Article(id=1154038494377791585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.231, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1623427200000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-12, revisedDate=1627488000000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-29, acceptedDate=1629648000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-23, onlineDate=1753073818057, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073818057, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073818057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073818057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=231, endPage=241, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038495568973927, articleId=1154038494377791585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Design and Control Strategy for UPQC Based on Supercapacitor Energy Storage for Pulse Load, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the voltage distortion and current distortion of power grid with pulse load, a three-level unified power quality conditioner(UPQC) with supercapacitor energy storage is designed. A method based on artificial neural network is proposed to control the series and shunt compensation units, and a method based on double closed-loop PI control is used to control the supercapacitor energy storage unit. The series compensation unit compensates voltage to maintain the stability of load voltage and ensure the power demand of load, while the shunt compensation unit compensates current to maintain the stability of supply current and avoid the continuous and large impact on power grid. The supercapacitor energy storage unit charges and discharges on the DC side to maintain a constant voltage on the DC side and ensure the normal operation on the series and shunt sides. The proposed method eliminates the complicated coordinate transformation process and avoids the phase lag caused by multiple filters. Simulation experiment results show that the proposed topology and control strategy are helpful for improving the power quality of power grid with pulse load.

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针对带有脉冲负载电网的电压畸变和电流畸变问题,设计了带有超级电容储能的三电平统一电能质量调节器,提出了基于人工神经网络的方法对串联和并联补偿单元进行控制,基于双闭环PI控制的方法对超级电容储能单元进行控制。其中,串联补偿单元进行电压补偿,以维持负载电压的稳定,保证负载的用电需求;并联补偿单元进行电流补偿,以维持电源电流的稳定,避免电网受到持续大幅冲击;超级电容储能单元对直流侧进行充放电,以维持直流侧电压的恒定,保证串、并联侧的正常工作。所提方法省去了繁琐的坐标变换过程,避免了多个滤波器造成相位滞后的问题。仿真实验结果表明,所提拓扑和控制策略有助于改善带有脉冲负载电网的电能质量。

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王萌(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电能质量、脉冲负载。E-mail: melia_wang@126.com。

黄细霞(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:工业智能、混合动力系统。E-mail: 20841520@qq.com。

孙程(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲负载及能量管理。E-mail:799882463@qq.com。

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王萌(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电能质量、脉冲负载。E-mail: melia_wang@126.com。

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王萌(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电能质量、脉冲负载。E-mail: melia_wang@126.com。

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黄细霞(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:工业智能、混合动力系统。E-mail: 20841520@qq.com。

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黄细霞(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:工业智能、混合动力系统。E-mail: 20841520@qq.com。

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孙程(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲负载及能量管理。E-mail:799882463@qq.com。

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孙程(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲负载及能量管理。E-mail:799882463@qq.com。

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输出电压 IGBT 工作状态
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$
$+{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ ON ON OFF OFF
0 OFF ON ON OFF
$-{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ OFF OFF ON ON
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输出电压 IGBT 工作状态
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$
$+{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ ON ON OFF OFF
0 OFF ON ON OFF
$-{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ OFF OFF ON ON
), ArticleFig(id=1154038650309431531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494377791585, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Compensation effect of shunt unit when changing the duty cycle, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
占空比 (周期${60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ ) THD/%
负载电流 电源电流
0.2 23.53 3.23
0.4 32.93 5.26
0.6 35.30 6.72
0.8 34.11 9.13
1.0 25.70 9.37
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占空比 (周期${60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ ) THD/%
负载电流 电源电流
0.2 23.53 3.23
0.4 32.93 5.26
0.6 35.30 6.72
0.8 34.11 9.13
1.0 25.70 9.37
), ArticleFig(id=1154038650498175219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494377791585, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Compensation effect of shunt unit when changing the cycle, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期/ms (占空比 0.4 ) THD/%
负载电流 电源电流
20 24.81 4.82
40 31.52 5.06
60 32.93 5.26
80 29.19 5.39
100 34.80 5.18
), ArticleFig(id=1154038650556895478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038494377791585, language=CN, label=表3, caption=改变周期时并联单元的补偿效果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期/ms (占空比 0.4 ) THD/%
负载电流 电源电流
20 24.81 4.82
40 31.52 5.06
60 32.93 5.26
80 29.19 5.39
100 34.80 5.18
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面向脉冲负载的基于超级电容储能UPQC设计及控制策略研究
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王萌 , 黄细霞 , 孙程
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(2): 231-241
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(2): 231-241
面向脉冲负载的基于超级电容储能UPQC设计及控制策略研究
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王萌 , 黄细霞 , 孙程
作者信息
  • 上海海事大学 物流科学与工程研究院 上海 201306
  • 王萌(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电能质量、脉冲负载。E-mail: melia_wang@126.com。

    黄细霞(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:工业智能、混合动力系统。E-mail: 20841520@qq.com。

    孙程(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲负载及能量管理。E-mail:799882463@qq.com。

Research on Design and Control Strategy for UPQC Based on Supercapacitor Energy Storage for Pulse Load
Meng WANG , Xixia HUANG , Cheng SUN
Affiliations
  • Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering Shanghai Maritime University Shanghai 201306 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.231
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针对带有脉冲负载电网的电压畸变和电流畸变问题,设计了带有超级电容储能的三电平统一电能质量调节器,提出了基于人工神经网络的方法对串联和并联补偿单元进行控制,基于双闭环PI控制的方法对超级电容储能单元进行控制。其中,串联补偿单元进行电压补偿,以维持负载电压的稳定,保证负载的用电需求;并联补偿单元进行电流补偿,以维持电源电流的稳定,避免电网受到持续大幅冲击;超级电容储能单元对直流侧进行充放电,以维持直流侧电压的恒定,保证串、并联侧的正常工作。所提方法省去了繁琐的坐标变换过程,避免了多个滤波器造成相位滞后的问题。仿真实验结果表明,所提拓扑和控制策略有助于改善带有脉冲负载电网的电能质量。

脉冲负载  /  统一电能质量调节器  /  超级电容储能  /  人工神经网络

Aimed at the voltage distortion and current distortion of power grid with pulse load, a three-level unified power quality conditioner(UPQC) with supercapacitor energy storage is designed. A method based on artificial neural network is proposed to control the series and shunt compensation units, and a method based on double closed-loop PI control is used to control the supercapacitor energy storage unit. The series compensation unit compensates voltage to maintain the stability of load voltage and ensure the power demand of load, while the shunt compensation unit compensates current to maintain the stability of supply current and avoid the continuous and large impact on power grid. The supercapacitor energy storage unit charges and discharges on the DC side to maintain a constant voltage on the DC side and ensure the normal operation on the series and shunt sides. The proposed method eliminates the complicated coordinate transformation process and avoids the phase lag caused by multiple filters. Simulation experiment results show that the proposed topology and control strategy are helpful for improving the power quality of power grid with pulse load.

Pulse load  /  unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)  /  supercapacitor energy storage  /  artificial neural network
王萌, 黄细霞, 孙程. 面向脉冲负载的基于超级电容储能UPQC设计及控制策略研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 231 -241 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.231
Meng WANG, Xixia HUANG, Cheng SUN. Research on Design and Control Strategy for UPQC Based on Supercapacitor Energy Storage for Pulse Load[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 231 -241 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.231
近年来, 越来越多的电力电子装置和呈现脉冲特性的负载被应用到电网中, 如相控雷达、高能武器、变频空调、电磁发射装置等[1-6]。这些脉冲负载的峰值功率可达到千瓦甚至兆瓦,且负载开关频繁、 周期不确定, 相当于对系统进行反复地加载和卸载,因此电网始终处于不稳定的状态,电流会随着负载的开关呈现脉冲特性,进而造成闪变、谐波等电能质量问题。
为了降低脉冲负载对供电系统的冲击作用,目前的解决方法可大致分为 3 种:增大系统惯性、对储能系统的控制策略进行优化以及加入补偿装置[7]。文献[8]采用增大同步发电机惯性时间常数的方法, 来减小脉冲负载对电网的冲击作用。文献[9]在船舶电力系统加入了蓄电池储能模块, 采用区间二型模糊控制系统来克服直流船舶电力系统中脉冲负载的影响。文献[10]以蓄电池和超级电容作为混合储能装置, 提出了基于虚拟电感和虚拟电容的下垂控制策略, 能够在不同的时间尺度下对储能模块的功率进行自动分配。文献[11]提出了一种基于模糊控制的修正方法和基于超级电容荷电状态$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ (state of charge)的充放电功率分配策略, 通过控制混合储能系统的充放电功率来防止能量的过充和过放。文献 [12]分析了逆变器与柴油发电机组并联在不同控制策略下为不同类型脉冲负载供能的特点, 将多种控制组合在一起来对逆变器进行控制。文献[13]以两级式三相 AC-DC 变换器作为补偿器, 抵消了脉冲负载对供电线路上的电压冲击。
本文采用增加补偿器和对储能系统的控制策略进行优化相结合的方法, 设计带有超级电容储能单元的三电平统一电能质量调节器 SCESS-UPQC (unified power quality conditioner based on superca-pacitor energy storage system), 提出基于人工神经网络 ANN(artificial neural network) 的方法和基于双闭环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制的方法对串联、并联补偿单元和超级电容储能单元进行控制, 省去三相静止坐标下的分量作$\mathrm{{abc}}- {\alpha \beta }$ 、abc$-{dq0}$ 等坐标变换过程以及低通滤波的过程, 降低建模和计算的复杂度, 解决多个滤波器引起的相位滞后问题。最后,通过 Matlab/ Simulink 仿真对本文所提拓扑的合理性和控制策略的有效性进行验证。
本文针对脉冲负载设计的 SCESS-UPQC 系统结构如图1 所示, 主要由 3 个部分组成: 脉冲负载、 统一电能质量调节器、超级电容储能单元。
脉冲负载与常规负载不同,工作周期非常短, 从几毫秒到几百毫秒不等,因此电网受到的不再是单次冲击, 而是随着脉冲负载变化的持续性冲击, 与之相关的参数主要有脉冲周期、峰值功率和占空比。关于脉冲负载的实验模型,已有学者进行了研究,有代表性的有 Stephen${\mathrm{L}}^{\left\lbrack {14}\right\rbrack }$ 所提模型,其中包括二极管整流器、无源 LC 滤波器和一个可变电阻, 通过改变阻值模拟脉冲负载接入的功率和切除。文献[15]在对柴油发电机组带脉冲负载建模时, 在文献[14]的基础上增加了柴油发电机组和直流开关, 用开关模拟脉冲的周期和占空比。文献[16-17]考虑到实际情况中整流后会有一定程度的压降, 在 LC 滤波器之后接入了 Buck 变换器,起到稳压的作用。
本文考虑到系统整体的复杂度, 设计的脉冲负载实验模型如图2 所示。由于研究的内容并不涉及柴油发电机内在组成及特性, 因此选用了有效值为${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、频率为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的三相交流电压代替文献[15-17]所提模型中的柴油发电机组。另外, 本文的研究重点在于所设计的 SCESS-UPQC 系统是否能够缓解脉冲负载对系统的冲击作用,对于脉冲负载的工作电压没有特别要求, 因此没有采用文献[16-17]接入 Buck 变换器进行稳压的模型, 并采用三相不可控的整流方式, 即设定脉冲负载的工作电压为$\left({{2.34}\times {220}}\right)\mathrm{V}= {513.8}\mathrm{\;V}$。对于脉冲负载的峰值功率${P}_{\mathrm{L}}$,通过调节电阻阻值实现,周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 和占空比$D$ 用开关的触发信号来控制,开通时间为${T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$,关断时间为${T}_{\text{off }}$,占空比$D ={T}_{\text{on }}/{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,通过改变周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 、占空比$D$ 和峰值功率${P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 的大小,可以模拟出不同的脉冲负载以及脉冲负载的不同工作模式。
统一电能质量调节器 UPQC(unified power quality conditioner) 由日本学者 Akagi 在 1996 年提出[18], 因其将动态电压恢复器 DVR(dynamic voltage restorer)和电力有源滤波器$\mathrm{{APF}}$ (active power filter)通过直流电容背对背连接起来, 因此 UPQC 既可以处理电压升降、三相不平衡等电压引起的电压质量问题, 也可以处理电流畸变、负载不平衡等电流引起的电流质量问题。
本文针对脉冲负载设计了三电平结构的三相三线制 UPQC, 如图3 所示。串联补偿单元通过变压器的一侧串联在电源与负载中间, 对电源引起暂升、暂降等电压问题进行补偿;并联补偿单元并联在负载前端的输电线路上, 对负载引起的畸变、不平衡等电流问题进行补偿。串联和并联单元的每一相桥臂由 4 个 IGBT 和 2 个钳位二极管组成, 直流侧的 2 个电容为串、并联单元共用。假设直流侧的电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,则加在每个开关管上的最大电压仅为${0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,与两电平逆变器相比,降低了各个开关管需要承受的最大电压和开关频率, 同时输出端的电平增加了零电位, 即交流侧单相输出电压有 3 种情况, 三相输出电压有 9 种情况, 能够根据电网中负载的运行情况更加精准地进行选择。以串联侧 A 相为例, 三电平逆变器的 IGBT 工作状态与输出电压的关系如表1 所示。
根据上述脉冲负载的特性和三电平 UPQC 的工作原理,对直流侧电压、直流侧电容、串联侧滤波电感电容以及并联侧滤波电感电容进行设计。
直流侧电压决定了串、并联补偿器输出的最大电压和电流, 考虑到脉冲负载的瞬时电流可以达到常规负载运行时的一倍以上, 因对于三电平 UPQC 来说,需要直流侧每个电容两端的电压都可以补偿正常幅值一倍的波动, 每个电容两端的电压需满足
${V}_{\text{cap }}> {220}\mathrm{\;V}\times \sqrt{2}\approx {311}\mathrm{\;V}$
总的直流侧电压为直流侧 2 个电容端电压之和, 且由于系统在实际工作时, 直流侧电压允许存在$\pm {10}\%$ 的波动,因此选择总的直流侧电压为${800}\mathrm{\;V}$
直流侧电容的要求是能够承受脉冲负载工作时系统的能量变化,假设脉冲负载的工作周期为${60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,峰值功率为${12}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,占空比为$0 \sim 1$,则要求直流侧电容即使在最恶劣的工况下也能维持系统的正常工作,即当占空比为 1 时,电容需要在${60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 内吸收或输出的功率为${12}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$。由此,直流侧电容需满足
$\frac{1}{2}C\left({{V}_{\text{dcmax }}^{2}- {V}_{\text{dcmin }}^{2}}\right)> {P}_{\mathrm{L}}{t}_{\text{on }}$
式中:${V}_{\text{dcmax }}\text{、}{V}_{\text{dcmin }}$ 分别为电容电压的上、下限,取直流侧电压波动$\pm {10}\%$ 的值;${P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为脉冲负载峰值功率, 取${12}\mathrm{\;{kW}};{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 为脉冲负载开通时间,取${60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$。计算得到
$ C >{5.7}\mathrm{{mF}}$
考虑到电容在使用寿命期存在最大 30% 的容量衰减,因此取直流侧总的电容为$8\mathrm{{mF}}$,并联的 2 个电容各${16}\mathrm{{mF}}$
2)串联侧滤波电感、电容设计
串联和并联侧滤波电容、电感的作用都是滤除变换器中开关动作产生的高次谐波, 避免产生更多的谐波污染。其中串联侧滤波电容受到以下限制
${L}_{\text{series }}\leq \frac{{V}_{\text{series }}}{{2\pi f}{I}_{\text{seriesmax }}}$
${V}_{\text{series }}< \left({{0.3}\times {20}\%\times {220}\times 3}\right)\mathrm{V}= {39.6}\mathrm{\;V}$
$ I =\frac{S}{\sqrt{3}\times {380}\cos \varphi }$
式中:$f$ 为电网频率,为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${V}_{\text{series }}$ 为电感压降,其取值需小于串联变换器输出电压的 30%, 此处串联变换器输出电压取${44}\mathrm{\;V}$,电感压降取${39.5}\mathrm{\;V}$${I}_{\text{seriesmax }}$ 为串联侧最大输出电流;$I$ 为电网电流;$S$ 为系统容量,设计为${20}\mathrm{{kV}}\cdot \mathrm{A};\cos \varphi$ 为功率因数,取 0.85,其中常规负载有功功率$P ={3000}\mathrm{\;W}$,无功功率为${1860}\mathrm{{var}}$。经过计算后,取${L}_{\text{series }}= {3.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$
滤波电容的计算根据无源滤波器的工作原理,有
${f}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }\sqrt{LC}}\geq {0.1}{f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$
式中,${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 为开关频率,取${10000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,要求其能滤除十分之一开关频率的高次谐波。计算后,选取串联侧滤波电容${C}_{\text{series }}= {7.2\mu }\mathrm{F}$
3)并联侧滤波电感、电容设计
并联侧滤波电感的选取依据
${L}_{\text{shunt }}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{6{f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}{\Delta i}}$
${\Delta i}\leq {0.1I}= {0.1}\times \frac{S}{\sqrt{3}\times {380}\times \cos \varphi }$
式中,${\Delta i}$ 为最大纹波电流,取值不能超过并联变换器输出电流的 10%,此处取电网电流的 10%。计算后得,并联滤波电感${L}_{\text{shunt }}= {7.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$
并联侧滤波电容根据式(7)计算得${C}_{\text{shunt }}= {3.3\mu }\mathrm{F}$
考虑到脉冲负载的峰值功率可达到$\mathrm{{kW}}$ 甚至$\mathrm{{MW}}$ 级,且功率变化频繁,因此仅依靠电容储能可能难以满足带有脉冲负载系统的补偿需求, 需借助 SCESS 来维持直流侧电压稳定, 并实现能量的快速充放。超级电容与电池的电化学反应不同,其充电是通过静电荷来储存能量的物理过程, 因此性能稳定、循环寿命长,可以反复地快速充电并充电至任意电位, 且可将电量完全释放, 是在大电流和短时间内进行频繁充放电的理想储能材料[19]。比起电池会因过放、快速充电或反复传输高功率脉冲而造成永久破坏来说, 超级电容更能够满足脉冲负载大幅频繁突变的能量需求, 保证系统一直工作在稳定的状态。
本文设计的 SCESS 拓扑结构如图4 所示, 通过$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 双向变换器实现直流侧与超级电容模组的能量流动。电容$C$ 为 UPQC 的直流侧电容,检测电容$C$ 两端的电压,与直流侧电压的设定值进行比较。当电容$C$ 两端的电压高于设定值时,开关管${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 关闭,变换器处于 Buck 模式,即${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{{Tl}}}$ 导通时,直流侧电容作为电源,通过${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{{Tl}}}$ 给电感$L$ 和超级电容模组充电,${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}1}$ 关断时,电感$L$ 通过${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 并联侧的续流二极管继续给超级电容模组充电; 当电容$C$ 两端的电压低于设定值时,开关管${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{{Tl}}}$ 关闭,变换器处于 Boost 模式,即${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 导通时,超级电容模组作为电源, 给电感$L$ 充电,${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 关断时,超级电容模组和电感$L$ 通过${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{{TI}}}$ 并联侧的续流二极管一起给直流侧充电。
根据所采用的三电平 UPQC 的结构, 可知需要 2 个 SCESS 分别并联在 2 个储能电容两端, 由于直流侧电压为${800}\mathrm{\;V}$,所以每个 SCESS 两端的电压为${400}\mathrm{\;V}$,而超级电容单体的工作电压通常为${2.7}\mathrm{\;V}$, 因此将多个超级电容单体串联作为储能设备,考虑到实际使用情况, 适当地将每个超级电容单体的工作电压降至${2.5}\mathrm{\;V}$,则每个 SCESS 的超级电容模组需要由 160 个串联、 2 个并联的超级电容单体组成, 容量按照直流侧电容的方法进行计算, 得每个超级电容模组为${16}\mathrm{{mF}}$,每个超级电容单体为${1.28}\mathrm{\;F}$
SCESS-UPQC 系统的总体控制策略见图1。串联和并联补偿单元采用 2 个 ANN 分别计算出电压和电流的补偿量, 然后采用多电平调制技术生成补偿信号。超级电容储能单元采用双闭环 PI 控制,调节超级电容模组的充放电状态。采用神经网络进行串联和并联补偿单元计算, 能够解决传统方法中通过低通滤波提取基波分量时, 产生的相位滞后问题。在训练神经网络前, 首先要确定电源有几种常见故障、脉冲负载有几种工况, 并得到每种电源故障下的电源电压和补偿电压数据,以及每种脉冲负载工况下的负载电流和补偿电流数据,作为训练集分别供串联和并联侧神经网络学习。在计算补偿量时, 只要当前的电源故障类型和脉冲负载工况包含在训练集中, 串联侧神经网络就可以准确地计算出其补偿电压,并联侧神经网络就可以准确地计算出其补偿电流。
串联补偿单元的控制目标是根据电源电压的变化, 快速地计算出电压补偿量, 产生一个与电压畸变部分幅值相等、方向相反的补偿电压, 保证提供给脉冲负载的电压幅值稳定且具有良好的正弦特性。因此, 串联单元的神经网络将三相电源电压$\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{Sa}}},{V}_{\mathrm{{Sb}}},{V}_{\mathrm{{Sc}}}}\right)$ 作为输入,三相补偿电压$\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{refa}}},{V}_{\mathrm{{refb}}},{V}_{\mathrm{{refc}}}}\right)$ 作为输出, 中间采用 1 个隐含层, 比较多次训练结果后选取隐含层的神经元个数为 200, 网络结构如图5 所示,使用 LM(Levenberg-Marquardt)算法对网络进行训练。
训练串联侧神经网络所需要的数据通过仿真获取。在 Simulink 中搭建多组系统模型, 每组模型由电源和常规负载构成, 保证所有模型都在同一时刻进行采样。给定其中一组模型的电源电压为正常值, 作为对照组。其余模型的电源电压设置为电压暂升或暂降的情况, 作为实验组。分别测量每组模型的电源电压和负载电压, 用对照组的负载电压减去实验组的负载电压, 便可得到每个实验组所需的补偿电压。取同一时刻的电源电压值和相应的电压补偿值作为一组数据, 共 60000 组数据, 70%作为训练集, 15%作为验证集, 15%作为测试集, 得到的训练结果如图6 所示。
计算出三相补偿电压的参考值后,采用三电平 PWM 控制来生成串联逆变器中各个开关管的开关信号。由于逆变器的每一相有 2 对开关管 (从上到下依次为${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{4}$ ),因此需要 2 条三角载波,将两电平 PWM 中三角载波的幅值缩小到原来的一半,然后向上平移$1/2$ 个单位,得到第一条载波${R}_{1}$, 用于控制开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$,再向下平移$1/2$ 个单位, 得到第二条载波${R}_{2}$,用于控制${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$,将$\mathrm{{ANN}}$ 计算得到的补偿电压${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 与载波${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}$ 相比较:
(1) 若${V}_{\text{ref }}> {R}_{1}$,则${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{2}$ 导通,串联侧输出电压$+{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$;
(2)若${R}_{2}\leq {V}_{\text{ref }}\leq {R}_{1}$,则${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 导通,串联侧输出电压 0 ;
(3)若${V}_{\text{ref }}< {R}_{2}$,则${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 导通,串联侧输出电压$-{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
并联单元的控制目标是根据负载电流的变化, 快速地计算出电流补偿量,产生一个与电流畸变部分幅值相等、方向相反的补偿电流, 保证电源电流幅值稳定且具有良好的正弦特性, 不会对电网造成频繁冲击。因此, 并联单元的神经网络以三相负载电流$\left({{I}_{\mathrm{{La}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{Lb}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{Lc}}}}\right)$ 为输入,三相补偿电流$\left({{I}_{\mathrm{{refa}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{refb}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{refc}}}}\right)$ 为输出, 网络结构与串联侧 ANN 相同, 采用 1 个神经元个数为 200 的隐含层,使用 LM 算法对网络进行训练。
训练并联侧神经网络所需要的数据也通过仿真获取。在 Simulink 中搭建一组模型由电源和常规负载组成, 作为对照组, 以获取系统未带有脉冲负载时负载电流的正常值。再搭建几组模型由电源、 常规负载和不同周期、占空比、峰值功率的脉冲负载组成, 作为实验组。分别测量每组模型的电源电流和负载电流, 用对照组的电源电流减去实验组的电源电流, 便可得到每个实验组电流补偿量。取同一时刻的负载电流值和相应的电流补偿值作为一组数据,共 60000 组数据,70%作为训练集,15%作为验证集, 15%作为测试集, 得到的训练结果如图7 所示。
计算出三相补偿电流的参考值后,采用电流滞环跟踪 PWM 来生成并联逆变器中各个开关管的开关信号。环宽为${2h}$,将 ANN 计算得到的补偿电流${I}_{\text{ref }}$ 和并联补偿单元输出的实际补偿电流${I}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 进行比较:
(1)若${I}_{\mathrm{C}}> {I}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}+ h$,则${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 导通,并联侧输出电压$-{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$;
(2)若${I}_{\text{ref }}- h \leq \mathrm{{IC}}\leq {I}_{\text{ref }}+ h$,则${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 导通,并联侧输出电压 0 ;
(3)若${I}_{\mathrm{C}}< {I}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}- h$,则${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 导通,并联侧输出电压$+{0.5}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
超级电容储能单元用于维持直流侧电压的稳定, 其中超级电容模组和直流侧的能量交换是通过$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器中的开关${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}1}$${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 实现的,开关${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}1}$ 的占空比越大, 直流侧向超级电容模组充电的时间越长;开关${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 的占空比越大,超级电容模组向直流侧放电的时间越长。选用电压外环、电流内环的双闭环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制,相比单电压环控制来说,响应速度更快, 能够实现能量的快速调节。
控制过程如图8 所示,直流侧的参考电压${V}_{\text{dcref }}$ 与实际电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 构成电压外环负反馈,其差值经过 PI 计算后, 作为超级电容模组输出电流的参考值${I}_{\text{dcref }},{I}_{\text{dcref }}$ 与超级电容模组的实际输出电流${I}_{\text{dc }}$ 构成电流内环负反馈,再通过一次$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 计算后与前馈信号${V}_{\text{dcref }}$ 叠加,利用 PWM 将双闭环控制的输出调制为开关${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}1}\text{、}{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{T}2}$ 的开关信号,实现对直流侧电压的控制。
为对本文所提拓扑和控制策略进行验证, 在 Matlab/Simulink 中进行了 SCESS-UPQC 系统模型搭建和仿真测试, 如图9 所示。电源电压有效值${V}_{\mathrm{S}}= {220}\mathrm{\;V}$,频率$f ={50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,脉冲负载的峰值功率${P}_{\mathrm{L}}=$ ${12}\mathrm{{kW}}$,周期$T ={60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,占空比$D ={0.4}$。电源电压峰值在${0.15}\sim {0.30}\mathrm{\;s}$${0.70}\sim {1.00}\mathrm{\;s}$ 发生电压暂降,分别从${311}\mathrm{\;V}$ 降至${288}\mathrm{\;V}$${274}\mathrm{\;V}$,在${0.30}\sim {0.45}\mathrm{\;s}$ 和 0.50~0.60 s 发生电压暂升,分别升至 330 V 和 349 V, 对系统在上述工况下进行仿真。
电源电压和负载电压波形如图10 所示, 对于未引入 SCESS-UPQC 系统的电网, 电源电压即为负载电压,因此,负载电压的有效值在${0.15}\sim {0.30}\mathrm{\;s}$ 和 0.70~1.00 s 分别降至 201.6 V 和 195 V, 在 0.30~${0.45}\mathrm{\;s}$${0.50}\sim {0.60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 分别升至${230.5}\mathrm{\;V}$${241.1}\mathrm{\;V}$, 如图11 所示。引入 SCESS-UPQC 系统后,无论电源电压暂升还是暂降, 负载电压经过补偿后, 其有效值始终能维持在${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 左右且具有较为良好的正弦特性, 保证负载一直工作在额定电压下, 说明 UPQC 的串联补偿单元可以准确地根据当前电源电压计算并调制出补偿电压,本文所提串联单元拓扑合理、控制策略有效。
图12图13 分别给出了脉冲负载在下述 3 种工作模式下的负载电流和电源电流波形:
工作模式 1:周期$T ={60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,占空比$D ={0.4}$;
工作模式 2: 周期$T ={80}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,占空比$D ={0.4}$;
工作模式 3:周期$T ={60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,占空比$D ={0.6}$
由于脉冲负载频繁地投入和切除, 负载电流会随着周期和占空比呈现明显的脉冲变化, 对于未引入 SCESS-UPQC 系统的电网, 负载电流即为电源电流, 其电流谐波畸变率 THD 在工作模式 1、2、3 下分别为 32.93%、29.19% 和 35.30%。引入 SCESS-UPQC 系统后,电源电流经过补偿后,幅值稳定、正弦特性良好,工作模式 1、2、3 下的 THD 分别降至 5.26%、5.39%和 6.72%,电网侧没有受到周期性的大幅冲击,说明 UPQC 的并联补偿单元可以准确地根据当前负载电流计算并调制出补偿电流, 抵消掉负载侧的脉冲电流, 本文所提并联单元拓扑合理、控制策略有效。
除了上述 3 种脉冲负载工作模式, 本文还对所提系统能承受的周期和占空比极限进行了研究。表2 为周期为${60}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时,并联单元在不同占空比下的电流补偿效果, 可以看出, 随着占空比的增大, 脉冲负载接入的时间逐渐变长, 电网受到的冲击作用更久,对并联单元的补偿要求更高,因此电源电流的 THD 越来越大。表3 为占空比为 0.4 时, 并联单元在不同周期下的电流补偿效果, 其中电源电流的 THD 始终保持在 5%附近, 说明脉冲周期的长短对并联单元的补偿效果影响不大。
图14 为直流侧 2 个电容的端电压和总的直流侧电压,在${0.15}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后保持在稳定状态,波动范围为${788}\sim {810}\mathrm{\;V}$,误差远小于$\pm {10}\%$,能够为串联和并联补偿单元提供稳定的输出电压, 说明本文所提超级电容储能单元拓扑合理、控制策略有效。图15 为脉冲负载的峰值功率,当直流侧电压稳定之后,脉冲负载的峰值功率稳定在${12}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,说明 SCESS-UPQC 在对电压和电流进行补偿时, 并不会对脉冲负载造成影响,能够保证脉冲负载的正常运行。
本文针对由脉冲负载引起的电流脉冲变化和电压畸变问题, 设计了带有超级电容储能单元的三电平统一电能质量调节器, 提出了基于 ANN 的方法对串联和并联补偿单元进行控制, 基于双闭环 PI 控制的方法对超电容储能单元进行控制, 实现了负载电压和电源电流不被电源波动和脉冲负载干扰, 始终处于稳定的状态, 既能保证负载的用电需求, 又能避免对电网造成持续大幅冲击。Matlab/ Simulink 实验结果表明, 所提出的面向脉冲负载的基于超级电容储能的 UPQC 系统拓扑结构合理、控制策略有效,对解决脉冲负载问题具有参考价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52001197)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.231
  • 接收时间:2021-06-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-12
  • 修回日期:2021-07-29
  • 录用日期:2021-08-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52001197)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52001197)
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    上海海事大学 物流科学与工程研究院 上海 201306
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