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In view of the fact that the existing methods cannot identify all the effective power supply paths for voltage over-limit, which leads to problems of poor real-time performance and unobvious suppression effect in the voltage over-limit identification in distribution network, the voltage over-limit identification in distribution network with photovoltaic (PV) power supply is studied based on a regulation function, so as to improve the corresponding real-time performance and effectiveness. First, an external characteristic model of PV power supply is constructed by using its physical mechanism, based on which a simulation model of PV power supply is built in the Matlab/Simulink software. According to the power relationship in distribution network with PV power supply, the voltage variation at the grid-connected point before and after the integration of PV power supply is calculated, and the mechanism of voltage over-limit is analyzed, so as to design the equivalent circuit of distribution network with PV power supply. All the effective power supply paths for voltage over-limit are specified, a candidate set of voltage over-limit regulation strategies for distribution network with PV power supply is set up in an decreasing order by means of the regulation function, and the candidate strategies are selected from the candidate set of regulation strategies to realize the voltage over-limit identification. The analysis results of an example show that the proposed method can effectively adjust the voltage of distribution network with PV power supply to a normal state with less iteration times and a short execution time, indicating a high practicability.

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针对现有方法未能明确电压越限的全部有效供电路径,导致配电网电压越限抑制识别时存在实时性较差、抑制效果不明显的问题,因此,研究基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别,以提升含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别的实时性及有效性。首先利用光伏电源物理机理构建光伏电源外特性模型,基于该模型在Matlab/Simulink 软件中搭建光伏电源仿真模型;依据含光伏电源配电网功率关系计算接入光伏前与接入光伏后并网点电压的变化量,并对电压越限机理进行分析,从而进行含光伏电源配电网等值电路设计;明确电压越限的全部有效供电路径,利用调节函数从大至小排序建立含光伏电源配电网电压越限调节策略候选集,并在调节策略候选集内选取候选策略以实现电压越限识别。实例分析结果表明,采用该方法可在较少的迭代次数以及执行时间内有效将存在越限的含光伏电源配电网电压调节至正常状态,实用性高。

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戚振彪(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动,输配电技术、新能源并网。E-mail: liyaqi1234567@163.com。

齐慧(1982-),女,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化继电保护、新能源并网技术。E-mail:qihui_1111@163.com。

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戚振彪(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动,输配电技术、新能源并网。E-mail: liyaqi1234567@163.com。

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戚振彪(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动,输配电技术、新能源并网。E-mail: liyaqi1234567@163.com。

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齐慧(1982-),女,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化继电保护、新能源并网技术。E-mail:qihui_1111@163.com。

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齐慧(1982-),女,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化继电保护、新能源并网技术。E-mail:qihui_1111@163.com。

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Huaibei 230000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040996976386421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, companyId=1154040996967997811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国网安徽省电力有限公司淮北供电公司 淮北 230000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154041000277303692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Equivalent circuit of photovoltaic power supply, figureFileSmall=b2UboUG1IS5hsZUrPNTZpg==, figureFileBig=5L7sWKX0ON7VBnBmaAp0cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000331829645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=CN, label=图1, caption=光伏电源等效电路, figureFileSmall=b2UboUG1IS5hsZUrPNTZpg==, figureFileBig=5L7sWKX0ON7VBnBmaAp0cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000386355598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Equivalent circuit of distribution network with photovoltaic power supply, figureFileSmall=/sYqRvZAqbJsRVILq/zfnw==, figureFileBig=yK9Qrd5WuvmgnKW0YgDJ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000449270159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=CN, label=图2, caption=含光伏电源配电网等值电路, figureFileSmall=/sYqRvZAqbJsRVILq/zfnw==, figureFileBig=yK9Qrd5WuvmgnKW0YgDJ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000507990416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Residual value of built model, figureFileSmall=scsRZUTko858j0Bz5J7WaA==, figureFileBig=vmgsDznyDPwn48nRCdTosg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000554127761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=CN, label=图3, caption=所搭建模型残差值, figureFileSmall=scsRZUTko858j0Bz5J7WaA==, figureFileBig=vmgsDznyDPwn48nRCdTosg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000612848018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of standard deviation among different parameters, figureFileSmall=48bhR+/v24JYsHWeqwVFXg==, figureFileBig=n8t3Q6FA1GovTTbJgP+ixQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000654791059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同参数标准差对比, figureFileSmall=48bhR+/v24JYsHWeqwVFXg==, figureFileBig=n8t3Q6FA1GovTTbJgP+ixQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041000700928404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Bus voltage over-limit accidents and voltage over-limit results identified by different methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
母线电压越限事故情况 不同方法电压越限调节结果
电压等级/kV 母线分段序号 电压测量值/ kV 电压值上限/ kV 电压值下限/ kV 本文方法/kV 柔性多状态开关方法$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 深度强化学习方法/kV
110 1 105.942 117.85 106.42 109.522 106.242 108.641
110 2 105.681 117.85 106.42 108.464 106.587 106.183
110 3 106.116 117.85 106.42 107.675 108.648 109.644
110 4 105.855 117.85 106.42 110.256 106.383 113.255
10 1 10.062 10.50 10.10 10.323 10.098 10.152
10 2 10.014 10.50 10.10 10.252 10.158 10.536
10 3 10.085 10.50 10.10 10.424 10.097 10.285
10 4 10.069 10.50 10.10 10.231 10.414 10.342
10 5 10.085 10.50 10.10 10.240 10.511 10.258
110 1 105.857 117.85 106.42 110.153 112.344 113.523
110 2 105.670 117.85 106.42 112.358 115.645 114.587
110 3 106.111 117.85 106.42 109.587 106.392 117.898
110 4 105.853 117.85 106.42 113.581 115.341 114.851
), ArticleFig(id=1154041000763842965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=CN, label=表1, caption=母线电压越限事故和不同方法识别电压越限结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
母线电压越限事故情况 不同方法电压越限调节结果
电压等级/kV 母线分段序号 电压测量值/ kV 电压值上限/ kV 电压值下限/ kV 本文方法/kV 柔性多状态开关方法$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 深度强化学习方法/kV
110 1 105.942 117.85 106.42 109.522 106.242 108.641
110 2 105.681 117.85 106.42 108.464 106.587 106.183
110 3 106.116 117.85 106.42 107.675 108.648 109.644
110 4 105.855 117.85 106.42 110.256 106.383 113.255
10 1 10.062 10.50 10.10 10.323 10.098 10.152
10 2 10.014 10.50 10.10 10.252 10.158 10.536
10 3 10.085 10.50 10.10 10.424 10.097 10.285
10 4 10.069 10.50 10.10 10.231 10.414 10.342
10 5 10.085 10.50 10.10 10.240 10.511 10.258
110 1 105.857 117.85 106.42 110.153 112.344 113.523
110 2 105.670 117.85 106.42 112.358 115.645 114.587
110 3 106.111 117.85 106.42 109.587 106.392 117.898
110 4 105.853 117.85 106.42 113.581 115.341 114.851
), ArticleFig(id=1154041000830951830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of regulation performance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 本文方法 柔性多状态开关方法 深度强化学习方法
平均迭代次数 4 24 18
平均执行时间/ms 162.52 954.13 1058.64
平均占用内存/% 20.5 75.6 68.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154041000877089175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040958405566748, language=CN, label=表2, caption=调节性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 本文方法 柔性多状态开关方法 深度强化学习方法
平均迭代次数 4 24 18
平均执行时间/ms 162.52 954.13 1058.64
平均占用内存/% 20.5 75.6 68.5
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基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别研究
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戚振彪 1 , 齐慧 2
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(1): 196-203
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(1): 196-203
基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别研究
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戚振彪1 , 齐慧2
作者信息
  • 1 国网安徽省电力有限公司 合肥 230022
  • 2 国网安徽省电力有限公司淮北供电公司 淮北 230000
  • 戚振彪(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动,输配电技术、新能源并网。E-mail: liyaqi1234567@163.com。

    齐慧(1982-),女,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化继电保护、新能源并网技术。E-mail:qihui_1111@163.com。

Research on Voltage Over-limit Identification in Distribution Network with Photovoltaic Power Supply Based on Regulation Function
Zhenbiao QI1 , Hui QI2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Hefei 230022 China
  • 2 Huaibei Power Supply Company, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Huaibei 230000 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.196
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针对现有方法未能明确电压越限的全部有效供电路径,导致配电网电压越限抑制识别时存在实时性较差、抑制效果不明显的问题,因此,研究基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别,以提升含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别的实时性及有效性。首先利用光伏电源物理机理构建光伏电源外特性模型,基于该模型在Matlab/Simulink 软件中搭建光伏电源仿真模型;依据含光伏电源配电网功率关系计算接入光伏前与接入光伏后并网点电压的变化量,并对电压越限机理进行分析,从而进行含光伏电源配电网等值电路设计;明确电压越限的全部有效供电路径,利用调节函数从大至小排序建立含光伏电源配电网电压越限调节策略候选集,并在调节策略候选集内选取候选策略以实现电压越限识别。实例分析结果表明,采用该方法可在较少的迭代次数以及执行时间内有效将存在越限的含光伏电源配电网电压调节至正常状态,实用性高。

调节函数  /  光伏  /  电源  /  配电网  /  电压越限  /  越限识别

In view of the fact that the existing methods cannot identify all the effective power supply paths for voltage over-limit, which leads to problems of poor real-time performance and unobvious suppression effect in the voltage over-limit identification in distribution network, the voltage over-limit identification in distribution network with photovoltaic (PV) power supply is studied based on a regulation function, so as to improve the corresponding real-time performance and effectiveness. First, an external characteristic model of PV power supply is constructed by using its physical mechanism, based on which a simulation model of PV power supply is built in the Matlab/Simulink software. According to the power relationship in distribution network with PV power supply, the voltage variation at the grid-connected point before and after the integration of PV power supply is calculated, and the mechanism of voltage over-limit is analyzed, so as to design the equivalent circuit of distribution network with PV power supply. All the effective power supply paths for voltage over-limit are specified, a candidate set of voltage over-limit regulation strategies for distribution network with PV power supply is set up in an decreasing order by means of the regulation function, and the candidate strategies are selected from the candidate set of regulation strategies to realize the voltage over-limit identification. The analysis results of an example show that the proposed method can effectively adjust the voltage of distribution network with PV power supply to a normal state with less iteration times and a short execution time, indicating a high practicability.

Regulation function  /  photovoltaic (PV)  /  power supply  /  distribution network  /  voltage over-limit  /  over-limit identification
戚振彪, 齐慧. 基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 196 -203 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.196
Zhenbiao QI, Hui QI. Research on Voltage Over-limit Identification in Distribution Network with Photovoltaic Power Supply Based on Regulation Function[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 196 -203 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.196
能源环境问题日益严重,发展可再生能源改善能源结构已成为社会发展的主要趋势。含光伏电源配电网可优化能源结构, 实现能源平衡, 降低配电网输电损耗, 改善以往的潮流单向辐射状供电模式[1]。但是含光伏电源配电网存在输出功率波动性较大, 随机性高以及无法调度的特性, 容易造成谐波污染、电压闪变与波动和电压越限等影响电能供电质量的重要问题[2]。用户用电质量受到配电网供电质量降低的影响, 为电力公司带来较大的经济损失, 影响含光伏电源配电网稳定运行。
因此, 为提高新能源用电比例, 在配电网中接入大量新能源进行电能供应, 但这使得含光伏电源配电网包含众多新能源[34],降低了配电网安全稳定性, 造成配电网无功电压协调控制难度增加。这是由于含光伏电源配电网的渗透率和电源容量受含光伏电源配电网电压越限的影响[5],导致光伏电源负荷较低且在输出功率较高时, 电压越限问题的发生更为频繁。由于光照强度及用电负荷存在较高的不确定性, 导致主变电压并入电网时存在较高波动性。同时,不同地区电网强弱存在较大差异, 电网过弱的问题也将导致主变压器母线出现电压越限的情况。
目前针对配电网电压越限抑制识别的相关研究有很多,吕知彼等人[6] 研究基于柔性多状态开关的配电网电压波动越限抑制方法, 利用柔性多状态开关抑制配电网电压波动越限, 实现配电网电压波动越限抑制识别, 避免电压失稳风险, 但是该方法实时性较差;史景坚等人 ()研究含储能系统的配电网电压调节深度强化学习算法, 充分考虑储能系统内的光伏发电单元无功出力以及储能装置的有功出力, 以电压越限风险最低作为目标函数, 实现了电压的有效调节。以上方法通过不同方式实现配电网的电压越限识别, 但由于未明确电压越限的全部有效供电路径, 导致抑制效果不明显。针对以上方法的缺陷, 研究基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别方法。从而有效解决含光伏电源配电网中存在的波动性以及随机性问题, 通过含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别, 来调节含光伏电源配电网电压越限的影响。
基于光伏电源物理机理设计光伏电源外特性模型, 光伏电源的等效电路如图1 所示。
图1${C}_{1}$ 对光伏电源影响较小,可忽略不计。 将图1 中所示的电压、电流作为正方向, 则光伏电源组件的特性公式为
${I}_{\mathrm{v}}= {n}_{\mathrm{p}}{I}_{\mathrm{h}}- {n}_{\mathrm{p}}{I}_{\mathrm{d}}- {I}_{\mathrm{s}}$
${I}_{\mathrm{h}}= \frac{G}{{G}_{\text{ref }}}\left\lbrack {{I}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({T -{T}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${I}_{\mathrm{d}}= {I}_{0}\exp \left({\frac{e\left({\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{v}}}{{n}_{\mathrm{s}}}+ \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{v}}{R}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{n}_{\mathrm{p}}}}\right)}{BkT}- 1}\right)$
${I}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{v}}}{{n}_{\mathrm{s}}}+ \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{v}}{R}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{n}_{\mathrm{p}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{h}}}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{v}}$${I}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为光伏电源输出电流以及光伏电源单体短路电流;${I}_{0}$${I}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为理想二极管反向饱和电流以及光伏电源单体的光生电流;${V}_{\mathrm{v}}$${I}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为光伏电源端电压以及流过二极管的实际电流;$G$${G}_{\text{ref }}$ 为光照强度以及光照强度参考值;$e$$B$ 为电子电荷量以及$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结的理想因子,分别取值${1.713}\times {10}^{-{19}}\mathrm{C}$ 以及$\left\lbrack {1,2}\right\rbrack ;k$$T$ 为玻尔兹曼常数以及$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结温度,且$k ={1.38}\times {10}^{-{23}}\mathrm{\;J}/\mathrm{K};{K}_{\mathrm{T}}$${T}_{\text{ref }}$ 为光伏电源单体短路电流的温度系数以及参考温度, 设置参考温度为${24}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{n}_{\mathrm{s}}$${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为太阳能光伏阵列内电池单体串联组数以及光伏电源的串联电阻;${n}_{\mathrm{p}}$${R}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为太阳能光伏阵列内电池单体并联组数以及光伏电源的旁联电阻。
依据上述公式, 利用 Matlab/Simulink 软件搭建含光伏电源配电网的光伏电源仿真模型, 便于进一步分析光伏电源不同情况下的外特性 P-U 曲线。光伏电源单体的外特性受光照强度影响较大[8],受环境温度影响较小。利用电流内环、电压外环的控制方法实现光伏电源的并网控制。
由于低压配电网线路阻抗较大, 含光伏电源配电网有功功率在输出情况下会造成接入点电压越限的情况[9]
依据含光伏电源配电网功率关系可得公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} P ={P}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{s}}\\ Q ={Q}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right.$
含光伏电源配电网接入光伏前电压公式为
${U}_{0}= {U}_{\mathrm{s}}- \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{L}}R +{Q}_{\mathrm{L}}X}{{U}_{0}}$
含光伏电源配电网接入光伏后电压公式为
$ U ={U}_{\mathrm{s}}- \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{s}}R +{Q}_{\mathrm{s}}X}{U}$
含光伏电源配电网接入光伏前与接入光伏后并网点电压变化量公式为
${\Delta U}= U -{U}_{0}= \frac{{PR}+ {QX}}{U}+ \left({{P}_{\mathrm{L}}R +{Q}_{\mathrm{L}}X}\right)\left({\frac{1}{{U}_{0}}+ \frac{1}{U}}\right)$
计算时,将式 (5) 代入,${PR}$ 表示单位时间内输出功率,${QX}$ 表示恒定阻抗下输出功率,${P}_{\mathrm{L}}R$ 表示单位时间内输出无功功率,${Q}_{\mathrm{L}}X$ 表示恒定阻抗下输出无功功率。式 (8) 中,等号右侧的第 2 项远远小于第 1 项, 可将 2 项忽略, 可将式 (8) 近似为
${\Delta U}= \frac{{PR}+ {QX}}{U}$
光伏电源在电压不越限时仅将有功功率注入配电网中, 提升并网点电压公式为
${\Delta U}= \frac{PR}{U}$
以上公式可知, 并网点电压在注入有功功率越高时电压也有所提升。
当光伏电源输出有功功率提升至${P}_{1}$ 时,逆变器需从输电网内接入无功功率${Q}_{1}$,保持并网点电压符合含光伏电源配电网负荷运行要求,用${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 表示光伏电源输出的有功功率,${U}_{\max }$ 表示并网内电压最高允许值, 可得公式为
$\Delta {U}_{\max }= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{m}}R}{{U}_{\max }}= \frac{{P}_{1}R +{Q}_{1}X}{{U}_{\max }}$
${Q}_{1}= -\frac{\left({{P}_{1}- {P}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right) R}{X}$
分析以上公式可以看出, 含光伏电源配电网输出的有功功率越高, 所获取线路的阻抗则越高, 从而有效避免电压越限,逆变器接收更高的无功功率[10]。 由此分析出电压越限机理为并网点电压在注入有功功率越高时电压也有所提升,综上所述,依据上小节光伏电源仿真模型以及电压越限机理, 设计接入光伏电源的配电网等值电路图,如图2 所示。
图2 中, 分布式含光伏电源配电网线路阻抗用$R +{jX}$ 表示,并网点电压以及配电网电压分别用$U$${U}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 表示;$P$${P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 分别表示光伏电源输出的有功功率以及并网点的本地有功负荷;$Q$${Q}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 分别表示光伏电源输出的无功功率以及并网点的本地无功负荷;${P}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 表示光伏电源出力符合本地负荷所剩有功功率;${Q}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 表示光伏电源出力符合本地负荷后所剩无功功率。
综上, 通过配电网逆变器容量和线路提升, 使得配电网线路的阻抗提高, 避免电压越限的同时使电路电流和损耗有所提升, 进而使配电网功率因数降低。
选取调节函数识别含光伏电源配电网的电压越限。含光伏电源配电网主变母线电压越限时,分析无功调节设备至越限点的全部有效供电路径[11],调节节点选取包括无功调节设备的电网节点,用${L}_{i, j}$ 表示主变中调节节点$j$ 至母线越限节点$i$ 的供电路径。
将不同节点的调节距离与无功调节设备的调节力相乘称之为不同调节节点至越限节点的调节矩[12],可得其公式为
$ M = H{L}_{\mathrm{e}}$
式中:$M$$H$ 为调节矩大小以及无功调节设备的调节力;${L}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为越限节点与调节节点间的调节距离。
主变中低压侧母线在单位调节距离下的越限节点电压改变大小为$1\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,将单位调节力利用无功调节设备输出端的改变量${\Delta U}\text{、}{\Delta Q}$ 描述。
将调节距离利用调节节点$j$ 以及越限节点$i$ 的等效电气距离描述公式为
${L}_{\left( i, j\right)} ={Z}_{{ij},\text{ equ }}$
将式(14)代入式(13)获取针对越限节点的各调节节点的调节矩。
设调节时间$t$ 为无功调节设备改变状态至越限节点电压存在变化时间,用$C$$M$ 分别表示单位调节力相应无功调节设备成本以及各调节措施的调节矩,综合计算以上参数获取最终调节函数[13],利用线性加权求和获取调节函数公式为
$ S = f\left({M, t, C}\right)= {\omega }_{m}/M +{\omega }_{t}/t +{\omega }_{C}/C $
式中:${\omega }_{m}$ 为调节矩$m$ 的权值;${\omega }_{t}$ 为调节时间$T$ 的权值;${\omega }_{C}$ 为调节成本$C$ 权值。
将所获取调节函数值从大至小排序,获取最终含光伏电源配电网主变电压越限的调节策略候选集[14-15]。从调节策略候选集内选取候选策略[16],调节含光伏电源配电网电压, 获取最终优化模型为
$\min \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\text{slak }}}}{P}_{Gi}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\mathrm{G}}}}{W}_{Gi}{Q}_{Gi}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\text{slak }}}}{P}_{di}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\mathrm{G}}}}{W}_{di}{Q}_{si}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\text{slack }}}}{P}_{zi}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\mathrm{G}}}}{W}_{zi}{Q}_{zi}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\text{slack }}}}{P}_{si}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\mathrm{G}}}}{W}_{si}{Q}_{si}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {S}_{\mathrm{c}}}}{W}_{{C}_{j}}\left({{C}_{j}- {C}_{j}^{0}}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {S}_{\mathrm{T}}}}{W}_{{T}_{k}}\left({{t}_{k}- {t}_{k}^{0}}\right)$
${W}_{Gi}$${W}_{C,}$ 分别为越限节点电压受目标函数内发电机无功功率松弛量影响权重以及受并联补偿设备组影响的权重;${W}_{{T}_{k}}$${U}_{i}$ 分别为越限节点电压受目标函数内有载调压器影响的权重以及越限节点的电压幅值平方;${\bar{V}}_{i}$${\underline{V}}_{i}$ 分别为电压幅值上限和下限;${e}_{i}$${f}_{i}$ 分别为电压相量实部与虚部;${P}_{Gi}$${Q}_{Gi}$ 分别为电源的有功注入和无功注入;${P}_{Li}$${Q}_{Li}$ 分别为配电网内的有功负荷和无功负荷;${P}_{si}$${Q}_{si}$ 分别为电源无功变化量以及安全区上限;${S}_{N}$ 为变压器额定容量;${P}_{ij}\left({e, f, U, C, t}\right)$${Q}_{ij}\left({e, f, U, C, t}\right)$ 为有功功率和无功功率与各参数间的函数关系[17]
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{P}_{i, a}- {P}_{i, n}= {P}_{i, p}\left({e, f, U, C, t}\right)= 0 & i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}- {Q}_{i, p}= {S}_{0}\left({e, f, U, C, t}\right)= 0 & i \in {S}_{N}\\{U}_{i, a}- {i}_{j}^{2}= {i}_{j}^{2}= 0 & i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, a}& i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, b}< {Q}_{i, c}< {Q}_{i, d}& i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, c}< {Q}_{i, d}& i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, b}< {Q}_{i, c}& i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, b}< {Q}_{i, c}& i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, c}< {Q}_{i, d}& i \in {S}_{N}\\{Q}_{i, a}< {Q}_{i, b}< {Q}_{i, c}& i \in {S}_{N}\end{array}\right.$
从上述公式可以看出, 所设计目标函数内全部平衡节点出力与含光伏电源配电网损耗相同。
综上所述, 根据最终优化模型, 实现了基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限的有效识别, 并对含光伏电源配电网电压越限情况进行有效调节。
为验证本文所研究基于调节函数的含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别方法调节电压越限的有效性, 选取某电力公司含光伏电源配电网作为实验对象, 利用 Matlab/Simulink 软件建立分布式含光伏电源配电网仿真模型, 该电力公司包含配电网电压等级为${10}\mathrm{{kV}}$${110}\mathrm{{kV}}$。线路中包含用户数量为 152 户,不同用户间配电距离平均为${860}\mathrm{\;m}$,配电网输电线路容量以及允许最高电压分别为${70}\mathrm{{kVA}}$ 以及${1.05}\times$ 额定电压。设置仿真软件中的采样周期以及仿真时间分别为${0.02}\mathrm{\;s}$ 以及${60}\mathrm{\;s}$,含光伏电源配电网内逆变器容量为${45}\mathrm{{kVA}}$,逆变器功率因素为 0.95。设用户负载为恒功率负载,各用户所消耗有功功率和无功功率分为$5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 以及$0\mathrm{\;{kW}}$
为验证 Matlab/Simulink 仿真软件所搭建含光伏电源配电网模型的描述能力, 统计采用本文方法所建立含光伏电源配电网与实际配电网运行的残差值和标准差值, 据此检验设计方法的误差情况和计算结果的离散程度, 均能反映设计方法对配电网仿真模型搭建的准确情况。将本文方法与柔性多状态开关方法(参考文献[6])以及深度强化学习方法 (参考文献[7]) 进行对比, 得到统计结果如图3 所示。
图3 的实例分析结果中可以看出, 采用本文方法建立含光伏电源配电网${30}\mathrm{\;s}$ 模拟时间内的拟合残差值均处于${2.654}- {5.653}\times {10}^{-3}$ 间,本文方法所搭建模型的拟合残差值明显低于另两种方法。由此可见, 本文方法所搭建配电网仿真模型具有较低的拟合残差, 有效验证了本文方法所建立的模型具有较高描述能力, 能够为后续电压越限识别提供有效的数据基础。
利用不同参数的标准差评价所建立模型的稳定性和集散性,其中,$e$ 为电子电荷量,${U}_{0}$ 为配电网输入电压,$U$ 为配电网输出电压,${Q}_{1}$ 为接入无功功率,$t$ 为进行电压越限识别调节的时间,$C$ 为无功调节设备成本。得到不同方法下的调节电压越限各参数的标准差值结果如图4 所示。
图4 的实验结果中可以看出, 采用本文方法识别电压越限各参数的标准差较低, 其识别电压越限各参数的标准差均低于 0.2, 表明采用本文方法进行电压越限抑制识别, 各参数均具有较高的稳定性。
统计实例分析研究区域于 2019 年 9 月 11 日电压越限情况, 采用本文方法针对以上情况实时制定调节策略,通过投入无功补偿器、调节 AVC 控制单元等策略调整含光伏电源配电网电压越限情况。统计采用本文方法识别该配电网电压越限情况获取的最终电压结果, 并将本文方法与柔性多状态开关方法以及深度强化学习方法对比,对比结果如表1 所示。
分析表1 结果可以看出, 采用本文方法识别含光伏电源配电网电压越限情况后,可将原本越限的电压全部调回至正常范围内;柔性多状态开关方法和深度强化学习方法识别含光伏电源配电网电压越限情况后,仅能够将 53.85%和 76.92%的电压越限情况调节至正常状态内。实验结果有效验证本文方法具有较高的电压越限识别性能, 将本文方法应用于含光伏电源配电网内, 可保持含光伏电源配电网稳定运行。
为进一步验证本文方法的电压越限识别优越性, 设定含光伏电源配电网系统的基准电压为${12.37}\mathrm{{kV}}$,基准容量为${10}\mathrm{{MV}}\cdot \mathrm{A}$,电压随机超限 10%以内,重复进行 10 次,统计采用本文方法和其他方法识别电压越限情况的调节性能, 对比结果如表2 所示。
根据表2 实例分析结果可以看出, 采用本文方法识别含光伏电源配电网电压越限, 其平均迭代次数、平均执行时间明显低于另两种方法;调节电压越限时所占用的计算机计算资源较低, 仅占用计算机内存 20.5%就可实现电压越限的成功识别。对比结果可以看出, 本文方法识别含光伏电源配电网电压越限具有较高的调节性能, 本文方法不仅可实现电压越限精准识别, 且对越限情况的调节性能高, 将其应用于含光伏电源配电网的实际应用中,具有较高的实用性。
电力行业迅速发展,受到众多领域研究学者的重视, 含光伏电源配电网的新能源供电方式已成为主流供电方式。分布式含光伏电源配电网运行过程中容易存在阻抗偏大等众多问题, 高效的电压越限识别方法具有较高的必要性。将调节函数应用于含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别中, 通过实例分析验
证该方法识别含光伏电源配电网电压越限具有较高的有效性, 将该方法应用于含光伏电源配电网电压越限识别可有效促进含光伏电源配电网进一步发展。
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2024年第22卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.196
  • 接收时间:2021-03-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-23
  • 修回日期:2021-06-08
  • 录用日期:2021-06-08
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    1 国网安徽省电力有限公司 合肥 230022
    2 国网安徽省电力有限公司淮北供电公司 淮北 230000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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