Article(id=1154038493933195359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1625673600000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-08, revisedDate=1631116800000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-09, acceptedDate=1632240000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-22, onlineDate=1753073817952, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073817952, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073817952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073817952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=263, endPage=272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038495476699237, articleId=1154038493933195359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Shutdown Strategy for Hybrid DC Transmission System in Offshore Wind Farm, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A shutdown strategy for a low-cost hybrid DC converter based on diode rectifier is studied. The shut-down process of the auxiliary converter is divided into an energy feedback stage and an energy dissipation stage. At the energy feedback stage, part of the energy stored in the capacitors of sub-modules is fed back to grid through the DC transmission line under the active control. At the energy dissipation stage, the resonant capacitor and the capacitors of sub-modules are discharged in sequence through a discharging resistor. The calculation methods for the discharging cur-rent, capacitance voltage, and discharging time are derived, and the design method for the discharging resistor is also given. The capacitors of the auxiliary converter can be discharged quickly and efficiently under the proposed shutdown strategy without a high-voltage and large-capacity discharging resistor, which is conducive to the realization in engineer-ing projects. Finally, a simulation model is constructed in Matlab/Simulink, and the validity of the shutdown strategy is verified by simulation results.

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对基于二极管整流器的低成本混合直流换流器的停机策略进行了研究。将辅助换流器的停机过程分为能量回馈与能量耗散阶段,能量回馈阶段通过主动控制,将子模块电容上储存的部分能量经直流母线回馈到电网中;能量耗散阶段通过耗散电阻依次对谐振电容和子模块电容放电,并推导了放电电流、电容电压和放电时间的计算方法,给出了耗散电阻的设计方法。所提停机策略能够快速有效实现换流器电容放电,且不需要高耐压大容量的耗散电阻,有利于工程实现。最后在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了相应的仿真模型,仿真结果验证了停机策略的有效性。

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方陈(1983-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail:fang ch@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

魏新迟(1989-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士。研究方向:新能源发电及并网、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: newlate@126.com。

时珊珊(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: shishsh@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

杨建平(1965-),男,本科。研究方向:智能电网、超导、新能源等领域。E-mail: yangjp@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

蔡旭(1964-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源功率变换与并网技术、大功率电力电子与电力系统控制等领域。E-mail: xucai@sjtu.edu.cn。

方梓熙(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:海上风电柔性直流送出系统、模块化多电平变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail: zixifang@sjtu.edu.cn。

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方陈(1983-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail:fang ch@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

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方陈(1983-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail:fang ch@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

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魏新迟(1989-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士。研究方向:新能源发电及并网、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: newlate@126.com。

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魏新迟(1989-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士。研究方向:新能源发电及并网、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: newlate@126.com。

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时珊珊(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: shishsh@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

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时珊珊(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: shishsh@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

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杨建平(1965-),男,本科。研究方向:智能电网、超导、新能源等领域。E-mail: yangjp@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

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杨建平(1965-),男,本科。研究方向:智能电网、超导、新能源等领域。E-mail: yangjp@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

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蔡旭(1964-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源功率变换与并网技术、大功率电力电子与电力系统控制等领域。E-mail: xucai@sjtu.edu.cn。

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蔡旭(1964-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源功率变换与并网技术、大功率电力电子与电力系统控制等领域。E-mail: xucai@sjtu.edu.cn。

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方梓熙(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:海上风电柔性直流送出系统、模块化多电平变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail: zixifang@sjtu.edu.cn。

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方梓熙(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:海上风电柔性直流送出系统、模块化多电平变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail: zixifang@sjtu.edu.cn。

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Power Systems Technology, 2019. 43(8): 2952-2960 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=A capacitor voltage balance method based on self-power supply load regulation for MMC uncontrolled pre-charging stage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038636636001003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, awardId=520940200010, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation(520940200010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038636690526958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, awardId=520940200010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网公司总部科技资助项目(520940200010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038625844056420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038625856639333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图3, caption=辅助换流器工作原理, figureFileSmall=q6g2pVWn/lh8lLF+RrIrTA==, figureFileBig=U2cb+fZ2O9jr4zxPgJOf2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038635021193896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic of pre-charging stage, figureFileSmall=+RGUTdbsUGv+r30B3swNdw==, figureFileBig=tgFZj3iE90jtg593yIvwVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038635105079979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图4, caption=预充电示意, figureFileSmall=+RGUTdbsUGv+r30B3swNdw==, figureFileBig=tgFZj3iE90jtg593yIvwVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038635167994541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Control block diagram of energy feedback stage based on Scheme 1, figureFileSmall=yyYZ++rvzqiMulW6jLM06A==, figureFileBig=VCU1uMWTrRylUE0rha1mmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038635260269232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图5, caption=方案 1 能量回馈阶段控制框图, figureFileSmall=yyYZ++rvzqiMulW6jLM06A==, figureFileBig=VCU1uMWTrRylUE0rha1mmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038635352543923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Control block diagram of energy feedback stage based on Scheme 2, figureFileSmall=8gWEBCXqvVwxBXrGdt+Fjg==, figureFileBig=QGIb5x6Ad+3C6JmvzYZEWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038635423847094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图6, caption=方案 2 能量回馈阶段控制框图, figureFileSmall=8gWEBCXqvVwxBXrGdt+Fjg==, figureFileBig=QGIb5x6Ad+3C6JmvzYZEWg==, 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during the shutdown process based on Scheme 1, figureFileSmall=YzoplM/D7DBhg+NlWH041g==, figureFileBig=tZKi5PWgRkjsejzS/9wXGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038636103324365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图10, caption=方案 1 停机时直流电流仿真结果, figureFileSmall=YzoplM/D7DBhg+NlWH041g==, figureFileBig=tZKi5PWgRkjsejzS/9wXGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038636203987668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Simulation results of capacitance voltage during the shutdown process based on Scheme 2, figureFileSmall=RJI6MmJsYBqAbw1FeEqBlA==, figureFileBig=5y4yAQPZBO/dxa4AEYDy6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038636266902232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图11, caption=方案 2 停机时电容电压仿真结果, figureFileSmall=RJI6MmJsYBqAbw1FeEqBlA==, figureFileBig=5y4yAQPZBO/dxa4AEYDy6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038636338205403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Simulation results of DC current during the shutdown process based on Scheme 2, figureFileSmall=2RpcMH7v3MCZFJ301sv6Kg==, figureFileBig=VKauIqT00Ga/GoB/rf/rBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038636405314271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=图12, caption=方案 2 停机时直流电流仿真结果, figureFileSmall=2RpcMH7v3MCZFJ301sv6Kg==, figureFileBig=VKauIqT00Ga/GoB/rf/rBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038636476617441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of simulation system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 方案 1 方案 2
系统额定功率/MW 100 100
直流母线电压$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 100 100
子模块串直流电压/kV 70 70
交流输出单元直流电压/kV 30 30
子模块串模块数/个 26 42
交流输出单元桥臂模块数/个 19 18
桥臂电感/mH 10 10
桥臂等效电阻${l\Omega }$ 0.5 0.5
谐振频率/Hz - 300
谐振支路电感/mH 1 1
谐振支路电容/μF 281.4 281.4
谐振支路等效电阻$/\Omega$ 0.2 0.2
子模块串模块电容/mF 16 10
桥臂模块电容/mF 8 10
子模块串模块额定电压$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 3 2
桥臂模块额定电压/kV 2 2
子模块串模块并联电阻/$\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 50 50
桥臂模块并联电阻/$\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 25 50
限流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}1}/\Omega$ 142 108
耗散电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}/\Omega$ 5 5
), ArticleFig(id=1154038636526949093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038493933195359, language=CN, label=表1, caption=仿真系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 方案 1 方案 2
系统额定功率/MW 100 100
直流母线电压$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 100 100
子模块串直流电压/kV 70 70
交流输出单元直流电压/kV 30 30
子模块串模块数/个 26 42
交流输出单元桥臂模块数/个 19 18
桥臂电感/mH 10 10
桥臂等效电阻${l\Omega }$ 0.5 0.5
谐振频率/Hz - 300
谐振支路电感/mH 1 1
谐振支路电容/μF 281.4 281.4
谐振支路等效电阻$/\Omega$ 0.2 0.2
子模块串模块电容/mF 16 10
桥臂模块电容/mF 8 10
子模块串模块额定电压$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 3 2
桥臂模块额定电压/kV 2 2
子模块串模块并联电阻/$\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 50 50
桥臂模块并联电阻/$\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 25 50
限流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}1}/\Omega$ 142 108
耗散电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}/\Omega$ 5 5
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海上风场混合直流送出系统停机策略研究
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方陈 1 , 魏新迟 1 , 时珊珊 1 , 杨建平 1 , 蔡旭 2 , 方梓熙 2
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(2): 263-272
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(2): 263-272
海上风场混合直流送出系统停机策略研究
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方陈1 , 魏新迟1 , 时珊珊1 , 杨建平1 , 蔡旭2 , 方梓熙2
作者信息
  • 1 国网上海市电力公司 上海 200120
  • 2 上海交通大学 电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室 上海 200240
  • 方陈(1983-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail:fang ch@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

    魏新迟(1989-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士。研究方向:新能源发电及并网、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: newlate@126.com。

    时珊珊(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:新能源、储能、智能电网等领域。E-mail: shishsh@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

    杨建平(1965-),男,本科。研究方向:智能电网、超导、新能源等领域。E-mail: yangjp@sh.sgcc.com.cn。

    蔡旭(1964-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源功率变换与并网技术、大功率电力电子与电力系统控制等领域。E-mail: xucai@sjtu.edu.cn。

    方梓熙(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:海上风电柔性直流送出系统、模块化多电平变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail: zixifang@sjtu.edu.cn。

Shutdown Strategy for Hybrid DC Transmission System in Offshore Wind Farm
Chen FANG1 , Xinchi WEI1 , Shanshan SHI1 , Jianpin YANG1 , Xu CAI2 , Zixi FANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company Shanghai 200120 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion(Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.263
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对基于二极管整流器的低成本混合直流换流器的停机策略进行了研究。将辅助换流器的停机过程分为能量回馈与能量耗散阶段,能量回馈阶段通过主动控制,将子模块电容上储存的部分能量经直流母线回馈到电网中;能量耗散阶段通过耗散电阻依次对谐振电容和子模块电容放电,并推导了放电电流、电容电压和放电时间的计算方法,给出了耗散电阻的设计方法。所提停机策略能够快速有效实现换流器电容放电,且不需要高耐压大容量的耗散电阻,有利于工程实现。最后在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了相应的仿真模型,仿真结果验证了停机策略的有效性。

二极管整流器  /  混合直流换流器  /  放电过程  /  停机策略  /  柔性直流输电

A shutdown strategy for a low-cost hybrid DC converter based on diode rectifier is studied. The shut-down process of the auxiliary converter is divided into an energy feedback stage and an energy dissipation stage. At the energy feedback stage, part of the energy stored in the capacitors of sub-modules is fed back to grid through the DC transmission line under the active control. At the energy dissipation stage, the resonant capacitor and the capacitors of sub-modules are discharged in sequence through a discharging resistor. The calculation methods for the discharging cur-rent, capacitance voltage, and discharging time are derived, and the design method for the discharging resistor is also given. The capacitors of the auxiliary converter can be discharged quickly and efficiently under the proposed shutdown strategy without a high-voltage and large-capacity discharging resistor, which is conducive to the realization in engineer-ing projects. Finally, a simulation model is constructed in Matlab/Simulink, and the validity of the shutdown strategy is verified by simulation results.

Diode rectifier  /  hybrid DC converter  /  discharge process  /  shutdown strategy  /  VSC-HVDC
方陈, 魏新迟, 时珊珊, 杨建平, 蔡旭, 方梓熙. 海上风场混合直流送出系统停机策略研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 263 -272 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.263
Chen FANG, Xinchi WEI, Shanshan SHI, Jianpin YANG, Xu CAI, Zixi FANG. Shutdown Strategy for Hybrid DC Transmission System in Offshore Wind Farm[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 263 -272 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.263
海上风电因其风力资源丰富、发电量大、噪音污染小和利用率高等特点,逐渐受到人们的重视[1-3]。而模块化多电平变换器 MMC(modular multilevel converter) 具有谐波小、耐压高等特点[4-7],已经成为风电柔性直流送出系统中最具有竞争力的拓扑。但由于 MMC 换流器造价高昂、体积与重量较大,在海上建造换流器平台昂贵,十分影响海上风电的经济性。
二极管整流器相比 MMC 换流器, 具有导通损耗小、体积重量小、建设成本低和可靠性高等特点, 能够显著提升海上风电系统的经济性[8-9]。但二极管整流器不能提供风电场黑启动所需的有功功率及稳态运行时的无功功率, 无法建立稳定的交流电压用于风电机组锁相同步。因此, 文献[10]提出可以使用小容量电压源型变换器 VSC(voltage source converter) 作为辅助换流器与二极管整流器并联, 利用 VSC 建立交流电压及补偿系统无功与谐波, 来弥补二极管整流器的缺陷;文献[11-12]对该系统中的 VSC 拓扑进行了研究, 提出了一种新型高变比多电平拓扑, 可以在满足系统要求的情况下尽可能降低成本; 文献 [13]在此基础上改进了该辅助换流器拓扑, 增强了拓扑的稳定性;文献[14]对这种辅助换流器的启动策略进行了研究, 但没有研究相应的停机策略。
目前针对传统 MMC 换流器的停机策略已有许多研究。文献[15]将 MMC 的停机分为能量反馈与耗散 2 个阶段, 并分别给出了控制策略, 但没有考虑取能电源失能后子模块无法控制的情况;文献[16] 在此基础上研究了放电参数整定与耗散电阻的选取方法;文献[17]对能耗阶段进行了优化, 可进一步加快 MMC 的停机速度; 文献[18]针对不使用耗散电阻, 仅依赖自身衰减放电的过程进行了研究, 给出了放电时间定值整定方法; 文献[19]提出利用启动电阻和直流线路进行放电的方法, 可以省去耗散电阻与开关的成本, 但操作流程复杂, 且存在过压风险。由于混合换流器中的辅助换流器拓扑与 MMC 拓扑结构差异较大, 传统海上风电的停机策略无法适用于混合直流送出系统,因此还需要对该系统的停机策略进行研究。
本文针对混合直流送出系统的停机策略进行了研究, 分为能量回馈与能量耗散 2 个阶段。能量回馈阶段通过主动控制降低子模块电容电压, 将能量由直流母线回馈到岸上交流电网中; 能量耗散阶段通过耗散电阻与子模块内的并联电阻, 实现子模块电容的完全放电, 同时计算各个阶段的放电电流与放电时间,并给出了耗散电阻的设计方法。最后在 Matlab/Simulink 中搭建了仿真模型, 仿真结果验证了该停机策略的有效性。
混合直流送出系统拓扑如图1 所示, 混合换流站由 2 个部分组成: 二极管不控整流器与辅助换流器。二极管整流器负责传递海上风电场输出的有功功率, 辅助换流器补偿二极管整流器产生的谐波电流与系统无功功率, 同时为海上风电场提供黑启动所需的有功功率。岸上 MMC 换流站工作在定直流电压模式下,用以维持直流母线电压恒定。
由辅助换流器的功能可知,其必须能够提供较大容量的无功功率和小容量的有功功率,故辅助换流器为一个全控换流器, 需要在耐受高直流母线电压的前提下尽可能降低建设成本, 才能保证混合直流送出系统的经济性。
辅助换流器拓扑结构如图2 所示, 本质是一个高变比$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{AC}}$ 变换器。图中:${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流母线电压;${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为桥臂电感;${L}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$${C}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$ 分别为谐振电感和谐振电容;${\mathrm{K}}_{1}$${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$ 为机械开关;${R}_{\mathrm{d}1}$ 为预充电电阻;${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}$ 为卸荷电阻。拓扑使用半桥子模块搭建,${C}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为模块电容,${R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为模块内并联电阻, VT 为取能电源$\mathrm{{dc}}/\mathrm{{dc}}$ 变换的开关管, VD 为低压侧二极管,${C}_{0}$ 为低压侧电容,${R}_{0}$ 为耗能等效电阻[20-21],取能电源直接从子模块内部电容上取电, 从而驱动子模块的开断, 因此仅在电容电压高于取能电源的工作阀值电压时, 子模块才能控制,否则将处于闭锁状态。
辅助换流器由子模块串、交流输出单元和谐振支路 3 个部分组成。子模块串为一系列半桥子模块串联构成,用以承担大部分直流母线电压;交流输出单元结构与 MMC 换流器相同, 控制换流器交流侧的输出电压与电流;谐振支路为电感与电容串联构成, 目的在于给换流器内部的高频环流电流提供通道。由于直流侧电压大部分由子模块串承担,因此该拓扑相比 MMC 换流器拓扑, 所需子模块数目极大减少, 建设成本显著降低。同时, 因为交流输出单元模块数目的减少, 其无功补偿容量相比同等直流电压等级下的 MMC 也会减少, 因此设计子模块串与交流输出单元的直流电压变比时,需要使交流输出单元的容量满足系统无功补偿的容量需求。
辅助换流器的工作原理如图3 所示。由图可知, 当辅助换流器由直流侧向交流侧传输有功功率时, 直流电流会使子模块串能量增加, 而交流侧输出有功则会使交流输出单元能量减少,因此直流电流会引起换流器内部的能量不平衡, 故需要控制换流器内部产生一个不同频率的二次回路, 用以平衡直流电流引起的能量差。
控制子模块串产生一个恒定的环流电压${u}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}$,交流输出单元直流侧产生大小相等、方向相反的环流电压,同时控制环流器内部产生一个环流电流${i}_{\text{ciro }}$ 该环流电流会在子模块串上消耗功率, 在交流输出单元上释放功率,由此实现了能量平衡。
因此子模块串的控制电压${u}_{\text{series }}$ 表达式为
${u}_{\text{series }}= {u}_{\text{cir }}+ {U}_{1}+ {\Delta u}$
式中:${U}_{1}$ 为子模块串电压承担的直流电压分量;${u}_{\text{cir }}$ 为叠加的恒定环流电压;${\Delta u}$ 为环流电流控制电压, 作用在桥臂电感上产生环流电流, 其计算公式为
${\Delta u}= -\frac{2}{3}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}{I}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{{cir}}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{{cir}}}t}\right)$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}$ 为环流电流幅值;${\omega }_{\mathrm{{cir}}}$ 为环流的频率。
同时以 a 相为例, 交流输出单元上、下桥臂的电压表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{{pa}}}= \frac{1}{2}{U}_{2}- \frac{1}{2}{u}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}- {u}_{\mathrm{a}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{na}}}= \frac{1}{2}{U}_{2}- \frac{1}{2}{u}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{a}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{2}$ 为交流输出单元直流侧承担的直流电压分量;${u}_{\mathrm{a}}$$\mathrm{a}$ 相输出的交流电压。
直流侧电压满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {U}_{1}+ {U}_{2}\\ k ={U}_{2}/{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,$k$ 为直流电压变换系数,反映了辅助换流器的变比,同时与换流器的无功容量和经济性密切相关。
由于混合换流器为海上送端换流器, 因此仅存在由直流侧进行预充电的可能,且不具备交流侧进行预充电的能力。当从直流侧进行不控充电时, 预充电示意如图4 所示,限流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{dl}}}$ 同时限制谐振电容与子模块电容的充电电流。
由于拓扑的不对称性, 不控充电后子模块串与交流输出单元的子模块电容电压满足
${U}_{\mathrm{m}1}/{U}_{\mathrm{m}2}= 3{C}_{\mathrm{m}2}/{C}_{\mathrm{m}1}= {k}_{\mathrm{u}}$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}$${U}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 分别为不控充电后子模块串和交流输出单元的模块电容电压;${C}_{\mathrm{m}1}$${C}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 分别为 2 个部分的模块电容;${k}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 为不控充电后子模块电容电压比例系数。
由式 (5) 可知, 当子模块串的模块电容与交流输出单元的模块电容相同时,不控充电后${U}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}$${U}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 的 3 倍。因此该拓扑的不对称性会导致子模块电容电压存在较大差异,相比传统 MMC 换流器预充电更加困难。
针对辅助换流器拓扑的特性,文献[13]提出了 2 种预充电控制方案。方案 1 为基于参数设计的预充电方案, 即依据式 (5) 对子模块参数的差异化设计, 使得辅助换流器这一不对称拓扑也能够像 MMC 换流器一样进行预充电, 2 个部分的子模块电容按比例进行充电, 最终达到额定值, 但这种方案使换流器需要 2 种不同的子模块进行搭建, 牺牲了拓扑的模块性; 方案 2 为基于环流控制的预充电方案, 根据图3 辅助换流器的工作原理, 该拓扑具备平衡换流器内部能量的能力, 因此方案 2 通过环流控制, 在不控充电后平衡 2 个部分的子模块电容电压,同时在均压过程中继续充电,最终使所有子模块都达到额定电压, 该方案不需要牺牲拓扑的模块性, 但控制更为复杂, 充电流程更加繁琐。
混合直流送出系统的停机策略可分为以下几个阶段。
(1)海上交流系统停运阶段:首先将海上风电场的传输功率降低至 0,并断开风电机组与交流母线的连接; 接着控制辅助换流器将 PCC 点电压降低至 0,断开图1 中机械开关${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$,将二极管整流器隔离,并断开开关${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$,将辅助换流器与交流侧断开。
(2)能量回馈阶段:控制辅助换流器将子模块电容中储存的能量通过直流母线回馈到岸上交流电网中, 从而降低子模块电容电压, 这一过程可以认为是可控整流阶段的镜像过程。
(3)能量耗散阶段:能量回馈阶段不能将子模块电容储存的能量完全释放,因此还需要通过耗散电阻将子模块电容电压降低至安全值,从而实现辅助换流器的完全停机, 此阶段需要断开机械开关${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$,将辅助换流器与直流侧断开。
(4)岸上换流站停机阶段:岸上 MMC 换流站同样需要进行停机, 降低直流电压, 并完全释放子模块上储存的能量, MMC 停机的研究已非常成熟, 本文主要关注海上混合换流站的停运过程, 因此这一阶段不再赘述。
由第 1.3 节可知, 辅助换流器的子模块参数设计有 2 种方案, 2 种方案能量回馈阶段的目的相同, 但控制方式与所需时间不同。首先针对基于参数设计的方案 1 进行分析, 由于子模块串与交流输出单元子模块的差异化设计, 辅助换流器中 2 个部分的子模块能够同时按比例充电及放电,特性与 MMC 相似, 因而可以采用相近的控制策略。本文采用定直流电流能馈的控制策略,控制框图如图5 所示。
图5 中:${\bar{u}}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}$${\bar{u}}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 分别为子模块串子模块电容电压的平均值和交流输出单元子模块电容电压的平均值;${u}_{\text{nref }}$ 为能量回馈阶段的电容电压指令值,一般为该阶段放电后电容电压能达到的最小值;${m}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 为控制电压, 经过最近电平逼近调制后产生控制信号作用到所有的子模块上, 即通过控制直流电流, 实现辅助换流器的能量释放。忽略系统损耗, 该过程放电时间的计算公式为
${t}_{\text{modl }}= \frac{{N}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}\left({{U}_{\mathrm{c}1}^{2}- {U}_{\mathrm{{mref}}1}^{2}}\right)+ 6{N}_{2}{C}_{\mathrm{m}2}\left({{U}_{\mathrm{c}2}^{2}- {U}_{\mathrm{{mref}}2}^{2}}\right)}{2{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{I}_{\mathrm{{lim}}}}$
式中:${I}_{\text{lim }}$ 为子模块电流限值,也是图5 中电容电压外环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制器的限值;${U}_{\mathrm{c}1}$${U}_{\mathrm{c}2}$ 分别为 2 个部分子模块电容额定电压;${U}_{\text{mrefl }}$${U}_{\text{mref2 }}$ 分别为 2 个部分能量回馈后的子模块电容电压;${N}_{1}$${N}_{2}$ 分别为子模块串和交流输出单元桥臂的子模块数目。由于直流母线电压${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 很大,所以该放电过程十分迅速。
针对方案 2, 当辅助换流器中的子模块都采用同一种参数进行构建时, 由于拓扑的不对称性, 子模块串的放电电流是交流输出单元的 3 倍, 直流电流控制不能保证子模块均压放电, 因此拓扑在直流侧放电的同时, 还需要利用环流电流平衡 2 个部分的子模块电容电压,使子模块能够同步放电,控制框图如图6 所示。
图6 中,${m}_{\mathrm{{SMB}}}$${m}_{\mathrm{{ACOU}}}$ 分别为子模块串和交流输出单元的控制电压。直流电流控制使得子模块串的模块电容进行能量回馈, 因此子模块串模块电容电压先下降,导致${u}_{\mathrm{m}1}$${u}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 出现差值。然后环流均压控制作用, 平衡 2 个部分的模块电容电压, 最终使得换流器所有子模块电容电压都下降到指令值${u}_{\text{mrefo }}$ 忽略系统损耗, 该过程放电时间的计算公式为
${t}_{\mathrm{{mod}}2}= \frac{6{N}_{2}{C}_{\mathrm{m}2}\left({{U}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}- {U}_{\text{mref }}^{2}}\right)}{{U}_{\text{cir }}{I}_{\text{lim }}}$
式中,${U}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}$ 为环流电压${u}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}$ 的幅值,通常在${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$1\%\sim$ 5%之间。因此通常${t}_{\text{modl }}< {t}_{\text{mod }2}$,即方案 1 的能量回馈过程要比方案 2 更快。
能量回馈结束后, 2 种方案在能量耗散阶段的流程与分析完全相同。不同于传统 MMC 停机策略, 辅助换流器还需要利用预充电电阻使谐振电容放电, 在可控能量耗散阶段子模块串与交流输出单元的子模块放电回路也不相同。首先闭锁辅助换流器所有子模块, 断开直流侧开关, 隔离辅助换流器与高压直流母线; 接着断开开关${\mathrm{K}}_{1}$ 并闭合开关${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$,谐振电容通过预充电电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}1}$ 与耗散电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}$ 放电,预充电电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{dl}}}$ 可以保证这一过程中谐振电容的放电电流不会过流。此时放电的等效电路如图7(a) 所示。
图7(a)可知, 谐振电容的放电回路为一个二阶电路,且为过阻尼过程。二阶电路零输入响应下, 放电电流与电容电压的计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{C}}= {A}_{1}{\mathrm{e}}^{{p}_{1}t}+ {A}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{{p}_{2}t}\\{i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= -{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\left({{A}_{1}{p}_{1}{\mathrm{e}}^{{p}_{1}t}+ {A}_{2}{p}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{{p}_{2}t}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
对应的参数表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{A}_{1}= \frac{{p}_{2}{U}_{{C}_{0}}}{{p}_{2}- {p}_{1}}\\{A}_{2}= -\frac{{p}_{1}{U}_{{C}_{0}}}{{p}_{2}- {p}_{1}}\\{p}_{1}= -\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}+ \sqrt{{\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}\right)}^{2}- \frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}}\\{p}_{2}= -\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}- \sqrt{{\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}\right)}^{2}- \frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为二阶电路的等效电容;${U}_{{C}_{0}}$ 为电容初始电压;${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为二阶电路的等效电阻;${L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为二阶电路的等效电感。
谐振电容放电时, 各个参量的具体值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{{C}_{0}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\\{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\\{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\\{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{{dl}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{dp}}}\end{array}\right.$
将式(10)代入式(8)和式(9),即可计算出谐振电容的卸荷电流${i}_{\mathrm{{del}}}$ 和谐振电容电压${u}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{lv}}}}$ 的表达式。 这一过程的放电时间可近似为
${t}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}= {2.5}\left\lbrack {{C}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left({{R}_{\mathrm{{dl}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{d}2}}\right)+ \sqrt{{C}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}^{2}{\left({R}_{\mathrm{{dl}}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{d}2}\right)}^{2}- 4{L}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}}}\right\rbrack $
经过${t}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$ 时间后,谐振电容电压会下降至额定值的 0.7%以下,可认为谐振电容放电结束,此时开始可控能量耗散。闭合开关${\mathrm{K}}_{1}$,子模块电容仅通过耗散电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}$ 放电,可控能量耗散过程如图7(b) 所示。在此过程中, 控制辅助换流器子模块逐个或多个一组投入放电, 其余子模块都保持闭锁切除状态。投入的子模块可等效为二极管与模块电容的并联, 切除的子模块则可以等效为二极管, 因此可控能量耗散电路也是一个二阶电路。由于每次放电的子模块数目较少,电压等级较低,因此耗散电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}$ 较小,且耗散功率也较小。
当子模块串子模块电容放电时, 交流输出单元的三相桥臂的电感等效为一个电感,大小为$2/3{L}_{\mathrm{m}}$。 即此时二阶电路参量的值可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{{C}_{0}}= n{U}_{\mathrm{{m1}}}\\{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}/n \\{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= 2/3{L}_{\mathrm{m}}\\{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {R}_{12}\end{array}\right.$
式中,$n$ 为同时投入的子模块的个数。
当交流输出单元子模块电容放电时, 仅通过一相桥臂的电感,因此等效值为$2{L}_{\mathrm{m}}$。此时二阶电路参量的值可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{{C}_{0}}= n{U}_{\mathrm{m}2}\\{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{m}2}/n \\{L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= 2{L}_{\mathrm{m}}\\{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\end{array}\right.$
将式(12)和式(13)分别代入式(8)和式(9),即可计算出此阶段 2 个部分子模块的放电电流和子模块电容电压表达式。
当子模块电容电压下降到取能电源阀值电压以下时, 子模块进入不可控状态, 无法再通过耗散电阻放电。由于取能电源或模块参数不一致的影响, 可能导致每组内子模块电容电压下降速度不一致, 但最终都会下降到阀值电压以下并进入自动闭锁状态, 不会影响这一阶段的停机策略。检测每组内所有子模块的电容电压, 当电容电压均不变时, 表明该组模块已完成可控能量耗散, 从而投入下一组子模块放电。假设阀值电压为${U}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$,当所有子模块电压都低于${U}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 时,表明可控能量耗散阶段结束。忽略高阶量,该过程所需时间${t}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}$ 的计算公式近似为
${t}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}= \frac{{N}_{1}}{n}\frac{\ln \left({n{U}_{\mathrm{{re}}}/{A}_{\mathrm{{smbl}}}}\right)}{{p}_{\mathrm{{smbl}}}}+ \frac{6{N}_{2}}{n}\frac{\ln \left({n{U}_{\mathrm{{re}}}/{A}_{\mathrm{{acoul}}}}\right)}{{p}_{\text{acoul }}}$
式中,${A}_{\text{smbl }}$${p}_{\text{smbl }}$${A}_{\text{acoul }}$${p}_{\text{acoul }}$ 分别为式 (12) 和式 (13) 代入式 (9) 计算得到的${A}_{1}$${p}_{1}$ 的值。耗散电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}$ 在各个阶段的平均放电功率必须小于最大值${P}_{\max }$,而谐振电容放电阶段的放电电流与功率最大, 因此需要满足
${R}_{\mathrm{d}2}\geq \frac{2{R}_{\mathrm{{dl}}}{t}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}{P}_{\max }}{{C}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{2}- 2{t}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}{P}_{\max }}$
由于可控能量耗散无法完全释放子模块电容上的能量, 因此与传统 MMC 停机策略相同, 电容残余的能量必须通过子模块内部的并联电阻进行耗散, 这一过程称为不可控能量耗散。不可控能量耗散的原理如图7(c) 所示, 为一阶电路, 因此可以计算出放电电流${i}_{\mathrm{{de}}3}$ 的表达式为
${i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}3}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{{re}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{1}{{R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{C}_{\mathrm{m}}}t}$
事实上, 不可控能量耗散过程在子模块闭锁后一直存在,但由于子模块内部的并联电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 很大, 所以该放电过程相比其他过程较长, 不会影响其他放电过程。该过程放电时间计算公式为
${t}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 5{R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}$
不可控能量耗散通常要持续数十分钟, 子模块电容电压才能完全释放, 此时可以认为辅助换流器完全停机,人员可进入进行检修、维护等操作。混合换流器的停机策略流程如图8 所示。忽略不同阶段的切换时间, 总放电时间计算公式为
${t}_{\text{total }}= {t}_{\mathrm{{mod}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
在 Matlab/Simulink 中搭建混合直流换流器的仿真模型, 验证本文所提停机策略的有效性。针对基于参数设计的方案 1 与基于环流控制的方案 2 分别进行仿真验证, 仿真参数如表1 所示。子模块自动闭锁时的电容电压限值${U}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 设置为${500}\mathrm{\;V}$
方案 1 的仿真结果如图9图10 所示,图10 中的${i}_{1}$${i}_{2}$ 分别为直流母线上的电流和谐振支路上的电流。$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 开始辅助换流器进入停机状态,首先控制辅助换流器将能量回馈到直流母线上, 由图10 可知,此时直流电流被控制在${500}\mathrm{\;A}$,子模块电容电压很快下降到不控充电结束时的值; 接着子模块闭锁, 谐振电容开始放电, 此时电容放电电流峰值被限制在${800}\mathrm{\;A}$ 以内;谐振电容完全放电后,子模块开始可控能量耗散。仿真中设置 2 个子模块一组同时投入进行放电, 首先将交流输出单元的子模块投入放电, 然后再将子模块串的子模块投入放电。 由于子模块串的子模块电容电压与容值均大于交流输出单元的子模块, 且放电等效电感也较小, 所以耗散电流峰值明显较大。可控能量耗散后,子模块还需要经过内部并联电阻完全放电, 由于这个过程时间较长,且电容电压变化规律简单,限于篇幅没有在仿真结果中展示。由仿真结果可知, 能量回馈阶段的放电时间约为${0.045}\mathrm{\;s}$,理论计算结果为${0.041}\mathrm{\;s}$;谐振电容放电时间约为${0.185}\mathrm{\;s}$,理论计算时间为${0.207}\mathrm{\;s}$;可控能量耗散阶段放电时间约为${2.056}\mathrm{\;s}$,理论计算结果为${1.920}\mathrm{\;s}$,仿真与理论计算结果基本一致。
方案 2 的仿真结果如图11图12 所示。由图11 可知, 不同于方案 1, 能量回馈阶段首先是子模块串的模块电容电压快速下降, 接着在环流的作用下交流输出单元的模块电容电压才下降, 并最终与子模块串的模块电容电压相等。由图12 可知, 这一过程中环流电流幅值被限制在${500}\mathrm{\;A}$。谐振电容放电与可控能量耗散过程与方案 1 类似, 虽然子模块串与交流输出单元的模块电容与电压均相同, 但由于子模块串模块放电电路的等效电感较小, 因此仿真结果中的放电电流相较于交流输出单元较大。 同样由仿真结果可知, 能量回馈阶段的放电时间约为${1.180}\mathrm{\;s}$,理论计算结果为${1.102}\mathrm{\;s}$;谐振电容放电时间约为${0.157}\mathrm{\;s}$,理论计算时间为${0.159}\mathrm{\;s}$;可控能量耗散阶段放电时间约为${2.230}\mathrm{\;s}$,理论计算结果为${1.964}\mathrm{\;s}$。方案 1 与方案 2 放电时间仿真结果与理论计算值的对比验证了计算公式的有效性。
本文研究了混合型海上直流送出系统的停机策略。在能量回馈阶段,针对 2 种不同参数设计方案下的换流器, 分别给出了相应的控制方法, 通过将能量主动回馈到电网中降低了能量耗散阶段的初始电压。在能量耗散阶段,首先利用预充电电阻与耗散电阻一同对谐振电容放电, 接着控制子模块逐组投入放电, 减少了对耗散电阻阻值与能量的要求, 同时对各个阶段的放电电流、电容电压和时间进行推导, 给出了耗散电阻的设计方法。本文所提停机策略所需的耗散电阻电压耐压要求和功率等级都较低,停机速度快,易于工程实施。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技资助项目(520940200010)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.263
  • 接收时间:2021-07-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-08
  • 修回日期:2021-09-09
  • 录用日期:2021-09-22
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation(520940200010)
国家电网公司总部科技资助项目(520940200010)
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    1 国网上海市电力公司 上海 200120
    2 上海交通大学 电力传输与功率变换控制教育部重点实验室 上海 200240
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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