Article(id=1154040956232917269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.32, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1614182400000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-25, revisedDate=1617120000000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-31, acceptedDate=1617811200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-04-08, onlineDate=1753074405009, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074405009, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074405009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074405009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040956706873622, articleId=1154040956232917269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Hybrid Phase Shift Modulation Scheme for Dual Active Bridge Bidirectional DC/DC Converter, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the modulation scheme for a dual active bridge (DAB) bidirectional DC/DC converter is studied. The main advantage of the DAB converter is that it has characteristics such as symmetrical structure, bidirectional power flow capability, wide soft switching range and flexible control capability. The simplest way to control this topology is to control the direction and magnitude of power transmission by adjusting the phase shift angle between the primary and secondary bridges. However, when the input or output voltage of the converter varies widely, a large amount of reactive power will be generated under light load conditions. Meanwhile, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation of part of switches cannot be maintained, which directly leads to a low conversion efficiency. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of the DAB converter, a hybrid phase shift modulation (PSM) scheme is proposed, which can reduce the inductor root-mean-square (RMS) current and extend the soft switching range on the basis of keeping the control simple, thereby improving the performance of the converter. First, by making the controllable variables in the extended phase shift(EPS), dual phase shift (DPS) and triple phase shift (TPS) modulation schemes equal, four different PSM schemes are obtained. Then, the steady-state characteristics of these modulation schemes are compared and analyzed, including their transmission power capacity, inductor current level and soft switching performance. On this basis, a hybrid PSM scheme is formulated. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed modulation scheme.

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对双主动全桥 DAB(dual active bridge)双向 DC/DC变换器的调制方案进行了研究,DAB 变换器的主要优势在于具有对称结构、双向潮流能力、宽软开关区域和灵活的控制能力等特点。控制这种拓扑结构最简单的方法是通过控制变换器原副边全桥之间的移相角来控制功率传输的方向和大小。然而在轻载条件下,当变换器的输入或输出电压变化较大时,会产生大量的无功功率,同时部分开关管的零电压开关ZVS(zero voltage switching)操作会丢失而直接导致转换效率变低。因此,为了提高 DAB 变换器的效率,提出了一种混合单移相调制 PSM(phase shift modulation)方案,在保持控制简单的基础上,通过减小电感电流有效值,扩大软开关的范围,提高了变换器的效率。首先,通过让拓展移相 EPS(extended phase shift)、双移相 DPS(dual phase shift)以及三移相 TPS(triple phase shift)调制方案中的可控变量相等,从而形成了4种不同的PSM方案。接着,对这些调制方案进行了稳态特征的比较分析,包括传输功率容量、电感电流水平以及软开关性能等。在此基础上,提出了一种混合PSM 方案。最后,通过搭建实验平台验证了所提出调制方案的有效性和正确性。

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李宇(1985-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析,电网工程项目的建设管理以及变换器的优化设计、拓扑的优化与控制等。E-mail:410034386@126.com。

张鑫蕊(1993-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:变换器的设计、换流站运行维护,电网的稳定运行分析,多电平、新颖PWM控制,SiC、GaN 器件、新型功率器件及其应用。E-mail: xinrui_zhang0104@163.com。

稅朝会(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 472294035@qq.com。

黄剑琪(1983-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 158790457@qq.com。

龙鹏(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 395168935@qq.com。

张津华(1990-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 327850144@qq.com。

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李宇(1985-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析,电网工程项目的建设管理以及变换器的优化设计、拓扑的优化与控制等。E-mail:410034386@126.com。

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李宇(1985-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析,电网工程项目的建设管理以及变换器的优化设计、拓扑的优化与控制等。E-mail:410034386@126.com。

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张鑫蕊(1993-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:变换器的设计、换流站运行维护,电网的稳定运行分析,多电平、新颖PWM控制,SiC、GaN 器件、新型功率器件及其应用。E-mail: xinrui_zhang0104@163.com。

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张鑫蕊(1993-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:变换器的设计、换流站运行维护,电网的稳定运行分析,多电平、新颖PWM控制,SiC、GaN 器件、新型功率器件及其应用。E-mail: xinrui_zhang0104@163.com。

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稅朝会(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 472294035@qq.com。

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稅朝会(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 472294035@qq.com。

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黄剑琪(1983-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 158790457@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

黄剑琪(1983-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 158790457@qq.com。

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龙鹏(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 395168935@qq.com。

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龙鹏(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 395168935@qq.com。

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张津华(1990-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 327850144@qq.com。

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张津华(1990-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 327850144@qq.com。

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Fast transient current control for isolated dual-active-bridge DC-DC converters with three control variables[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2019. 17(4): 10-15 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Fast transient current control for isolated dual-active-bridge DC-DC converters with three control variables, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154041028874068896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154041028882457505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, companyId=1154041028874068896, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Guizhou Wanfeng Electric Power Co., Ltd Xingyi 562400 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154041028886651810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, companyId=1154041028874068896, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 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caption=Topology of DAB converter, figureFileSmall=S9ALVO3UNtGFUarl2bK9iQ==, figureFileBig=7PMUkyMECArVKya01pCXvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041032787353616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=CN, label=图1, caption=DAB 变换器的拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=S9ALVO3UNtGFUarl2bK9iQ==, figureFileBig=7PMUkyMECArVKya01pCXvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041032854462482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Typical waveform under TPS modulation scheme, figureFileSmall=+43h8XWZyedAILwuQscLxA==, figureFileBig=Mf6ewez81Cu4srHR5J7DLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041032908988436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TPS 调制方案下的典型波形, figureFileSmall=+43h8XWZyedAILwuQscLxA==, figureFileBig=Mf6ewez81Cu4srHR5J7DLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041033009651734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of transmission capacity among different PSM modulation schemes, figureFileSmall=ZUEMClX2ZCqBY9Urz98dpg==, figureFileBig=ZxKvPWzljHchvQEt5FGiOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041033089343512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同 PSM 调制方案传输容量的比较, figureFileSmall=ZUEMClX2ZCqBY9Urz98dpg==, figureFileBig=ZxKvPWzljHchvQEt5FGiOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041033148063771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of inductor RMS current among different PSM modulation schemes, figureFileSmall=T2xDgd2bml0kL8JRr730RQ==, figureFileBig=mtY7ZDQUxSRvbC3OniUKXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041033219366941, 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ArticleFig(id=1154041033835929649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同调制方案的效率比较, figureFileSmall=I12slZHUQWm/7/4WCyyW7Q==, figureFileBig=AEXB4fCgNHXcNacrZ6yw+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041033894649906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Technical parameters of DAB converter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压${V}_{1}/\mathrm{V}$ 380
输出电压${V}_{2}/\mathrm{V}$ 95~200
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 50
电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 210
变压器变比$N$ 2:1
), ArticleFig(id=1154041033949175859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956232917269, language=CN, label=表1, caption=DAB 变换器的技术参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压${V}_{1}/\mathrm{V}$ 380
输出电压${V}_{2}/\mathrm{V}$ 95~200
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 50
电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 210
变压器变比$N$ 2:1
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基于双主动全桥双向 DC/DC变换器的混合单移相调制方案
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李宇 1 , 张鑫蕊 2 , 稅朝会 1 , 黄剑琪 1 , 龙鹏 1 , 张津华 1
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(1): 32-40
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(1): 32-40
基于双主动全桥双向 DC/DC变换器的混合单移相调制方案
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李宇1 , 张鑫蕊2 , 稅朝会1 , 黄剑琪1 , 龙鹏1 , 张津华1
作者信息
  • 1 贵州万峰电力股份有限公司 兴义 562400
  • 2 国网湖北直流运检公司 宜昌 443000
  • 李宇(1985-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析,电网工程项目的建设管理以及变换器的优化设计、拓扑的优化与控制等。E-mail:410034386@126.com。

    张鑫蕊(1993-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:变换器的设计、换流站运行维护,电网的稳定运行分析,多电平、新颖PWM控制,SiC、GaN 器件、新型功率器件及其应用。E-mail: xinrui_zhang0104@163.com。

    稅朝会(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 472294035@qq.com。

    黄剑琪(1983-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 158790457@qq.com。

    龙鹏(1984-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 395168935@qq.com。

    张津华(1990-),男,本科,技工。研究方向:电力系统规划与可靠性分析等。E-mail: 327850144@qq.com。

Hybrid Phase Shift Modulation Scheme for Dual Active Bridge Bidirectional DC/DC Converter
Yu LI1 , Xinrui ZHANG2 , Chaohui SHUI1 , Jianqi HUANG1 , Peng LONG1 , Jinhua ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Guizhou Wanfeng Electric Power Co., Ltd Xingyi 562400 China
  • 2 State Grid Hubei DC Transportation Inspection Company Yichang 443000 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.32
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对双主动全桥 DAB(dual active bridge)双向 DC/DC变换器的调制方案进行了研究,DAB 变换器的主要优势在于具有对称结构、双向潮流能力、宽软开关区域和灵活的控制能力等特点。控制这种拓扑结构最简单的方法是通过控制变换器原副边全桥之间的移相角来控制功率传输的方向和大小。然而在轻载条件下,当变换器的输入或输出电压变化较大时,会产生大量的无功功率,同时部分开关管的零电压开关ZVS(zero voltage switching)操作会丢失而直接导致转换效率变低。因此,为了提高 DAB 变换器的效率,提出了一种混合单移相调制 PSM(phase shift modulation)方案,在保持控制简单的基础上,通过减小电感电流有效值,扩大软开关的范围,提高了变换器的效率。首先,通过让拓展移相 EPS(extended phase shift)、双移相 DPS(dual phase shift)以及三移相 TPS(triple phase shift)调制方案中的可控变量相等,从而形成了4种不同的PSM方案。接着,对这些调制方案进行了稳态特征的比较分析,包括传输功率容量、电感电流水平以及软开关性能等。在此基础上,提出了一种混合PSM 方案。最后,通过搭建实验平台验证了所提出调制方案的有效性和正确性。

双主动全桥变换器  /  软开关特性  /  电感电流有效值  /  单移相调制方案

In this paper, the modulation scheme for a dual active bridge (DAB) bidirectional DC/DC converter is studied. The main advantage of the DAB converter is that it has characteristics such as symmetrical structure, bidirectional power flow capability, wide soft switching range and flexible control capability. The simplest way to control this topology is to control the direction and magnitude of power transmission by adjusting the phase shift angle between the primary and secondary bridges. However, when the input or output voltage of the converter varies widely, a large amount of reactive power will be generated under light load conditions. Meanwhile, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation of part of switches cannot be maintained, which directly leads to a low conversion efficiency. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of the DAB converter, a hybrid phase shift modulation (PSM) scheme is proposed, which can reduce the inductor root-mean-square (RMS) current and extend the soft switching range on the basis of keeping the control simple, thereby improving the performance of the converter. First, by making the controllable variables in the extended phase shift(EPS), dual phase shift (DPS) and triple phase shift (TPS) modulation schemes equal, four different PSM schemes are obtained. Then, the steady-state characteristics of these modulation schemes are compared and analyzed, including their transmission power capacity, inductor current level and soft switching performance. On this basis, a hybrid PSM scheme is formulated. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed modulation scheme.

Dual active bridge(DAB) converter  /  soft switching characteristics  /  inductor root-mean-square (RMS) current  /  phase shift modulation (PSM) scheme
李宇, 张鑫蕊, 稅朝会, 黄剑琪, 龙鹏, 张津华. 基于双主动全桥双向 DC/DC变换器的混合单移相调制方案. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 32 -40 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.32
Yu LI, Xinrui ZHANG, Chaohui SHUI, Jianqi HUANG, Peng LONG, Jinhua ZHANG. Hybrid Phase Shift Modulation Scheme for Dual Active Bridge Bidirectional DC/DC Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 32 -40 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.32
双主动全桥 DAB(dual active bridge)双向 DC/ DC 变换器由于其具有如对称结构、双向潮流能力、 宽软开关区域和灵活的控制能力等优点, 被认为是隔离型双向 DC-DC 变换器的核心拓扑[1]。同时,随着宽带隙半导体器件如$\mathrm{{GaN}}\text{、}\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 等的出现和磁性材料的发展, DAB 变换器已广泛应用于电力电子变压器 PET(power electronics transformer)[2-3] 、电动汽车 EV (electric vehicle)[4] 和储能系统 ESS (energy storage system)[5] 等领域。因此, DAB 变换器有着广阔的应用场景。
控制 DAB 变换器最简单的方法是单移相调制 PSM(phase shift modulation) 方案, 其通过控制变换器原副边全桥之间的移相角来控制功率传输的方向和大小, 这里定义这个移相角为外部移相角。然而在轻载条件下, 当变换器的输入或输出电压变化较大时, 会产生大量的无功功率, 同时部分开关管的零电压开关 ZVS(zero voltage switching) 操作会丢失而直接导致转换效率变低[5]。为了克服 PSM 方案的不足,很多学者开发了不同的优化调制方案, 如扩展相移 EPS(extended phase shift)调制方案[6-7] 、 双相移 DPS(dual phase shift)调制方案[8] 、三重相移 TPS(triple phase shift)调制方案[9-16] 等,其中 EPS 调制方案和 DPS 调制方案含有 2 个控制变量, TPS 含有 3 个控制变量。除了外部相移角, 对于 EPS 调制方案, 2 个全桥中其中一个全桥内部还存在移相角; 而 DPS 调制方案, 2 个全桥内部存在相等的移相角; 在 TPS 调制方案中, 2 个全桥内部存在不相等的移相角。采用这些优化调制方案, DAB 变换器实现了较低的电流应力和较宽的软开关范围, 从而提高了整体效率。然而, 控制自由度的增加使得这些优化方案的实现变得更加复杂, 要很好地应用在工程实际中还有很长的路要走。因此, 为了提高变换器的效率, 同时保留控制的简单性, 有必要探索其他方案。
基于此, 本文在文献[3]的基础上, 提出一种混合 PSM 方案。其主要思想是让 EPS、DPS 以及 TPS 调制方案中的所有控制变量相等, 从而形成 4 种不同的 PSM 方案,即 PSM - I、PSM - II、PSM - III、PSM - IV 方案。接着, 比较这些调制方案的稳态特征, 主要包括传输功率容量、均方根电流和软开关性能等。由于这些调制方案在不同的特性上表现出不同的稳态特征,所以为在整个负载范围内提出控制简单、 更为合理有效的调制方案, 对这些 PSM 方案进行一定程度的混合, 进而提出混合 PSM 方案。
DAB 转换器的拓扑结构如图1 所示, 它由 2 个全桥${\mathrm{H}}_{1}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 、 2 个直流电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 、一个电感器$L$ 和一个高频变压器$\mathrm{T}$ 组成。该变换器通过调制 2 个全桥上的开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 从而产生高频交流电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$,然后叠加在电感器$L$ 上进行能量的传输。其中,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 用于滤波和稳定端口电压,变压器$\mathrm{T}$ 的主要作用是电气隔离和电压匹配,${V}_{1}$ 为原边侧输入电压,${V}_{2}$ 为副边侧输入电压,高频变压器匝数比定义为$N : 1,{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关频率,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关周期,$\omega$ 为开关角频率,电压增益定义为$M = N{V}_{2}/{V}_{1}$
DAB 转换器可以实现双向功率传输, 当功率从端口 1 传输到端口 2 时, 定义为正向模式; 当电源从端口 2 传输到端口 1 时, 定义为反向模式; 由于这 2 种模式分析方法类似, 本文只讨论正向模式。 在分析之前, 这里对 DAB 变换器进行了理想化, 主要包括以下 3 点:①变换器工作在稳定状态;②所有开关都是理想的;③变压器是具有无限磁化电感的理想变压器。
TPS 调制方案作为目前最广义的调制方案, 其典型的波形如图2 所示。在图2 中展示了变换器原副边开关管的开关时序、原副边的电压波形等。TPS 调制方案下,所有开关管都是以 50%的占空比开通和关断, 且不同桥臂之间开关管的开通时序不同, 从而形成了不同的控制变量。例如:在原边侧全桥${\mathrm{H}}_{1}$ 中,超前桥臂中开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 和滞后桥臂中的开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 之间的移相形成了变量${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$; 副边侧全桥${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 中, 开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 和开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 之间的移相形成了变量${D}_{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$; 变换器原副边电压波形高电平的中心之间的移相形成了变量${D}_{0}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,这些变量的大小共同决定了传输功率的大小, 同时形成了不同的稳态特征。所以探究这些变量如何影响传输功率和稳态特征非常有必要。对变换器建模分析是理解和量化控制变量与稳态特征之间关系的一种很好的方式, 下面通过建模具体分析。
由于可调控变量比较多,该调制方案的系统模型随着时间段及工作状态的不同会变得相对复杂。 所以, 为了建立比较简单通用的模型, 采用时域分析方法对其稳态建模不再合适。为了得到更加简单的模型, 本文基于傅里叶级数展开建立了一个开关周期内的统一模型[9]。首先,以开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 导通时刻之前的${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}/2$ 为零时刻点, DAB 变换器中变压器的原、副边侧电压可以通过傅里叶级数分解得到,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{4{V}_{1}}{n\pi }\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{1}\pi }{2}\right)\sin \left({n\omega t}\right)\\{v}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{{4N}{V}_{2}}{n\pi }\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{2}\pi }{2}\right)\sin \left\lbrack {n\left({{\omega t}- {D}_{0}\pi }\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
考虑到 DAB 变换器的电流在一个开关周期内的对称性, 同时依据式 (1) 可以得到电感的表达式为
${i}_{\mathrm{L}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{4}{{n}^{2}{\pi \omega L}}.\\\sqrt{{A}^{2}\left( n\right)+ {B}^{2}\left( n\right)}\sin \left({{n\omega t}+ \arctan \frac{A\left( n\right)}{B\left( n\right)}}\right)$
$\left\{\begin{matrix} A\left( n\right)= N{V}_{2}\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{2}\pi }{2}\right)\cos \left({n{D}_{0}\pi }\right)- \\{V}_{1}\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{1}\pi }{2}\right)\\ B\left( n\right)= N{V}_{2}\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{2}\pi }{2}\right)\sin \left({n{D}_{0}\pi }\right)\end{matrix}\right.$
进一步,可以得到电感电流有效值${I}_{\mathrm{{Lms}}}$ 的表达式为
${I}_{\text{Lrms }}= \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\pi \omega L}.\\\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\cdots }}^{\infty }{\left\{\frac{1}{{n}^{2}}\sqrt{{A}^{2}\left( n\right)+ {B}^{2}\left( n\right)}\right\}}^{2}}$
则 DAB 变换器在一个开关周期内的平均功率为
$ P =\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}{v}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\mathrm{d}t =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{{8N}{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{{n}^{3}{\pi }^{2}{\omega L}}\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{2}\pi }{2}\right). \\\cos \left({n{D}_{0}\pi }\right)\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{1}\pi }{2}\right)$
这样就对 TPS 调制方案下 DAB 变换器的统一模型求解完整了, 其具体的求解过程可以参考文献[9]。从式(1)~式(5)可以看出,通过基波分量和各个高次谐波分量可以对电压、电流以及传输功率等稳态特征进行统一表示。如前所示, PSM、EPS 以及 DPS 调制方案都是 TPS 调制方案的特殊形式,例如当${D}_{1}= {D}_{2}= 0$ 时, TPS 调制方案就是 PSM 调制方案; 当${D}_{1}= 0$ 或者${D}_{2}= 0$ 时, TPS 调制方案就是 EPS调制方案; 当${D}_{1}= {D}_{2}$ 时, TPS 调制方案就是 DPS 调制方案。为了保持 PSM 调制方案的简单性, 在 EPS、DPS 以及 TPS 中, 让各个控制变量相等就可以得到不同的 PSM 方案。
(1)当${D}_{1}= {D}_{2}= 0$ 时,控制变量为${D}_{0}$,这种调制方案就是传统的 PSM 调制方案, 本文将其定义为 PSM - I ;
(2)当${D}_{2}= 0$ 时,控制变量为${D}_{1}= {D}_{0}$,这种调制方案定义为 PSM - II ;
(3)当${D}_{1}= 0$ 时,控制变量为${D}_{2}= {D}_{0}$,这种调制方案定义为 PSM-III ;
(4)当控制变量为${D}_{1}= {D}_{2}= {D}_{0}$ 时,这种调制方案定义为 PSM-IV。
很显然, 前面求解的统一模型适合这 4 种 PSM 方案。由于 PSM 只要一个控制变量, 不存在优化概念, 所以通过频域分析对其建立统一的模型即可。本文依据上述统一模型对这几种 PSM 方案从传输功率容量、均方根电流和软开关性能等方面展开讨论。
本节主要对不同 PSM 调制方案的一些稳态特征进行比较, 主要包括传输功率容量、均方根电流和软开关性能等方面。
传输功率容量是变换器最基本的一个特征,其大小直接决定了变换器是否适应某个应用场景。首先选择传输功率的基准值为${P}_{\mathrm{N}}= k{V}_{1}{V}_{2}/\left({4\pi L\omega }\right)$,对传输功率进行标幺化, 可以得到
$ P =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{32}{{n}^{3}{\pi }^{3}}\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{2}\pi }{2}\right)\cos \left({n{D}_{0}\pi }\right). \\\cos \left(\frac{n{D}_{1}\pi }{2}\right)$
把不同 PSM 调制方案的约束条件代入式(6) 中, 可以得到不同 PSM 调制方案的传输功率容量, 如图3 所示。
图3 可以看出, PSM - I 方案具有最大的传输能力, 传输功率标幺值的最大值达到 1, 并且传输范围相对于 0.25 是对称的。PSM- II 方案和 PSM- III 方案的传输容量为 PSM - I 调制方案的 0.8 左右, 而 PSM-IV 方案的传输容量最小。
DAB 变换器的损耗主要包括半导体器件的开关损耗和导通损耗、磁性元件的导通损耗和铁芯损耗。为了探讨这些调制方案在导通损耗之间的差异, 可以比较和导通损耗成正比的电感电流有效值。为了考察开关损耗之间的差异, 可以比较不同调制方案之间实现零电压开通的情况。对于铁芯损耗, 当电压确定后, 本文就假定该损耗不再改变。另外, 为了更加详细地进行比较,表1 给出了 DAB 变换器的主要技术参数。
依据变换器传输功率的表达式, 4 种 PSM 方案在${V}_{2}= {95}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时能够传输的功率分别为 859、687、 687、573 W;而当 4 种 PSM 方案在${V}_{2}= {152}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时能够传输的功率分别为1375、1100、1100、${916}\mathrm{\;W}$。 由于变换器设定功率的最大传输功率为${850}\mathrm{\;W}$,很明显如果单纯只采用 PSM-II、PSM-III 以及 PSM-IV 方案是无法满足功能要求的。
下面对电感电流有效值进行比较,图4 给出了 DAB 变换器在$M ={0.5}$$M ={0.8}$ 时的电感电流 RMS 比较情况,也就是输入${V}_{1}= {380}\mathrm{\;V}$,输出电压分别对应${V}_{2}= {95}\mathrm{\;V}$${V}_{2}= {152}\mathrm{\;V}$图4(a)$M ={0.5}$ 的情况, 从图4(a) 中可以看出 PSM - II 方案得到的电感电流有效值最小, 其次是 PSM-IV 和 PSM- I 方案, 当传输功率越来越大时, PSM-IV方案的表现没有 PSM - I 方案好。相比较之下, 最差的就是 PSM - III 方案, 在整个负载范围内其得到的电感电流有效值基本都是最大的。图4(b)$M ={0.8}$ 的情况,4 种调制方案得到的电流水平基本差不太多, 尤其是在轻载的情况下。但整体而言,其规律和$M ={0.5}$ 类似,依旧是 PSM - II 方案得到的电感电流有效值保持最小。从而得出的结论:随着$M$ 越偏离 1, PSM - II 方案的优势越明显,其次是 PSM - I 方案。
实现零电压开通以减少开关损耗, 特别是对于 MOSFET 开关管而言至关重要。要想实现零电压开通的基本条件有 2 个: ①必要条件, 在开关导通之前, 电感器电流需要流经开关的体二极管, 也就是电流的方向需要得到满足;②充分条件,存储在电感器中的能量应大于变换器桥臂上下开关寄生电容中存储的总能量。为了简化分析, 本文只用必要条件来评价不同 PSM 方案实现软开关的范围。将表1 的技术参数代入式 (2)得到的电感电流表达式进行多次叠加, 可以得到不同开关管实现软开关的情况, 如图5 所示。
图5 中阴影区域表示开关管实现了软开关, 而其他区域表示开关管要么无法实现零电压开通, 要么不具备传输功率的能力, 其具体情况已经在图5 中进行了标注。无论是哪种 PSM 方案, 它们的原边侧开关管都能够很好地实现软开关, 所以重点比较副边侧开关管的情况。图5(a)表示 PSM - I 方案开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{5}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 实现软开关的情况,图5(b)表示 PSM-II 方案开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{5}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 实现软开关的情况,可以看出 PSM - I 方案实现软开关范围比 PSM - I 方案稍微宽一点。图5(c)表示 PSM-III 方案开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 实现软开关的情况,而开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{\;S}}_{8}$ 在整个负载范围内都不能够实现软开关。图5(d)表示 PSM-IV 方案开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 实现软开关的情况,而开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 在整个负载范围内同样都不能实现软开关。从图5 中可以看出, 在 PSM - II 和 PSM - IV方案下, 虽然开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 实现软开关范围要比 PSM - II 和 PSM - I 方案宽,但由于开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 在整个负载范围内都不能够实现软开关。所以, 相比较而言, PSM - II 方案在整个负载范围内的软开关范围最宽。
通过以上比较分析可知, 从传输功率的角度, PSM - I 方案的范围最宽,其次是 PSM - II 和 PSM - III 方案; 从电感电流有效值的角度, PSM - II 在整个负载范围内表现最小,其次是 PSM-I 方案;从软开关范围的角度, PSM - II 方案实现零电压开通的开关管范围更广,其次是 PSM - I 方案。所以基于此,为了提高变换器的变换效率, 本文提出了混合 PSM 方案, 具体为低功率段为 PSM - II 方案, 高功率段为 PSM - I 方案, 这样得到的调制方案就可以覆盖整个功率范围。值得注意的是, 高低功率的分解段为 PSM - II 方案能够传输的最大传输范围。综上, 所提出的混合 PSM 方案相比传统 PSM 方案而言, 减小了电感电流有效值, 拓展了实现软开关的范围, 从而提高了变换器的效率。与目前比较典型的优化调制策略相比,本文所提调制策略仅仅只有一个调制变量, 实现起来更加简单,可以更好地应用在工业领域中。
为了验证 2.4 节提出的混合 PSM 方案, 本文搭建了 DAB 变换器的实验样机。实验样机的相关技术参数如表1 所示。另外, 磁芯材料的设计采用了 PC90 的材质, 这样可以使得变换器工作在更大的磁通密度下,不容易饱和。其样机如图6 所示。
图7 给出了 DAB 变换器在${V}_{2}= {95}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时混合调制方案的稳态波形。在该情况下, 混合调制方案中从 PSM-Ⅱ方案切换到 PSM-Ⅰ 方案的功率点为$P =$ ${687}\mathrm{\;W}$
图7(a)$P ={200}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时变换器的稳态波形, 从图中可以看出, 该调制方案为 PSM - II 方案, 变压器原边侧的波形为三电平波形, 副边侧为方波,其原边侧零电平的电平宽度和外部移相角相等。图7(b)$P ={500}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时变换器的情况,可以看出混合调制在该情况下也为 PSM- II 方案。结合图7(a) 和 (b) 可以看出, 随着传输功率的增大, 控制变量也增大。图7(c)$P ={800}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时变换器的稳态波形,可以看出混合调制在该情况下为 PSM- I 方案, 变压器原副边的波形都为方波, 它们之间存在移相角来调节传输功率的大小和方向。通过以上结果验证了混合 PSM 方案的可行性。
图8 给出了 DAB 变换器在${V}_{2}= {95}\mathrm{\;V}\text{、}P ={400}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时不同调制方案下的稳态波形。首先, 通过测试 PSM - I 、PSM - II 、PSM - III 、PSM - IV 调制方案的电感电流有效值分别为 3.12, 3.01, 3.18 和 3.08 A. 而对应其理论值为${3.08}\text{、}{2.98}\text{、}{3.16}$${3.05}\mathrm{\;A}$,可以发现测试结果基本和理论保持一致。另外, 从图8 中可以看出, 4 种 PSM 方案中变换器原边侧都可以实现零电压开通, 而副边侧的波形由于电感电流方向不满足, 开关管都不能够实现零电压开通。
最后,图9 给出了混合 PSM 方案和各个不同 PSM 方案效率的对比。图9(a)${V}_{2}= {95}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时各个调制方案效率的对比,从图中可以看出,在$0 \sim {687}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时混合 PSM 方案采用的是 PSM-II 方案, 在 687~859 W 时变换器采用的是 PSM- I 方案, 而整个负载范围内混合 PSM 调制方案的效率最高。图9(b)给出了${V}_{2}=$ ${152}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时各个调制方案效率的对比,从图中可以看出,整个负载范围内都采用 PSM-II 方案,而且其效率表现最好。综上所述,本文所提出的混合 PSM 方案, 提高了变换器的效率, 同时还保留了控制的简单性, 可以更好地应用在工程实际中。
本文提出了一种混合单移相调制方案, 在不增加控制复杂程度的基础上, 减小了电感电流有效值, 扩大了实现软开关的范围, 从而提高了变换器的效率。首先,在 EPS、DPS 以及 TPS 调制方案的基础上让各个控制变量相等, 从而形成了不同的 PSM 方案。接着, 利用 TPS 调制方案的统一模型对这些 PSM 方案从传输功率容量、电感电流有效值以及软开关范围等不同角度进行了比较, 结果为 PSM- I 方案的传输功率容量最大, 而 PSM-II 方案的软开关范围更宽,电感电流有效值更小。基于此,本文把 PSM - I 方案和 PSM - II 方案进行了结合, 形成了一种新的混合单移相调制方案, 使得整个负载范围内变换器的稳态特性更加优秀。最后通过实验验证了混合 PSM 方案的优越性。
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2024年第22卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.32
  • 接收时间:2021-02-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-02-25
  • 修回日期:2021-03-31
  • 录用日期:2021-04-08
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    1 贵州万峰电力股份有限公司 兴义 562400
    2 国网湖北直流运检公司 宜昌 443000
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