Article(id=1154038494805610596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1621872000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-25, revisedDate=1625241600000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-03, acceptedDate=1626105600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-07-13, onlineDate=1753073818160, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073818160, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073818160, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073818160, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=283, endPage=289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038495971627113, articleId=1154038494805610596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Wind Power Prediction by Combined Model Based on Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the high fluctuation and randomness of wind turbine output, which affects the safe and stable operation of power system as well as the accuracy of wind power prediction, a wind power prediction method based on the fluctuation characteristics of wind power is proposed. First, the fluctuation characteristics of wind power are analyzed in terms of time scale and unit scale, and the appropriate wind power data is selected for wind power prediction. Then, a wind turbine short-term power prediction model based on least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) is established. The adaptive variational mode decomposition (AVMD) is used to decompose the wind power data to achieve frequency division, and the improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO) is used to optimize the model parameters affecting the re-gression prediction in the LS-SVM model. Experimental results show that the prediction model has strong adaptability, and the effectiveness of the prediction method can be proved by prediction error evaluation indexes.

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风电机组出力的高波动与随机性,影响电力系统安全稳定运行与风电预测精度,针对此提出结合风电功率波动特性研究的风电功率预测方法。首先从时间与机组规模尺度分析风电功率波动特性,并指导选取合适的风电数据用于风电功率预测;然后建立基于最小二乘支持向量机的风电机组短期功率预测模型,采用自适应变分模态分解实现风电数据分频,并采用改进粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机模型中影响回归预测的模型参数。实验结果表明,预测模型自适应性较强,通过预测误差评价指标,可证明预测方法的有效性。

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鹿凯(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:20191100325@imut.edu.cn。

石开明(1970–),男,通信作者,本科,副教授。研究方向:电气设备状态监测与故障诊断,电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: Skming2006@126.com。

贾欢(1993-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 601770407@qq.com。

金勇杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 2572531454@qq.com。

王旭(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:1223815119@qq.com。

徐谱鑫(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 337043115@qq.com。

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鹿凯(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:20191100325@imut.edu.cn。

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鹿凯(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:20191100325@imut.edu.cn。

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石开明(1970–),男,通信作者,本科,副教授。研究方向:电气设备状态监测与故障诊断,电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: Skming2006@126.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

石开明(1970–),男,通信作者,本科,副教授。研究方向:电气设备状态监测与故障诊断,电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: Skming2006@126.com。

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贾欢(1993-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 601770407@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

贾欢(1993-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 601770407@qq.com。

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金勇杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 2572531454@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

金勇杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 2572531454@qq.com。

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王旭(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:1223815119@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王旭(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:1223815119@qq.com。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038566737924431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038566742118736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, companyId=1154038566737924431, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electric Power Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010080 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038566746313041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, companyId=1154038566737924431, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古工业大学 电力学院 呼和浩特 010080)])]), Author(id=1154038569208369534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=337043115@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154038569288061312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, authorId=1154038569208369534, language=EN, stringName=Puxin XU, firstName=Puxin, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Electric Power Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010080 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154038569350975873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, authorId=1154038569208369534, language=CN, stringName=徐谱鑫, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=内蒙古工业大学 电力学院 呼和浩特 010080, bio={"content":"

徐谱鑫(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 337043115@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

徐谱鑫(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 337043115@qq.com。

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Neural Processing Letters, 1999. 9(3): 293-300., articleTitle=Least squares support vector machine classifiers, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038566737924431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038566742118736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, companyId=1154038566737924431, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electric Power Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010080 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038566746313041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, companyId=1154038566737924431, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古工业大学 电力学院 呼和浩特 010080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154038573121655221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Power differential probability distribution of single and multiple wind turbines at different time scales, figureFileSmall=XKeljp53Dyo3NnvRMil2gg==, figureFileBig=a56q+zq0R5wLThP9yVRkbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573222318518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单台与多台风电机组不同时间尺度下功率差分概率分布情况, figureFileSmall=XKeljp53Dyo3NnvRMil2gg==, figureFileBig=a56q+zq0R5wLThP9yVRkbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573272650167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Flow chart of AVMD, figureFileSmall=Yf+C95nxNYf9TCAceAIYeA==, figureFileBig=4a3W9Sup/HtuaVCKduNSyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573322981816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=图2, caption=自适应变分模态分解流程, figureFileSmall=Yf+C95nxNYf9TCAceAIYeA==, figureFileBig=4a3W9Sup/HtuaVCKduNSyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573377507769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Results of AVMD decomposition for wind data series, figureFileSmall=AWwBfKZlzcW6XEqCyf+iew==, figureFileBig=x/ps2YHCNIrVCSr6lQvFuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573423645114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=图3, caption=风电数据序列 AVMD 分解结果, figureFileSmall=AWwBfKZlzcW6XEqCyf+iew==, figureFileBig=x/ps2YHCNIrVCSr6lQvFuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573482365371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Flow chart of wind power prediction by combined model, figureFileSmall=zjBXLttzEQ+Z4MrRC2K+Rw==, figureFileBig=944MvAbVUPxpERQcjMTe5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573528502716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=图4, caption=组合模型风电功率预测流程, figureFileSmall=zjBXLttzEQ+Z4MrRC2K+Rw==, figureFileBig=944MvAbVUPxpERQcjMTe5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573578834365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Seven-day measured series of wind data, figureFileSmall=zYy9D+kMyEpUe/j00VkQcQ==, figureFileBig=Dvr0WhyaQohpp6qfh4jHAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573616583102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=图5, caption=风电数据 7 日实测序列, figureFileSmall=zYy9D+kMyEpUe/j00VkQcQ==, figureFileBig=Dvr0WhyaQohpp6qfh4jHAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573662720447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Wind power prediction results and analysis, figureFileSmall=7cH4d9Qk2xeQdOeOGS/r4g==, figureFileBig=g9J7ZpYRqsGmyPjaGNcGmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573754995136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=图6, caption=风电功率预测结果与分析, figureFileSmall=7cH4d9Qk2xeQdOeOGS/r4g==, figureFileBig=g9J7ZpYRqsGmyPjaGNcGmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038573809521089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Frequency of each IMF component of wind power data, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IMF 分量频率 风电功率/MW 风速$/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
IMF, 0.00330 0.00074
IMF2 0.069 0.064
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{3}$ 0.15 0.14
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{4}$ 0.25 0.24
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{5}$ 0.35 0.34
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{6}$ 0.46 0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1154038573864047042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=表1, caption=风电数据各 IMF 分量频率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IMF 分量频率 风电功率/MW 风速$/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
IMF, 0.00330 0.00074
IMF2 0.069 0.064
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{3}$ 0.15 0.14
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{4}$ 0.25 0.24
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{5}$ 0.35 0.34
${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{6}$ 0.46 0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1154038573914378691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Evaluation on wind power prediction result, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差指标 IPSO-LSSVM AVMD-IPSO-LSSVM
RMSE/MW 0.1410 0.0588
MSE/MW 0.01990 0.00346
MAE/MW 0.1030 0.0426
), ArticleFig(id=1154038573964710340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494805610596, language=CN, label=表2, caption=风电功率预测结果评价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差指标 IPSO-LSSVM AVMD-IPSO-LSSVM
RMSE/MW 0.1410 0.0588
MSE/MW 0.01990 0.00346
MAE/MW 0.1030 0.0426
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基于自适应变分模态分解的组合模型风电功率预测
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鹿凯 , 石开明 , 贾欢 , 金勇杰 , 王旭 , 徐谱鑫
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(2): 283-289
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(2): 283-289
基于自适应变分模态分解的组合模型风电功率预测
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鹿凯 , 石开明 , 贾欢 , 金勇杰 , 王旭 , 徐谱鑫
作者信息
  • 内蒙古工业大学 电力学院 呼和浩特 010080
  • 鹿凯(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:20191100325@imut.edu.cn。

    石开明(1970–),男,通信作者,本科,副教授。研究方向:电气设备状态监测与故障诊断,电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: Skming2006@126.com。

    贾欢(1993-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 601770407@qq.com。

    金勇杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 2572531454@qq.com。

    王旭(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail:1223815119@qq.com。

    徐谱鑫(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统规划运行与新能源发电。E-mail: 337043115@qq.com。

Wind Power Prediction by Combined Model Based on Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition
Kai LU , Kaiming SHI , Huan JIA , Yongjie JIN , Xu WANG , Puxin XU
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Inner Mongolia University of Technology Hohhot 010080 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.283
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风电机组出力的高波动与随机性,影响电力系统安全稳定运行与风电预测精度,针对此提出结合风电功率波动特性研究的风电功率预测方法。首先从时间与机组规模尺度分析风电功率波动特性,并指导选取合适的风电数据用于风电功率预测;然后建立基于最小二乘支持向量机的风电机组短期功率预测模型,采用自适应变分模态分解实现风电数据分频,并采用改进粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机模型中影响回归预测的模型参数。实验结果表明,预测模型自适应性较强,通过预测误差评价指标,可证明预测方法的有效性。

最小二乘支持向量机  /  风电功率预测  /  自适应变分模态分解  /  改进粒子群优化  /  分频预测

In view of the high fluctuation and randomness of wind turbine output, which affects the safe and stable operation of power system as well as the accuracy of wind power prediction, a wind power prediction method based on the fluctuation characteristics of wind power is proposed. First, the fluctuation characteristics of wind power are analyzed in terms of time scale and unit scale, and the appropriate wind power data is selected for wind power prediction. Then, a wind turbine short-term power prediction model based on least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) is established. The adaptive variational mode decomposition (AVMD) is used to decompose the wind power data to achieve frequency division, and the improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO) is used to optimize the model parameters affecting the re-gression prediction in the LS-SVM model. Experimental results show that the prediction model has strong adaptability, and the effectiveness of the prediction method can be proved by prediction error evaluation indexes.

Least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM)  /  wind power prediction  /  adaptive variational mode de-composition (AVMD)  /  improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)  /  frequency division prediction
鹿凯, 石开明, 贾欢, 金勇杰, 王旭, 徐谱鑫. 基于自适应变分模态分解的组合模型风电功率预测. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 283 -289 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.283
Kai LU, Kaiming SHI, Huan JIA, Yongjie JIN, Xu WANG, Puxin XU. Wind Power Prediction by Combined Model Based on Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 283 -289 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.283
能源是推动社会与经济发展的根本动力, 风力发电以其环境友好和成本不断降低等优势, 逐步成为我国能源转型过程中主要的新能源发电种类。 据世界风能理事会统计,2020 年全球风电总装机容量达 742.7 GW, 我国全年新增风电装机容量${51.7}{\mathrm{{GW}}}^{\left\lbrack 1\right\rbrack }$。风机出力的高波动和随机性对电网稳定性影响较大,风电功率预测有助于解决该问题。
通过研究风电输出功率的波动特性, 选取合适的风电数据有助于进行风电功率预测。文献[2]采用风电输出功率波动幅值与速率来量化其波动特性; 文献[3]通过小波方法与神经网络进行风电功率波形滤波, 将波形根据波动幅度分为 4 类; 文献[4]提出一种消减欠冲现象的改进经验模态分解方法, 与支持向量机 SVM(support vector machine)模型组合得到风电预测结果, 但 SVM 样本容量过大时运算效率会变低;文献[5]提出一种基于游程判定法并固定分解次数的互补总体经验模态来分解风电数据; 文献[6]采用基于阈值函数的互补总体经验模态来分解风电数据, 但文献[5]与文献[6]中最小二乘支持向量机 LS-SVM(least squares-support vector machine) 参数选取相对固定, 缺乏自适应性。
LS-SVM 是一种统计学模型, 具有较好的泛化能力和收敛速度。文献[7]结合粒子群优化模型 4 种参数, 得到风速预测结果; 文献[8]同样采用粒子群优化 PSO(particle swarm optimization)对 LS-SVM 两模型参数优化, 得到预测结果。但上述文献直接将风电数据用来预测,会导致预测精度有限。综上所述, 本文首先绘制功率差分概率分布图进行描述, 选取合适的研究数据; 再采用自适应变分模态分解 AVMD(adaptive variational mode decomposition)实现分频;最后基于 LS-SVM 对各分量进行预测,并由改进粒子群优化 IPSO(improved particle swarm optimization)LSSVM 模型参数提高预测精度。以内蒙古某风电场数据为例, 采用本文提出的组合模型对风电出力预测,证明本文方法的有效性。
随着风电的不断发展, 其并网规模在电力系统中所占比重不断扩大, 由于风电输出的不确定性给风电功率预测带来困难, 所以先分析风电功率的波动特性。风电数据波动特性是指不同时间或规模尺度下风电数据的变化速率及幅值[2]
本文风电功率的变化情况将采用一阶差分量的标幺值来表示,单机容量${1.5}\mathrm{{MW}}$。风电数据波动标幺值${P}_{* }$ 定义为
${P}_{* }= \left({{P}_{k}- {P}_{k - 1}}\right)/{P}_{\mathrm{N}}$
式中:${P}_{k}$$k$ 时刻风电数据;${P}_{k - 1}$$k - 1$ 时刻风电数据;${P}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为风电数据基准值。
本文采用内蒙古某风电场数据,时间段为 2020 年 10 月 1 日—31 日,采样频率为 15 min。基于上述数据对风力发电机组数据的波动特性进行分析, 给出单台与多台风电机组不同时间尺度下功率差分概率分布, 如图1 所示, 指导风电功率预测研究。本文涉及到的时间尺度为${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}\text{、}1\mathrm{\;h}\text{、}6\mathrm{\;h}$,单机容量 1.5 MW, 共 30 台。
图1(a)${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时间尺度下功率差分标幺值概率分布可以看出, 不同规模风电机组功率变化量主要分布在$\pm {0.4}$ p.u.之间,并且峰值概率为 0 ;单台及多台机组功率变化量主要分布在$\pm {0.4}$ p.u. 和$\pm {0.2}$ p.u.。可得相对于单台机,多台机概率分布呈瘦高型,说明该时间尺度内其功率变化量较小。 图中曲线是每点标幺值对应概率经平滑连接而成, 柱状图柱高即为该点标幺值概率。由图1(b)和(c) 中$1\mathrm{\;h}$$6\mathrm{\;h}$ 时间尺度下功率差分标幺值概率分布可以看出, 不同规模风电机组功率变化量主要分布在$\pm {0.5}\mathrm{p}$ .u. 和$\pm {0.8}\mathrm{p}$ .u. 之间,概率分布广、波动大。综上所述, 风电机组功率变化量呈现时间尺度越大, 功率变化量越大的规律, 并且随机组规模增大该趋势被放大,故本文风电功率预测将采用${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时间尺度, 以减少数据波动对风电功率预测的影响。
Dragomiretskiy 等[9] 于 2014 年提出的 VMD 方法是一种准正交和完全非递归的新型波形分解方法, 对待分解波形噪声具有鲁棒性。VMD 本质是将波形分解问题转换为变分问题, 进而获得中心频率和模态带宽, 其变分约束模型为
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{\left\{{u}_{k}\right\}}\left\{{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{\begin{Vmatrix}{\partial }_{t}\left\lbrack \left(\delta \left( t\right)+ \frac{\mathrm{j}}{\pi t}\right)* {u}_{k}\left( t\right)\right\rbrack {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{k}t}\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}^{2}}\right\}\\\text{ s.t.}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{u}_{k}= f\left( t\right)$
式中:$K$ 为波形分解个数;${\partial }_{t}$ 为对$t$ 求偏导;$\delta \left( t\right)$ 为狄拉克函数;* 为卷积运算;$\left\{{{u}_{k}\left( t\right)}\right\}$ 为所有波形分量的集合,$\left\{{{u}_{k}\left( t\right)}\right\}= \left\{{{u}_{1}\left( t\right),{u}_{2}\left( t\right),\cdots,{u}_{k}\left( t\right)}\right\};\left\{{\omega }_{k}\right\}$ 为所有波形分量的中心频率集合,$\left\{{\omega }_{k}\right\}= \left\{{{\omega }_{1},{\omega }_{2},\cdots,{\omega }_{k}}\right\};f\left( t\right)$ 为待分解的原始序列;${u}_{k}\left( t\right)$ 为第$k$ 个固有模态分量。
引入二次惩罚因子$\alpha$ 和拉格朗日乘子$\lambda$,可保证分解精度和约束, 变分约束模型可转化为非约束变分表达式
$\mathcal{L}\left({\left\{{u}_{k}\right\},\left\{{\omega }_{k}\right\},\lambda }\right)= \alpha \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}.\\{\begin{Vmatrix}{\partial }_{t}\left\lbrack \delta \left( t\right)+ \frac{\mathrm{j}}{\pi t}+ {u}_{k}\left( t\right)\right\rbrack {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{k}t}\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}^{2}+ {\begin{Vmatrix}f\left( t\right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{u}_{k}\left( t\right)\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}^{2}+ \\< \lambda \left( t\right), f\left( t\right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{u}_{k}\left( t\right)> $
VMD 采用交替方向乘子法求解上述模型的最优解,分别对${u}_{k}^{n + 1}\text{、}{\omega }_{k}^{n + 1}$${\lambda }^{n + 1}$ 进行更新迭代,迭代表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{u}}_{k}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)= \left|{\widehat{f}\left(\omega \right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{k - 1}}{\widehat{u}}_{i}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = k + 1}}^{k}{\widehat{u}}_{i}^{n}\left(\omega \right)+ \frac{{\widehat{\lambda }}^{n}\left(\omega \right)}{2}}\right|\\\left\lbrack {1 +{2\alpha }{\left(\omega -{\omega }_{h}^{n}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack \\{\omega }_{k}^{n + 1}= {\int }_{0}^{\infty }\omega {\left|{\widehat{u}}_{k + 1}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)\right|}^{2}\mathrm{\;d}\omega /{\int }_{0}^{\infty }{\left|{\widehat{u}}_{k}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)\right|}^{2}\mathrm{\;d}\omega \\{\widehat{\lambda }}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)= {\widehat{\lambda }}^{n}\left(\omega \right)+ \tau \left\lbrack {\widehat{f}\left(\omega \right)- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{k}{\widehat{u}}_{i}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
(4)式中:$n$ 为迭代次数;$\tau$ 为拉格朗日乘子$\lambda$ 的更新参数;${\widehat{u}}_{k}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)\text{、}\widehat{f}\left(\omega \right)$${\widehat{\lambda }}^{n + 1}\left(\omega \right)$ 分别为各自的傅里叶变换。
以给定精度$\varepsilon$ 为标准,迭代终止条件表达式可表示为
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{k}\left({{\begin{Vmatrix}{\widehat{u}}_{k}^{n + 1}- {\widehat{u}}_{k}^{n}\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}^{2}/{\begin{Vmatrix}{\widehat{u}}_{k}^{n}\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}^{2}}\right)< \varepsilon $
采用 VMD 对各波形进行分解前, 需提前给定模态分解个数$K$,这对 VMD 的精度至关重要。若$K$ 较大, 分解后将产生虚假模态, 既损失分解精度又增加预测时间;反之则会出现模态混叠现象,无法准确表征原波形特征。
改进总体经验模态分解 MEEMD(modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition)是基于互补总体经验模态分解结合排列熵的信号随机性检测, 检测到分解后期信号渐近平稳,可不添加白噪声直接进行经验模态分解, 相比其他经验模态分解, 其固有模态个数更具参考价值。本文提出基于 MEEMD 确定 VMD 模态个数, 分解流程如图2 所示。选取第 1 台风机数据进行分析, 利用 MEEMD 方法确定模态分解个数$K = 6$ (即${\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{{IMF}}}_{6}$ ),分解的固有模态分量如图3 所示, 图中每个 IMF 表示该数据不同的固有模态分量, 其中风电功率单位为 MW, 风速单位为$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$,横坐标表示 288 个以${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 为间隔的时间点数据。
传统支持向量机解决凸优化问题,约束条件数量随样本容量的增大而增大, 为解决该问题, Suykens 等[1] 提出最小二乘支持向量机。LS-SVM 将传统 SVM 损失函数采用了误差的平方项, 并在优化中用等式约束代替不等式约束, 即将二次规划问题转化为求解一组线性方程, 简化了计算复杂性, 收敛速度快, 更适合较大规模计算。
引入惩罚因子$C$ 并采用预测误差的平方项,根据结构风险最小化准则, 回归预测函数可转化为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\min \frac{1}{2}{\omega }^{\mathrm{T}}\omega +\frac{C}{2}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\mathrm{e}}_{i}^{2}\\\text{ s.t.}{\omega }^{\mathrm{T}}\varphi \left({x}_{i}\right)+ b +{e}_{i}= {y}_{i}\;i = 1,2,\cdots, N \end{array}\right.$
式中:${e}_{i}$ 为松弛因子,可控制软间隔容忍误差大小;$C$ 为惩罚因子,用来惩罚分类产生的误差;$\omega$ 为映射的线性组合;$\varphi$ 为映射;$N$$i$ 的个数;$b$ 为偏置量;${y}_{i}$ 为目标函数;$L$ 为拉格朗日函数;。
利用拉格朗日乘子$\lambda$,上述优化问题可转化为求解下列拉格朗日函数极值问题, 即
$\mathcal{L}\left({w, b, e,\alpha }\right)= \frac{1}{2}{\omega }^{\mathrm{T}}\omega +\frac{C}{2}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\mathrm{e}}_{i}^{2}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\lambda }_{i}\left\lbrack {{\omega }^{\mathrm{T}}\varphi \left( x\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{b +{e}_{i}- {y}_{i}}\right\rbrack $
根据 KKT 条件,对上述拉格朗日函数中$w, b$,$e,\lambda$ 参数求偏导,结合核函数, LS-SVM 的预测模型可表示为
$ f\left( x\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\lambda }_{i}K\left({{x}_{i},{x}_{j}}\right)+ b $
式中,$K\left({{x}_{i},{x}_{j}}\right)$ 为核函数,是指满足 Mercer 定理的函数,在 LS-SVM 中的作用主要是将非线性映射$\varphi \left( x\right)$ 映射到高维线性空间以简化计算。内积核函数和平移不变核函数较常用, LS-SVM 中最常采用的是径向基核函数, 即
$ K\left({{x}_{i},{x}_{j}}\right)= \exp \left({-{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}- {x}_{j}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}/{2\sigma }}\right)$
式中,$\sigma$ 为核函数。
PSO 算法由 Kennedy 等提出, 最初从飞鸟集群捕食行为中获取的灵感。本文采用 IPSO 来优化 LS-SVM 中的正则化参数$\gamma$ 和核函数宽度参数$\sigma$,原始 PSO 更新公式可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{ij}^{k + 1}= \omega {v}_{ij}^{k}+ {c}_{1}\operatorname{rand}\left({{p}_{ij}^{k}- {x}_{ij}^{k}}\right)+ {c}_{2}\operatorname{rand}\left({{g}_{ij}^{k}- {x}_{ij}^{k}}\right)\\{x}_{ij}^{k + 1}= {x}_{ij}^{k}+ {v}_{ij}^{k + 1}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$ 为加速因子,分别控制个体和群体信息在种群更新中所占的比例;$i$$j$ 分别为第$i$ 个粒子和第$j$ 种优化参数;$\omega$ 为权重因子,其值非负并决定了上一轮速度参数值继承的多少;$k$ 为目前优化迭代次数;rand 为随机数;${v}_{ij}$ 为当前粒子飞行速度;${x}_{ij}$ 为当前粒子位置;${p}_{ij}$ 为当前粒子最优解;${g}_{ij}$ 为所有粒子最优解。
研究发现, 原始 PSO 迭代后期存在搜索速度变慢、寻优能力变差、最终陷入局部最优解的问题。本文加速因子${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$ 以及惯性因子$\omega$ 的迭代公式为
${c}_{1}= {c}_{1\min }+ \left({{c}_{1\max }- {c}_{1\min }}\right)\times \text{ Iter }/{\text{ Iter }}_{\max }$
${c}_{2}= {c}_{2\max }- \left({{c}_{2\max }- {c}_{2\min }}\right)\times \text{ Iter }/{\text{ Iter }}_{\max }$
$\omega ={\omega }_{\max }- \left({{\omega }_{\max }- {\omega }_{\min }}\right)\times {Ite}{r}^{2}/{Ite}{r}_{\max }^{2}$
式中, Iter 为当前迭代次数。
本文对上述参数进行修改,为了在迭代初期让群体学习能力占主导寻优, 使算法全局搜索能力强;随着迭代次数的增加, 个体学习能力占主导寻优, 增强算法的局部搜索能力, 使算法在后期快速收敛,迭代后期个体学习因子较大,也突出了本文个体寻优为主导的思想,有效平衡了全局与局部寻优。
本文提出的基于波形分解为固有模态函数 IMF(intrinsic mode function)的 LS-SVM 风电功率预测模型流程如图4 所示, 具体步骤如下。
(1)评价风电数据的波动特性,采用 AVMD 分解训练序列, 得到各训练序列多组固有模态分量, 实现分频处理。
(2)将训练数据进行归一化处理,初始化 IPSO 算法与 LS-SVM 模型参数。
(3)将同频段训练与测试序列输入 LS-SVM 模型中, 实现分频预测, 2 组风电数据各固有模态函数分量频率对应关系见表1, 将预测结果 RMSE 作为粒子群适应度值。
(4)通过 IPSO 优化 LS-SVM 2 个模型参数,提高训练与预测精度, 得到该频段的风电功率预测序列。
(5)将所有频段的风电预测序列叠加,得到风电功率预测值, 以 RMSE 等指标评价本文方法预测准确性。
原始数据来自内蒙古某风电场的数据采集与监视控制 SCADA(supervisory control and data acquisition) 系统。将采集的 2020 年 10 月 9 日-15 日的风电数据分为 2 组, 训练数据取首日开始连续 96 小时的 384 组数据,预测数据取 72 小时即 288 个功率点进行风电功率预测,数据采集频率为${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$。风电功率与风速原始数据如图5 所示。
由于统计学习方法进行风电功率预测时, 分类提取输入特征数据并与风电功率数据建立联系, 故输入特征数据与风电功率相关度高, 则预测准确度高。考虑到本文预测数据采样频率为${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$,该时间分辨率除风速外其他因素对风机输出功率影响较小,所以本文选取风速作为预测模型的输入数据。
对 AVMD 方法分解的各波形分别建立预测模型, 各预测分量合成后得到的最终预测结果与误差如图6 所示。
从上述风电功率预测结果可以看出, 本文所提 AVMD-IPSO-LSSVM 预测拟合度较高,预测趋势拟合度较好,可以为风电场未来输出功率提供指导。采用平均绝对误差 MAE(mean absolute error)、均方误差 MSE(mean square error)和均方根误差 RMSE(root mean square error)3 种误差指标对本文方法的预测结果进行评价, 如表2 所示。
表2 中各预测模型误差评价指标可以看出, 本文所提方法较原模型预测精度高, 说明本文提出的组合预测模型可以较好地用于短期风电功率预测, 对较长时间尺度预测有较好的适应性, 为未来较长时间风电机组出力提供了参考。
图6 对比绘制了原始风电功率与预测误差波形, 从图中可以看出, 在风电功率幅值和频率波动较大的区间, 风电预测误差明显增大, 同时呈现波动状态, 可见风电功率的短时间大波动是导致风电预测产生误差的主要因素, 本文采用的波形分解与分频预测思想正是针对这一特点提出的, 得到了较好的预测结果, 证实该组合模型预测方法的有效性。
本文提出了基于自适应 VMD 算法分解风电数据实现分频, 并采用 IPSO 优化 LSSVM 中影响回归预测模型参数的短期风电功率预测方法。IPSO-LSSVM 模型较传统改进粒子群算法只在迭代过程中改变了权重因子,本文又加入了学习因子参与迭代, 迭代初期使群体信息占主导, 迭代后期则是个体。所提自适应 VMD 算法避免了原 VMD 算法需要人工确定风电数据分解模态个数的不便, 提高了数据处理效率。实验获得的预测结果表明, 采用自适应 VMD 算法实现分频预测的结果较原 IPSO-LSSVM 模型预测性能更强, 模型泛化能力更好。
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.283
  • 接收时间:2021-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-25
  • 修回日期:2021-07-03
  • 录用日期:2021-07-13
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    内蒙古工业大学 电力学院 呼和浩特 010080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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