Article(id=1154040955586994451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.22, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1610208000000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-10, revisedDate=1615824000000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-16, acceptedDate=1618156800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-04-12, onlineDate=1753074404856, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074404856, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074404856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074404856, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040956140642580, articleId=1154040955586994451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Bidirectional Magnetic Feedback Circuit for DC/DC Converter, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the particularity of an isolated DC/DC converter when it is applied in a space radiation environment, the isolated magnetic feedback circuit is usually used to improve the feedback accuracy and stability. The working principles for several commonly used amplitude modulation magnetic feedback circuits are introduced, and a forward-flyback amplitude modulation bidirectional magnetic feedback circuit is introduced and optimized to solve the problem of the need for an additional secondary power supply voltage. Under the premise of realizing the same function, a two-winding transformer is used to replace the three-winding transformer, which effectively reduces the volume of the magnetic core and simplifies the circuit structure. The working principle for the circuit and the design method for a pulse sampling circuit and a magnetic feedback transformer are analyzed in detail. In addition, based on the magnetic feedback circuit, a DC/DC converter prototype with 100 W output was built. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed isolated magnetic feedback circuit, providing a theoretical guidance for engineering design.

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针对隔离式DC/DC变换器空间辐射应用的特殊性,为了提高反馈精度和稳定性,一般采用磁隔离反馈电路。介绍了几种常用的幅值调节磁反馈电路工作原理,针对其存在的需要额外的次级供电电压问题,引入正反激式幅值调节双向磁反馈电路,并对该电路进行改进,在实现相同功能的前提下,以双绕组变压器替代三绕组变压器,有效减小了磁芯体积,简化了电路结构。详细分析了该电路的工作原理、脉冲采样电路和磁反馈变压器设计方法,并以该种磁反馈电路为基础,搭建了一台100W输出DC/DC变换器实验样机,仿真和实验结果证明了该磁隔离反馈电路的有效性,并为工程设计提供了理论指导。

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高东辉(1990-),男,通信作者,中国电源学会会员,硕士,工程师。研究方向:开关电源及混合集成电路设计。E-mail:gdh0824@126.com。

贺啟峰(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:a9661355@163.com。

蔡可红(1980-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:ckhxz@163.com。

徐成宝(1966-),男,本科,研究员级高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:Xucb2008@163.com。

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高东辉(1990-),男,通信作者,中国电源学会会员,硕士,工程师。研究方向:开关电源及混合集成电路设计。E-mail:gdh0824@126.com。

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高东辉(1990-),男,通信作者,中国电源学会会员,硕士,工程师。研究方向:开关电源及混合集成电路设计。E-mail:gdh0824@126.com。

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贺啟峰(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:a9661355@163.com。

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蔡可红(1980-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:ckhxz@163.com。

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蔡可红(1980-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:ckhxz@163.com。

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徐成宝(1966-),男,本科,研究员级高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:Xucb2008@163.com。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009. 24(2): 426-433., articleTitle=Analysis and design optimization of magnetic feedback control using amplitude modulation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154041050680254917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154041050684449222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, companyId=1154041050680254917, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The 43rd Research Institute of CETC Hefei 230088 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154041050692837831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, companyId=1154041050680254917, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国电子科技集团公司第四十三研究所 合肥 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articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Structure of simplified forward-flyback bidirectional magnetic feedback circuit, figureFileSmall=/73+XDQiq9fK6igTXFBmWg==, figureFileBig=GGZz+X1x7di1OeNM5QKxyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053331055140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图4, caption=简化的正-反激式双向磁反馈电路结构, figureFileSmall=/73+XDQiq9fK6igTXFBmWg==, figureFileBig=GGZz+X1x7di1OeNM5QKxyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053402358310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of secondary key voltage and current waveforms between two circuit structures, figureFileSmall=OgG7+/n83CfOf9eWovcZHA==, figureFileBig=np2KyzYMc+B07xNZXd/Vyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053473661480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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feedback circuit, figureFileSmall=UjG5Xn/tnuSo2xg4Ji51RA==, figureFileBig=4sXjqPI0I0Y/439dXcFcaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053758874159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图7, caption=磁反馈电路关键点仿真波形, figureFileSmall=UjG5Xn/tnuSo2xg4Ji51RA==, figureFileBig=4sXjqPI0I0Y/439dXcFcaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053851148847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Working circuit in different modes, figureFileSmall=6hhta0bVlwdgSb12c0DgWg==, figureFileBig=y+iji2Fh1RcLhD33/LkOcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053922452017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同阶段的工作电路, figureFileSmall=6hhta0bVlwdgSb12c0DgWg==, figureFileBig=y+iji2Fh1RcLhD33/LkOcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041053976977970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Equivalent circuit of pulse sampling circuit when ${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ is at low level, figureFileSmall=cw+1IMvZ75VNHWqA2DYaHA==, figureFileBig=xeLYCiaB+h/xZlawStl8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054044086836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图9, caption=${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 为低电平时脉冲采样电路等效电路, figureFileSmall=cw+1IMvZ75VNHWqA2DYaHA==, figureFileBig=xeLYCiaB+h/xZlawStl8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054119584310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Key simulation waveforms of pulse sampling circuit in constant-current mode, figureFileSmall=3kKDbbds7vkYkQIhL3Annw==, figureFileBig=9EPh8ZSKuBcBpMiTN+8xuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054195081784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图10, caption=恒流模式下脉冲采样电路关键点仿真波形, figureFileSmall=3kKDbbds7vkYkQIhL3Annw==, figureFileBig=9EPh8ZSKuBcBpMiTN+8xuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054257996346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Key simulation waveforms of pulse sampling circuit in constant-voltage mode, figureFileSmall=EEOZt4K//FL3apLy5yAqEA==, figureFileBig=ZRRCIZtAkibAosK6iYFTHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054316716603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图11, caption=恒压模式下脉冲采样电路关键点仿真波形, figureFileSmall=EEOZt4K//FL3apLy5yAqEA==, figureFileBig=ZRRCIZtAkibAosK6iYFTHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054379631164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Simulation waveforms of magnetic feedback transformer during switching between light and heavy loads, figureFileSmall=iTrePyNL7gd2IuF0wTrcNA==, figureFileBig=5Kl/6Itcch5aplSRtgzN6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054425768509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图12, caption=轻载-重载切换时磁反馈变压器仿真波形, figureFileSmall=iTrePyNL7gd2IuF0wTrcNA==, figureFileBig=5Kl/6Itcch5aplSRtgzN6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054497071679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Key working waveforms of magnetic feedback circuit under no-load and full-load conditions, figureFileSmall=2i+lHNxWQDDXeuuM1rv/jw==, figureFileBig=Gva0cNKiU41XH+8+NezvWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054547403329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图13, caption=空载和满载状态时磁反馈电路关键工作波形, figureFileSmall=2i+lHNxWQDDXeuuM1rv/jw==, figureFileBig=Gva0cNKiU41XH+8+NezvWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054601929283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Comparison of working waveforms between ${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }$ under no-load and full-load conditions, figureFileSmall=YLqMlCO5F3DZb6PiTTEhGA==, figureFileBig=BaSKoNWaxqNesn2QE2g/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054669038149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图14, caption=空载和满载状态时 ${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 和 ${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }$ 工作波形对比, figureFileSmall=YLqMlCO5F3DZb6PiTTEhGA==, figureFileBig=BaSKoNWaxqNesn2QE2g/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054740341319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison of working waveforms of ${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ under no-load and full-load conditions when ${R}_{3}= {62}\mathrm{k}\Omega$, figureFileSmall=jRx3BkVdhh9l228nDPP+sg==, figureFileBig=519n9e6Y6JOI5pBRW8usmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054799061576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=图15, caption=${R}_{3}$${62}\mathrm{k}\Omega$,空载-满载时${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 工作波形对比, figureFileSmall=jRx3BkVdhh9l228nDPP+sg==, figureFileBig=519n9e6Y6JOI5pBRW8usmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041054849393226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison of circuit characteristics in two working modes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作模式 ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 状态 ${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ ${V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$
恒流模式 放大 恒定 ${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 变化
恒压模式 饱和 ${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 变化 恒定
), ArticleFig(id=1154041054916502092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=表1, caption=2种工作模式电路工作特性对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作模式 ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 状态 ${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ ${V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$
恒流模式 放大 恒定 ${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 变化
恒压模式 饱和 ${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 变化 恒定
), ArticleFig(id=1154041054971028046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameter design for magnetic feedback circuit, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号 参数 数值或型号
${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 2N3906 ${R}_{\mathrm{B}2}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 1.5
${R}_{1}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 14 ${R}_{\mathrm{E}}/\Omega$ 0
${R}_{2}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 47 ${R}_{\mathrm{C}}/\Omega$ 30
${R}_{3}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 22 ${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{{CR}}}_{7}$ 1N4148
${C}_{2}/\mathrm{{pF}}$ 1000 ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ YF40502TC (30:30)
${R}_{\mathrm{B}1}/\Omega$ 270 ${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 占空比/% 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154041055038136912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955586994451, language=CN, label=表2, caption=磁反馈电路参数设计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号 参数 数值或型号
${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 2N3906 ${R}_{\mathrm{B}2}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 1.5
${R}_{1}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 14 ${R}_{\mathrm{E}}/\Omega$ 0
${R}_{2}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 47 ${R}_{\mathrm{C}}/\Omega$ 30
${R}_{3}/\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 22 ${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{{CR}}}_{7}$ 1N4148
${C}_{2}/\mathrm{{pF}}$ 1000 ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ YF40502TC (30:30)
${R}_{\mathrm{B}1}/\Omega$ 270 ${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 占空比/% 20
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一种适用于 DC/DC变换器的双向磁反馈电路研究
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高东辉 , 贺啟峰 , 蔡可红 , 徐成宝
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(1): 22-31
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(1): 22-31
一种适用于 DC/DC变换器的双向磁反馈电路研究
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高东辉 , 贺啟峰 , 蔡可红 , 徐成宝
作者信息
  • 中国电子科技集团公司第四十三研究所 合肥 230088
  • 高东辉(1990-),男,通信作者,中国电源学会会员,硕士,工程师。研究方向:开关电源及混合集成电路设计。E-mail:gdh0824@126.com。

    贺啟峰(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:a9661355@163.com。

    蔡可红(1980-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:ckhxz@163.com。

    徐成宝(1966-),男,本科,研究员级高级工程师。研究方向:混合集成电路设计。E-mail:Xucb2008@163.com。

Research on Bidirectional Magnetic Feedback Circuit for DC/DC Converter
Donghui GAO , Qifeng HE , Kehong CAI , Chengbao XU
Affiliations
  • The 43rd Research Institute of CETC Hefei 230088 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.22
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针对隔离式DC/DC变换器空间辐射应用的特殊性,为了提高反馈精度和稳定性,一般采用磁隔离反馈电路。介绍了几种常用的幅值调节磁反馈电路工作原理,针对其存在的需要额外的次级供电电压问题,引入正反激式幅值调节双向磁反馈电路,并对该电路进行改进,在实现相同功能的前提下,以双绕组变压器替代三绕组变压器,有效减小了磁芯体积,简化了电路结构。详细分析了该电路的工作原理、脉冲采样电路和磁反馈变压器设计方法,并以该种磁反馈电路为基础,搭建了一台100W输出DC/DC变换器实验样机,仿真和实验结果证明了该磁隔离反馈电路的有效性,并为工程设计提供了理论指导。

磁反馈  /  幅值调节  /  正-反激  /  变压器

Aimed at the particularity of an isolated DC/DC converter when it is applied in a space radiation environment, the isolated magnetic feedback circuit is usually used to improve the feedback accuracy and stability. The working principles for several commonly used amplitude modulation magnetic feedback circuits are introduced, and a forward-flyback amplitude modulation bidirectional magnetic feedback circuit is introduced and optimized to solve the problem of the need for an additional secondary power supply voltage. Under the premise of realizing the same function, a two-winding transformer is used to replace the three-winding transformer, which effectively reduces the volume of the magnetic core and simplifies the circuit structure. The working principle for the circuit and the design method for a pulse sampling circuit and a magnetic feedback transformer are analyzed in detail. In addition, based on the magnetic feedback circuit, a DC/DC converter prototype with 100 W output was built. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed isolated magnetic feedback circuit, providing a theoretical guidance for engineering design.

Magnetic feedback  /  amplitude modulation  /  forward-flyback  /  transformer
高东辉, 贺啟峰, 蔡可红, 徐成宝. 一种适用于 DC/DC变换器的双向磁反馈电路研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 22 -31 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.22
Donghui GAO, Qifeng HE, Kehong CAI, Chengbao XU. Research on Bidirectional Magnetic Feedback Circuit for DC/DC Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 22 -31 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.22
对于复杂的直流供电系统而言, 为了避免不同直流电源输出地线之间出现交叉耦合干扰,一般对电源的初、次级有电气隔离要求, 相应地, 控制电路也要求实现电气隔离[1-7]。目前应用较为广泛的隔离反馈方式主要有光耦隔离反馈和磁隔离反馈 2 种。
光耦由于电流传输比 CTR(current transmission ratio) 易受空间辐射和温度的影响, 无法适用于温度范围宽、动态特性和抗辐射能力要求高的场合[8-10],其在国内航空航天领域是禁用的。目前国际上只有少量航空航天级电源产品采用高可靠的光电耦合器件做反馈应用。
磁反馈由于具备可靠性高、温度稳定性好、抗辐射能力强和使用寿命长等优点被广泛应用于航空航天电源的设计中。目前多种磁反馈形式可供航天变换器输入与输出隔离应用, 其中幅值调节磁反馈因其具有简单的电路结构和较好的传输特性而被广泛应用。
目前国内外相关文献对光耦隔离反馈式DC/ DC 变换器的研究较多, 但是关于磁反馈电路的研究资料和文献较少。文献[11-12]介绍了常用的 3 种幅值调节磁反馈电路, 除直接耦合式磁反馈电路外, 另外 2 种电路均需额外的次级供电电压, 且脉冲采样电路位于初级;文献[13]介绍了一种脉冲采样电路位于次级的磁反馈电路, 其结构较为复杂, 且同样需要额外的次级供电电压; 为了解决次级供电电压的问题, 文献[14]提出了一种正反激式双向磁反馈隔离电路, 磁反馈变压器采用三绕组结构, 对其工作原理做了详细介绍, 但是对磁反馈电路的具体工作状态及电路设计论述得不够详细。
本文对上述磁反馈电路进行回顾, 并详细分析和对比其优缺点。对文献[14]提出的磁反馈电路进一步优化, 在实现相同功能的前提下以双绕组磁反馈变压器替代三绕组磁反馈变压器, 有效减小了磁芯体积, 简化了电路结构, 同时减小了关键元器件的电压应力,提高了电路可靠性。
磁反馈电路结构如图1 所示, 核心元器件为一个磁隔离变压器, 在其外围辅以元器件开关管、二极管、电阻、电容等构成调制-解调器,将误差信号由次级传递至初级,从而完成信号电路的初、次级隔离功能。
文献[11]给出了目前应用比较广泛的 3 种幅值调节磁反馈结构,分别是正激式磁反馈、反激式磁反馈和直接耦合式磁反馈, 其具体电路结构如图2 所示。
对比 3 种幅值调节磁反馈电路, 直接耦合式磁反馈电路虽然电路简单、易于实现,但其控制精度低,一般只在小功率小体积电源中应用较多; 正激式和反激式磁反馈电路在控制精度方面表现优越, 但是均需增加额外的辅助电路, 同时次级信号电路的供电电压一般均取自于输出电压,当$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 过流保护或短路保护时, 输出电压降低会导致次级信号电路无法正常工作。
基于图2 中的正激式和反激式磁反馈电路, 为了有效解决次级信号电路的供电问题, 文献[14]提出了一种正-反激式双向磁反馈电路,如图3 所示。
磁反馈变压器${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 次级采用双绕组结构,在一个工作周期内,${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 在正激和反激 2 种模态下交替工作。在反激工作模态时,通过次级绕组${N}_{\mathrm{s}2}$ 将次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 传递至初级;在正激工作模态时,通过次级绕组${N}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}$ 给次级信号电路提供供电电压。
与前述的正激、反激式磁反馈电路相比,次级信号的供电电压由${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 提供,在$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 处于过流或短路状态时, 供电电压不受输出电压影响, 次级信号电路仍保持正常工作。
该种电路的磁反馈变压器有 3 个绕组, 其中初级 1 个绕组, 次级 2 个绕组, 增加了磁反馈变压器的体积和绕制难度。为解决该问题, 在图3 的基础上提出了一种简化的正-反激式双向磁反馈电路结构如图4 所示。
图3 的电路结构相比,图4 中磁反馈变压器次级仅 1 个绕组,在次级增加 2 个二极管,通过 4 个二极管在一个周期内交替导通实现${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 的正激和反激模态切换。此种结构在减小了${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 体积和绕制难度的同时保持了原有性能。
对比图3图4 的电路, 在仅将磁反馈变压器由 3 绕组更改为 2 绕组结构, 其余条件保持不变的情况下,磁反馈电路的初级元器件承受的电压、电流应力是基本一致的, 两者的主要区别在于磁反馈电路的次级。两种电路结构次级元器件的关键电压、电流波形对比如图5 所示。
图5 可见, 2 种电路次级元器件流过的电流基本一致,2 绕组结构相比于 3 绕组结构,二极管${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{4}$${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{5}$ 和三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 承受的电压应力均显著减小。
综上所述, 采用图4 所示的结构相比于图3 而言,不仅可以减小${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 的磁芯尺寸,同时可以显著减小磁反馈电路次级关键元器件承受的电压应力, 从而提高电路的可靠性。
图4 中的磁反馈变压器初级脉冲采样电路在实际电路中通常通过三极管辅以阻容元件实现, 采样开关控制信号一般由初级 PWM 控制器的振荡信号通过比较器生成,实际中磁反馈变压器的初、 次级匝比通常为$1 : 1$,电路原理如图6 所示,电路关键点仿真波形如图7 所示。
图7 可见, 该磁反馈电路在一个周期内的工作过程可分为 4 个阶段,分别对应阶段$1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$ 、阶段$2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ 、阶段$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ 和阶段$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}}\right\rbrack,4$ 个阶段的工作电路如图8 所示。${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 作为次级供电电源主要为次级运放以及电压基准等信号电路供电, 此时次级信号电路相当于次级供电电源${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 的负载,可用等效电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 表示。
阶段$1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}\right\rbrack :{t}_{0}$ 时刻,三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 导通,磁反馈变压器初级绕组电压${V}_{\mathrm{{LM}}}$ 为正,二极管${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{3}$ 截止,次级二极管${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CR}}}_{6}$ 截止,${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CR}}}_{7}$ 导通,${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 工作于正激模式, 初级向次级传输能量, 为次级信号电路提供供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$。阶段 1 的工作电路如图8(a) 所示,在此阶段,磁反馈变压器初级励磁电流${i}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 由于${V}_{\mathrm{{LM}}}$ 的作用线性增加,原边电流${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 等于${i}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 与次级信号电路所需供电电流${i}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 之和,可认为是定值。
阶段$2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\right\rbrack :{t}_{1}$ 时刻,三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 关断,磁反馈变压器开始去磁,${i}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 减小,${V}_{\mathrm{{LM}}}$ 变为负值,二极管${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{3}$ 导通,次级二极管${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CR}}}_{6}$ 导通,${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CR}}}_{7}$ 关断,${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 工作于反激模式,次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 从次级传递至初级,完成信号反馈功能。阶段 2 的工作电路如图8(b)所示,在此阶段,${V}_{\mathrm{{LM}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CR}}}_{5}$${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{6}$ 导通电压、${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 的 b-e 极导通电压三者之和,${i}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 线性减小, 直至${t}_{2}$ 时刻,${i}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 减小到 0,磁反馈变压器完成去磁。
阶段$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}}\right\rbrack :{t}_{2}$ 时刻,${i}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 减小到 0,磁反馈变压器完成去磁。${t}_{2}$ 时刻后,${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的输出电容和变压器励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 发生谐振,初、次级二极管${\mathrm{{CR}}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{{CR}}}_{7}$ 均截止,直至${t}_{3}$ 时刻,谐振结束。阶段 3 的工作电路如图8(c) 所示, 谐振周期可表示为
${T}_{\mathrm{r}}= {2\pi }\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{M}}{C}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{EC}}}$ 为三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 集电极和发射极间的等效寄生电容。
阶段$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}}\right\rbrack :{t}_{3}$ 时刻谐振结束,此时磁反馈变压器中的电压和电流均为 0,一直维持到${t}_{4}$ 时刻至下一个周期开始。
图6 所示, 正-反激式双向磁反馈电路设计是否合理的关键在于脉冲采样电路、采样-保持电路和磁反馈变压器的设计。同时对于空间辐射环境而言, 在设计时需要考虑空间辐射效应对磁反馈电路的影响。
图6 所示, 可以设置脉冲采样电路中的三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 分别工作在放大状态和饱和状态。根据${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的工作状态, 脉冲采样电路可工作在恒流模式或恒压模式。当${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 为低电平时,脉冲采样电路的等效电路如图9 所示。
${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 工作于放大状态时,脉冲采样电路工作于恒流模式。假设${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的电流放大倍数为$\beta$,当三极管工作在放大状态时,其基极电流${i}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 很小,可忽略不计, 则有
${V}_{\mathrm{B}}\approx {V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}\times \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{B}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的基极电压;${V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}$$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器初级辅助供电电源电压; 电阻${R}_{\mathrm{B}1}$${R}_{\mathrm{B}2}$ 构成分压网络为${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 提供基极电压。
根据基尔霍夫电压定律可得
${V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}- {i}_{\mathrm{E}}{R}_{\mathrm{E}}= {V}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}\times \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{B}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为连接在${V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 发射极之间的电阻;${i}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为流过电阻${R}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 的电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 发射极-基极导通压降。
则有
${i}_{\mathrm{C}}= \beta {i}_{\mathrm{B}}= \beta \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}\times {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}/\left({{R}_{\mathrm{B}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}\right)- {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}}{\left({1 +\beta }\right){R}_{\mathrm{E}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{CCI}}}$ 通常与$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器的初级芯片供电电压保持一致,这里取${V}_{\mathrm{{CCI}}}= {10}\mathrm{\;V}$。当${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 工作于放大状态时,${V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}$ 可认为是定值,取${V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}= {0.7}\mathrm{\;V}$。那么,脉冲采样电路的输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 仅取决于电阻${R}_{\mathrm{B}1}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{B}2}$${R}_{\mathrm{E}\circ }$
恒流模式下, 脉冲采样电路关键点仿真波形如图10 所示。由图10 可以看出,${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 为低电平时,${V}_{\mathrm{B}}> {V}_{\mathrm{C}},{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 工作于放大状态。在恒流工作模式下,次级供电电流${i}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$${i}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的平均值,${i}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 取决于${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$,当${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 恒定时,${i}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 也恒定。此时次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 取决于次级等效负载${R}_{\text{eq }}$ 的大小。
根据式 (4),在供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}1}$ 、三极管基极电压${V}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 和电流放大倍数$\beta$ 确定的情况下,${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 基极电流${i}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 的值取决于电阻${R}_{\mathrm{E}}$,减小${R}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 直至$\beta {i}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 大于三极管的集电极饱和电流${i}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)}$ 时,${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 进入饱和工作状态, 脉冲采样电路工作于恒压模式,此时${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 等效为开关管。
恒压模式下, 脉冲采样电路关键点仿真波形如图11 所示。由图11 可以看出,${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 为低电平时,${V}_{\mathrm{B}}< {V}_{\mathrm{C}},{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 工作于饱和状态。在恒压模式下,${V}_{\mathrm{{ec}}}=$ ${0.3}\mathrm{\;V}$,此时次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 取决于初级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}1}$。在${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}1}$ 恒定时,初、次级供电电流${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$${i}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 均取决于次级等效负载${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的大小。
2 种工作模式的电路特性对比如表1 所示。由上述分析可知,可以通过改变电阻${R}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 的大小来改变${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的工作状态,进而设置脉冲采样电路工作于恒流模式或恒压模式。
恒流模式下,电流${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 恒定,但与三极管的电流放大倍数$\beta$ 呈正相关。考虑空间辐射环境,总剂量效应会导致$\beta$ 急剧下降,三极管若工作在放大状态会导致${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 减小,进而导致次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 减小, 会对次级信号电路的工作状态产生较大影响。
恒压模式下,三极管工作于饱和状态,当初级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}$ 恒定时,次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 也为定值,与$\beta$ 无关,可见其对空间辐射环境不敏感,故通过设置电阻${R}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 使脉冲采样电路工作于恒压模式。
由式 (4) 可知
${R}_{\mathrm{E}}\leq \beta \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}\times {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}/\left({{R}_{\mathrm{{Bl}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}\right)- {V}_{\text{eb }}}{\left({1 +\beta }\right){i}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)}}\approx \\\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}\times {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}/\left({{R}_{\mathrm{B}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}\right)- {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}}{{i}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)}}$
为简化分析,可取${R}_{\mathrm{E}}= 0$,此时基极电流可表示为
${i}_{\mathrm{B}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}1}- {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{B}2}}- \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{B}1}}$
在实际工作中,通过合理设置电阻${R}_{\mathrm{B}1}$${R}_{\mathrm{B}2}$ 即可设置三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的基极电流${i}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为期望值。
此时,次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 可表示为
${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{CCl}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{ec}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)} -{i}_{\mathrm{C}}{R}_{\mathrm{C}}- 2{V}_{\mathrm{F}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{{ec}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)}$ 为三极管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 饱和时射极-集电极的饱和导通压降,通常取${V}_{\mathrm{{ec}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)} ={0.3}\mathrm{\;V};{V}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 为二极管的导通压降,通常取${V}_{\mathrm{F}}= {0.7}\mathrm{\;V}$。可以根据实际需要通过电阻${R}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 微调次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 的大小,通常电阻${R}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 取值较小。
采样阶段的电路如图8(b) 所示, 磁反馈变压器工作于反激模式,次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 从次级传递至初级。此时,${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 和初级采样得到的信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }$ 关系为
$- \left({{V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }- {V}_{\mathrm{F}}}\right)= {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{F}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 为二极管的导通压降;${V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}$ 为三极管 e-b 之间的导通压降。式 (8) 可进一步简化为
${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}= -\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }+ {V}_{\mathrm{F}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}}\right)$
${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 必须设置在合适的范围以保证次级信号能够正确传递到初级。
DC/DC 变换器在实际工作中,输出负载由空载变化到满载时, 如图8 所示, PWM 控制器内部误差放大器的输出${V}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 是动态变化的。假设空载时输出为${V}_{\mathrm{E}\left(\min \right)}$,满载时输出为${V}_{\mathrm{E}\left(\max \right)}$,空载到满载切换时,变化量为$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{E}}$。由图8(b)可知,${V}_{\mathrm{E}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 的关系为
${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }= {V}_{\mathrm{{REF}}1}- \left({\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{REF}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{REF1}}}}{{R}_{1}}- \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{REF1}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{E}}}{{R}_{3}}}\right){R}_{2}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{{REF}}}$$\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 控制器的基准电压提供,通常为$5\mathrm{\;V}$${V}_{\mathrm{{REFI}}}$ 为 PWM 控制器内部基准电压,通常为${2.5}\mathrm{\;V}$
由式 (9) 和式 (10) 可得, 输出负载由空载变化到满载时,次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 的变化值$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$
$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}= \frac{{R}_{2}}{{R}_{3}}\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{E}}$
式(10)和式(11)是设计采样-保持电路中电阻${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}$${R}_{3}$ 的依据。
在实际工作中,次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 的最大值必须低于次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$,并留有一定裕量。根据期望${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 以及$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 的值,在确定其中一个电阻的值后, 即可计算得出另外两个电阻的值。实际设计时可能需要一定次数的迭代以达到最优值。电容${C}_{2}$ 的值可以通过采样-保持时间计算得出,${C}_{2}$ 取值越大,采样得到的${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }$ 的纹波越小,但采样的延迟时间越长, 设计时需折衷考虑。
轻载到重载切换时, 磁反馈变压器的初级绕组电压和励磁电流仿真波形如图12 所示。
图12 可见,重载到轻载切换时,次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 由大变小, 磁反馈变压器的去磁时间逐渐增加, 容易进入饱和状态,故需控制$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 的大小,避免磁反馈变压器在轻载时进入饱和状态。同时磁反馈变压器工作于正激模式的时间${T}_{\text{on }}$ 不宜过长,否则磁反馈变压器也容易饱和,一般设置${T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= \left({{15}\%\sim {25}\%}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为宜。
磁反馈变压器在一个周期内承受的电压波形和励磁电流波形如图7 所示。由励磁电流波形可知, 磁反馈变压器的工作状态与正激变压器类似, 可按照正激变压器的设计方法设计磁反馈变压器。 通常情况下,次级供电电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 最大不超过${10}\mathrm{\;V}$, 次级供电电流${i}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 最大不超过${10}\mathrm{\;{mA}}$,即磁反馈变压器的最大输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}\left(\max \right)} ={0.1}\mathrm{\;W}$,传输功率非常小,损耗可以忽略不计,综合考虑尺寸和性能,优选小尺寸的环形磁芯进行制作。
先使用${AP}$ 法确定使用的磁芯尺寸,即
${AP}= \frac{{99}{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{f{B}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
式中:$f$ 为磁反馈变压器工作频率;${B}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为磁性允许的最大磁通密度。选择美磁 (Magnetics) 公司$F$ 材料的铁氧体磁芯,查阅手册选取${B}_{\mathrm{m}}= {0.3}\mathrm{\;T}$,假定开关频率$f ={500}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,则根据式(12)计算可得
${AP}= {6.6}\times {10}^{-5}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{4}$
根据计算得出的${AP}$ 值,选取美磁型号为 YF40502TC 的磁环,磁环内径为${2.24}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,外径为${3.94}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,高度为${1.27}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,其${AP}= {0.0003}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{4}$,满足要求。
磁反馈变压器初、次级圈数一致, 可表示为
$ N =\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{i}}{DT}}{{A}_{\mathrm{e}}{\Delta B}}$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为磁反馈变压器绕组承受的端电压;$D$ 为磁反馈变压器工作于正激模式的占空比;$T$ 为磁反馈变压器工作周期;${A}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为磁芯等效截面积;${\Delta B}$ 为最大交流磁通密度。
${U}_{\mathrm{i}}= {10}\mathrm{\;V}, D ={0.2}, T ={2\mu }\mathrm{s},{A}_{\mathrm{e}}= {1.05}{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}^{2},{\Delta B}=$ ${0.13}\mathrm{\;T}$ 代入式(14)得到$N ={29.3}$,故可设置磁反馈变压器的绕制圈数为 30。由于变压器传输电流和功率均很小,故选取直径为${0.10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的漆包线绕制即可。
为了验证理论分析和仿真结果的正确性, 将正-反激式双向磁反馈电路应用到一款${20}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;V}$ 输入、6.3 V/16 A 输出的 DC/DC 变换器中,如图6 所示。PWM 控制器采用 TI 公司的 UC3843,初级供电电压设置约为${11}\mathrm{\;V}$。根据前述分析结果及实际电路应用要求, 磁反馈电路的参数设计如表2 所示。
$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器工作在空载和满载状态时, 磁反馈电路的关键工作波形如图13 所示。实验结果与图11 的仿真波形一致, 验证了理论分析与仿真结果的正确性。
图13 可以看出,在${V}_{\text{pulse }}$ 为低电平时,三极管的基极电压${V}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 大于集电极电压${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$,三极管工作于饱和状态。但是空载和满载时,${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 的负电压不同, 分别为-7.0 和$-{8.6}\mathrm{\;V}$,即${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }$ 在空载和满载时不相同, 与图12 的仿真波形一致。
空载和满载时,${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}^{\prime }$ 进一步对比波形如图14 所示。
图14 可见, 重载到轻载切换时, 次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 由大变小,磁反馈变压器的去磁时间变长,易进入饱和状态, 实验结果与前述理论分析一致。
由上述分析可知,次级信号${V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 的变化值$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 取决于电阻${R}_{2}$${R}_{3}$ 的比值,增大${R}_{3}$${62}\mathrm{k}\Omega$,空载-满载切换时,${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 的电压对比波形如图15 所示。
由式 (11) 可知,重载到轻载切换时,增大${R}_{3}$,$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 减小。由图15 可见,增大${R}_{3}$${62}\mathrm{k}\Omega$,重载到轻载切换时,${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 的电压基本重合,$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{FB}}}$ 很小,从而验证了理论分析的正确性。
本文分析对比了幅值调节式磁反馈电路的工作原理,并以此为基础引入正-反激式幅值调节双向磁反馈电路, 对该电路进行改进, 在实现相同功能的前提下, 以双绕组变压器替代三绕组变压器, 有效减小了磁芯体积, 简化了电路结构, 同时减小了磁反馈电路次级关键元器件承受的电压应力, 提高了电路可靠性。该电路除了具有传统幅值调节式磁反馈电路的优点,还能同时为$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 电源的副边信号电路提供供电电源。文中详细分析了该电路的工作原理、脉冲采样电路关键参数和磁反馈变压器的设计方法, 理论分析、仿真和实验结果均表明该种磁反馈电路的适用性和有效性, 并为工程设计提供了理论指导。
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2024年第22卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.22
  • 接收时间:2021-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-10
  • 修回日期:2021-03-16
  • 录用日期:2021-04-12
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    中国电子科技集团公司第四十三研究所 合肥 230088
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