm. The IMOCS algorithm is combined with BP neural network to conduct a global search in the node space, reduce the influence of initial values of weight and threshold on BP neural network, and realize the parameter optimization. Through Matlab simulations, it is verified that the SOH estimation algorithm based on IMOCS-BP neural network has a low error and a strong performance, thus realizing an accurate SOH prediction of lithium-ion battery.

Lithium-ion battery  /  state-of-health (SOH)  /  Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm  /  BP neural network
王雪, 游国栋, 房成信, 张尚. 基于 IMOCS-BP神经网络的锂离子电池 SOH 估计. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 94 -100 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.94
Xue WANG, Guodong YOU, Chengxin FANG, Shang ZHANG. SOH Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Based on IMOCS-BP Neural Network[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 94 -100 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.94
锂电池具有使用寿命长、环保等优点, 是储能系统的基础[1]。储能系统的管理是近年的研究重点, 健康状态$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ (state-of-health) 是能够反映储能系统工作状态的重要指标。储能系统的$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 受到最大可用容量、电量、电压、电流和荷电状态 SOC (state-of-charge) 等参数的影响[2]。因此,为了能够直观地观测到电池状态, 有力保障储能系统的安全和正常运行,$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的精准预测是不可或缺的。目前 SOH 预测方法分为 4 类: 基于模型的方法[3] 、数据驱动方法[4] 、混合方法[5-6] 和其他方法[7],从这 4 个方面全面地概述了当前$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 预测研究的现状。传统的数学建模估算电池寿命方法受各种外界条件的影响,精度难以保证,不能准确地评估其${\mathrm{{SOH}}}_{0}$ 随着智能算法的快速发展, 基于数据驱动的方法也有了很大程度的提升。越来越多的方法借助机器学习算法对历史数据进行学习而不是依赖于电池内部的电化学原理,通过训练好的模型对$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 进行估计。文献[8]利用传统的$\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络对$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 进行估算,但是采用最速下降法, 导致陷入局部最优和收敛速度慢的问题。文献[9]利用 SA 算法对 BP 神经网络的权值进行优化, 避免陷入局部最优的困境, 但是并没有对阈值进行优化, 降低其对算法的影响。
为了解决 BP 神经网络算法容易陷入局部最优的问题, 本文针对神经网络多节点的特点应用改进的多目标布谷鸟搜索 IMOCS (improved multi-objective Cuckoo search)算法, 对各节点的初始参数进行优化, 减小陷入局部最优的可能。由于多目标布谷鸟搜索 MOCS (multi-objective Cuckoo search) 算法与传统单目标搜索算法区别只是将目标空间拓展到了多维空间,并未摆脱传统$\mathrm{{CS}}$ 算法收敛速度慢、 求解精度低等问题。为解决这些问题, 改变 MOCS 算法中的更新概率及搜索步长, 在保证求解精度的同时加快收敛速度, 同时保留布谷鸟搜索算法全局搜索最优参数的优点。
电池的$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 只能通过其他方法利用电池在工作状态下产生的各种参数估算得到$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的预测值。利用估算方法对$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 精准预测,可以随时了解电池性能的衰退情况和剩余使用寿命, 并及时提示用户更换报废电池[10]。同时,$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的准确预测也能补偿由于老化程度带来的 SOC 预测误差, 提高 SOC 预测结果的精度[11]。电池$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估算的常用方法包括健康因子提取法、模型参数辨识法及多模式混合的方法。通常情况下,$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 用容量法表示,其计算公式为
$\mathrm{{SOH}}= \frac{{C}_{i}}{{C}_{0}}\times {100}\%$
式中:${C}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 个充放电周期的最大可用容量;${C}_{0}$ 为初始最大可用容量。
BP 神经网络通过微分传递实现非线性映射, 通过前向传输信号和反向传输误差进行不断地自我学习来调整权值和阈值, 适应不断变化的外部环境[12]。BP 神经网络具有输入层、隐含层和输出层,其拓扑结构如图1 所示。BP 神经网络的权值及阈值是随机赋值初始化, 在训练时不能以较快的速度达到理想的预测效果并且易陷入局部最优解。针对上述问题,本文引用 IMOCS 算法对 BP 神经网络初始的权值与阈值进行优化。
MOCS 算法是将 CS 算法扩展到多维空间, 在继承了 CS 算法全局搜索能力强、参数少、易实现等优点[13] 的同时仍受到 CS 算法的影响,致使收敛速度较慢。CS 算法的基本思想源于鸟类的莱维非高斯随机飞行行为和布谷鸟的繁殖特征。在个体飞行中,交替呈现短距离小步长和长距离大步长,这可以避免算法落入局部最小值[14-15]。所有个体位置的更新过程为马尔可夫链 MC(Markov chain)过程, 表示为
${x}_{ij}^{m + 1}= {x}_{ij}^{m}+ {\alpha L}\left(\lambda \right)$
式中:${x}_{ij}^{m}\text{、}{x}_{ij}^{m + 1}$ 分别为第$i\left({i = 1,2,\cdots, n}\right)$ 个鸟巢在第$m$$m + 1$ 代时第$j\left({j = 1,2,\cdots, d}\right)$ 维的路径;$L\left(\lambda \right)$ 为莱维飞行随机搜索的跳跃路径。由于搜索步长被“莱维飞行”决定, 不能保证前期拥有较大的搜索步长, 加快收敛速度。为了在保障算法收敛速度的同时保证精度, 就要使前期搜索步长足够大, 快速找到最优解方向,而随着迭代次数的增加,步长也应随之减少,从而使算法趋于稳定。因此本文提出 IMOCS 算法, 采用余弦递减法定义递减系数并引入函数变化趋势因素实现步长自适应调整,表示为
${\alpha }_{{I}_{i\text{ ter }+ 1}}= a{\alpha }_{{I}_{\text{ter }}}$
$ a =\cos \left({\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{{I}_{\text{iter }}}{{I}_{\text{itertotal }}}}\right){\Delta f}$
式中:${I}_{\text{iter }}$${I}_{\text{itertotal }}$ 分别为当前迭代次数和总次数;${\alpha }_{{I}_{\text{loc }}}$${\alpha }_{{I}_{\min }}$ 分别为当前和下一代自适应步长因子;$a$ 为影响系数;${\Delta f}= \left|\frac{{f}_{{l}_{m}+ 1}- {f}_{{l}_{m}}}{{f}_{{l}_{m}}}\right|$ 为 2 次迭代函数的变化趋势。改进后的位置更新过程为
${x}_{ij}^{{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}+ 1}}= {x}_{ij}^{{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}+ {\alpha }_{{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}+ 1}}L\left(\lambda \right)$
发现鸟蛋概率为设定值。一般来说, 布谷鸟算法会设置发现鸟蛋产生新解的概率${p}_{\mathrm{a}}= {0.25}$,但在后期可能会造成丢失优质解, 影响算法收敛效率及精度。为了避免优质解丢失对算法造成影响, 应对概率${p}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 做出调整,同上,即在前期取较大值,随着优质个体解的产生而降低${p}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的值,保证算法的收敛速度, 则有
${p}_{\mathrm{a}}= {p}_{\mathrm{{amax}}}- \sin \left(\frac{\pi {I}_{\text{iter }}}{2{I}_{\text{itertotal }}}\right)\left({{p}_{\mathrm{{amax}}}- {p}_{\mathrm{{amin}}}}\right)$
式中$p = p$,为控制参数
基于 IMOCS-BP 神经网络使用改进后的 MOCS 算法全局搜索 BP 神经网络各节点空间, 在 IMOCS 算法迭代结束搜索到的全局最小值的基础上优化各节点初值, 转而采用梯度下降法进行精确搜索, 步骤如图2 所示。
具体算法如下:
(1)读取输入输出数据${x}_{\text{input }}$${x}_{\text{output }}$
(2)设置鸟窝(节点)个数$n$,设置$\mathrm{{BP}}$ 网络的输入节点数${n}_{\text{input }}$ 、隐含层节点数${n}_{\text{hidden }}$ 及输出节点数${n}_{\text{output }}$,构建网络${\Phi }_{\text{net }\circ }$
(3)对训练集${x}_{\text{input_train }}$${x}_{\text{output_train }}$ 与测试集${x}_{\text{input_test }}$${x}_{\text{output_test }}$ 归一化后,得到${x}_{\text{inputn }}\text{、}{x}_{\text{output }\circ }$
(4)设置更新概率的控制参数${p}_{\text{amax }}$${p}_{\text{amin }}$
(5) 将鸟窝个数$n$,网络结构参数${n}_{\text{input }}$${n}_{\text{hidden }}$${n}_{\text{output }}$,网络${\Phi }_{\text{net }}$,归一化后参数${x}_{\text{inputn }}\text{、}{x}_{\text{output }}$ 作为输入参数, 利用 IMOCS 算法进行优化。
(6)设置全局搜索下限${n}_{\mathrm{d}}$,设置总迭代次数${I}_{\text{itertotal }}$,通过 IMOCS 算法得到优化后的最优初始权值与阈值${\theta }_{\text{bestnet }\circ }$
(7)将优化后的最优初始权值与阈值${\theta }_{\text{bestnet }}$ 赋予 BP 神经网络。
(8)选择传递函数:一般来说 BP 神经网络中隐含层的传递函数均选择 sigmoid 函数, 输入可取任意值,而输出为 0~1。传统 sigmoid 函数对数据进行中心化处理时会使数据平均值接近于 0.5, 而 tansig 函数输入可取任意值,输出则在$- 1 \sim 1$ 之间, 则会使其数据平均值更接近于 0。因此除了在二元分类情况下使用 sigmoid 函数性能较好外, tansig 函数的适用度及性能更高。因此隐含层采用 tansig 函数$f\left( x\right)= \frac{2}{1 +{\mathrm{e}}^{-{2x}}}- 1$ 作为传递函数,输出层仍采用线性传递函数 purelin 函数$g\left( y\right)= {y}_{0}$
(9)将电池数据样本分为训练集与测试集,以前段数据作为训练集对算法进行训练, 用后段测试集数据进行预测和对比。
本文采用 NASA 的电池实验测试数据, 分别进行 BP 神经网络、MOCS-BP 神经网络和 IMOCS-BP 神经网络的$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 预测仿真。选取 3 组锂离子电池通过充电、放电、阻抗检测运行,充电方式相同且均以${1.5}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的恒定电流充电至电池电压达到${4.2}\mathrm{\;V}$, 以${2.0}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的电流进行放电,直到$5\#\text{、}6\#\text{、}7\#$ 电池电压分别在${2.7}\text{、}{2.5}\text{、}{2.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ 停止,最后通过阻抗测量获取电池内部参数, 电池数据如图3 所示。随着锂电池充放电次数的增加, 其内部的温度和内阻变化逐渐剧烈,实际的$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 值变化具有非线性和波动性, 不是简单的衰退,图3 也验证了这一现象。
由于锂电池的$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 受多因素影响,不能直接测量, 因此需要健康因子 HI(health index) 来表征出$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的变化。一般来说,最直观观测锂电池性能下降的特点是容量下降, 以容量变化作为直接HI 最为准确。而在实际测量容量时通常是采用破坏性入侵测量,难以实现$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的在线应用,因此,本文算法的输入是以充放电电压、充放电电流及循环次数构成的间接$\mathrm{{HI}}$,算法的输出,以容量法定义的$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 构成。对$5\#\text{、}6\#\text{、}7\#$ 这 3 组电池数据分别采用 BP、MOCS-BP 及 IMOCS-BP 算法进行仿真, 将数据分为前后两段分别用于训练与测试。
本文选取均方误差 MSE(mean square error)、平均绝对误差 MAE (mean absolute error)与平均相对误差 MAPE (mean absolute percentage error)3 个指标对上述 3 种算法进行性能评估。3 个指标计算公式分别为
$\operatorname{MSE}= \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left({Y}_{i}- {Y}_{i}\right)}^{2}$
$\mathrm{{MAE}}= \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left|{{Y}_{i}^{\prime }- {Y}_{i}}\right|$
$\text{ MAPE }= \frac{{100}\%}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\frac{\left|{Y}_{i}- {Y}_{i}\right|}{{Y}_{i}}$
式中:${Y}_{i}$ 为输出预测值;${Y}_{i}$ 为真实值;$N$ 为预测样本数。
值得注意的是, MAPE 的范围为$\lbrack 0,+ \infty )$, MAPE 越趋于 0 表示模型性能越强; 反之, MAPE 越大表示模型性能越差; 当 MAPE 大于 100%时可以认为该模型为劣质模型。
3 种$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估测算法的参数设置如下。
对 BP 神经网络的参数进行设置时, 其性能易受到隐含层数的影响。针对隐含层设置问题,可参考经验公式
${M}_{\text{num }}= \sqrt{{M}_{\text{in }}+ {M}_{\text{out }}}+ b $
式中:${M}_{\text{num }}$ 为隐含层节点数;${M}_{\text{in }}$ 为输入层节点数;${M}_{\text{out }}$ 为输出层节点数;$b$ 为 0~10 之间的常数。故本文隐含层数应选择 2~12。本文针对不同层数的隐含层 BP 神经网络,使用 MSE、MAE 和 MAPE 进行性能评价, 最终选择性能最强的 4 层隐含层 BP 神经网络与另外 2 种方法进行对比, 评价结果如表1 所示。
使用传统 MOCS-BP 算法时,通过对不同参数下实验结果的研究发现, 将隐含层设为 3 层时效果较好。建立的 BP 神经网络结构为 5-3-1,由此可以确定要优化的 BP 神经网络权值与阈值的个数: 权值个数为$5 \times 3 + 3 \times 1 ={18}$,阈值个数为$3 + 1 = 4$,因此 MOCS 算法和 IMOCS 算法均要对该神经网络结构的 22 个参数进行优化。在算法运行过程中将对上述参数进行多次更新, 将多次迭代后得出的最优权值与阈值赋予为 BP 神经网络初始的权值与阈值,实现$\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络对$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的预测。由多次实验的最佳效果确定: 宿主随机抛弃鸟蛋的概率${p}_{\mathrm{a}}=$ 0.25、鸟巢数量$n ={25}$ 、全局搜索下限${n}_{\mathrm{d}}= {22}$ 、迭代次数${I}_{\text{itertotal }}= {100}$
与 MOCS-BP 算法不同的是, IMOCS-BP 算法需要另外设置${p}_{\mathrm{{amax}}}= {0.5},{p}_{\mathrm{{amin}}}= {0.1}$
利用 3 组电池数据的测试集, 分别对上文 3 种方法的预测效果进行检验, 算法预测效果如图4图5图6 所示。
5# 电池 3 种 SOH 预测算法的误差如图7 所示。由图可见,基于 BP 神经网络预测误差最小值为 1.8,并随着迭代次数增加而升高; 2 种布谷鸟优化算法的预测误差大大降低, 且不会随着迭代次数的增加而出现较大波动, 其中: MOCS-BP 算法的 SOH 误差范围为$-{0.012}\sim {0.004}$, IMOCS-BP 算法的 SOH 误差进一步缩小,处于-0.0110~0.0038 之间。
针对上述 3 种算法, 利用评价指标进行性能评价,结果如表2 所示。
综上, IMOCS-BP 神经网络算法的误差更低、性能更好, 满足储能锂电池的预测要求。
针对$\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络预测锂电池$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 算法易陷入局部最优的现状, 本文提出了一种基于 IMOCS-$\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络的锂电池$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 预测方法,将传统布谷鸟算法中确定的概率和随机的步长改为自适应概率与自适应步长, 在保证搜索精度的同时提升了算法的效率。使用 Matlab 对 SOH 预测算法进行仿真验证, 结果表明, IMOCS-BP 神经网络算法实现了更好的预测效果, 具有更好的性能, 能够有效地适应具有非线性特点的锂离子电池。应用片段历史数据对锂电池$\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 进行预测,实现了在线估计,具有实际的应用价值。
本文未将温度、内阻和自放电速率等因素加入研究中, 下一步工作将尝试如何将这些因素加入并建立准确度高、适用性强的 HI 提取方法。
  • 天津市重点研发计划资助项目(17YFZCNC00230)
  • 天津市应用基础与前沿技术研究计划(自然科学基金)重点资助项目(13JCZDJC29100)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.94
  • 接收时间:2021-01-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-06
  • 修回日期:2021-03-11
  • 录用日期:2021-04-12
基金
Tianjin Key Research and Development Plan(17YFZCNC00230)
天津市重点研发计划资助项目(17YFZCNC00230)
Key Project of Tianjin Applied Foundation and Frontier Technology Research Plan(13JCZDJC29100)
天津市应用基础与前沿技术研究计划(自然科学基金)重点资助项目(13JCZDJC29100)
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    天津科技大学 电子信息与自动化学院 天津 300222
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