Article(id=1154038491865403478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1623772800000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-16, revisedDate=1629129600000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-17, acceptedDate=1629993600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-27, onlineDate=1753073817459, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073817459, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073817459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073817459, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038492993671259, articleId=1154038491865403478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Simulation of Three-port DC Converter and Its Passivity-based Control, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The three-port converter studied in this paper includes three ports, i.e., power supply, energy storage and load, in which the load can directly obtain electric energy from the power supply or the energy storage port. First, a mathematical model of Euler-Lagrange form is established, a passivity-based controller is designed, and the simulation of passivity-based control (PBC) is carried out. The PBC strategy has advantages of strong global stability and strong robustness to system parameter deviation and external disturbance in the nonlinear system. Based on the PBC theory, the passivity of the three-port converter system is demonstrated. Through the PBC and single-phase-shift control of dual-active-bridge (DAB), the energy transfer between the three ports is realized. Finally, simulation results in Matlab/Simulink are given, which proves that the load in the device can directly obtain electric energy from the energy storage port and run safely, stably and reliably.

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所研究的三端口换流装置包括电源、储能和负荷3个端口,其中负荷可以直接从电源或储能端口获取电能。首先,建立了欧拉-拉格朗日形式的数学模型,设计了无源控制器,并展开了无源控制 PBC(passivity-based control)的仿真研究。PBC策略在非线性系统中具有全局稳定性强、对系统参数偏差和外部干扰具有较强的鲁棒性等优点,以PBC 理论为基础,论证了该三端口换流装置系统的无源性,通过无源控制和单移相控制的双主动全桥 DAB (dual-active-bridge),实现了三端口之间的能量传递,最后给出 Matlab/Simulink 中的仿真结果,证明了该装置中负荷可以直接从储能端口获取电能并可以安全稳定可靠地运行。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=iLhABFfNzjKqDEKHG+XDgw==, magXml=FhIvmT+odkuUYk0+np+7hA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y5is+gWJLMssOZDcHsP59w==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=v4MefOSNCEz2JyxW72r4fA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘誉繁(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子、DC-DC变换器等。E-mail: 1975855779@qq.com。

李建国(1975-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail:lijianguo@bistu.edu.cn。

张雅静(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,讲师。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail: zhangyajing@bistu.edu.n。

王久和(1960-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:非线性控制技术。E-mail : wjhyhrwm@163.com。

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刘誉繁(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子、DC-DC变换器等。E-mail: 1975855779@qq.com。

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刘誉繁(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子、DC-DC变换器等。E-mail: 1975855779@qq.com。

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李建国(1975-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail:lijianguo@bistu.edu.cn。

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李建国(1975-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail:lijianguo@bistu.edu.cn。

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张雅静(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,讲师。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail: zhangyajing@bistu.edu.n。

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张雅静(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,讲师。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail: zhangyajing@bistu.edu.n。

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王久和(1960-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:非线性控制技术。E-mail : wjhyhrwm@163.com。

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王久和(1960-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:非线性控制技术。E-mail : wjhyhrwm@163.com。

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参数 数值
电容${C}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 1100
电容${C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{3}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2200
电感${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1
电感${L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 2
配电网电压/kV 0.75
变压器变比 750:375:55
开关频率/kHz 50
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参数 数值
电容${C}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 1100
电容${C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{3}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2200
电感${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1
电感${L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 2
配电网电压/kV 0.75
变压器变比 750:375:55
开关频率/kHz 50
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三端口直流换流装置及其无源控制仿真研究
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刘誉繁 , 李建国 , 张雅静 , 王久和
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(2): 106-112
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(2): 106-112
三端口直流换流装置及其无源控制仿真研究
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刘誉繁 , 李建国 , 张雅静 , 王久和
作者信息
  • 北京信息科技大学 自动化学院 北京 100192
  • 刘誉繁(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子、DC-DC变换器等。E-mail: 1975855779@qq.com。

    李建国(1975-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail:lijianguo@bistu.edu.cn。

    张雅静(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,讲师。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电及控制技术。E-mail: zhangyajing@bistu.edu.n。

    王久和(1960-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:非线性控制技术。E-mail : wjhyhrwm@163.com。

Simulation of Three-port DC Converter and Its Passivity-based Control
Yufan LIU , Jianguo LI , Yajing ZHANG , Jiuhe WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Automation Beijing Information Science and Technology University Beijing 100192 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.106
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所研究的三端口换流装置包括电源、储能和负荷3个端口,其中负荷可以直接从电源或储能端口获取电能。首先,建立了欧拉-拉格朗日形式的数学模型,设计了无源控制器,并展开了无源控制 PBC(passivity-based control)的仿真研究。PBC策略在非线性系统中具有全局稳定性强、对系统参数偏差和外部干扰具有较强的鲁棒性等优点,以PBC 理论为基础,论证了该三端口换流装置系统的无源性,通过无源控制和单移相控制的双主动全桥 DAB (dual-active-bridge),实现了三端口之间的能量传递,最后给出 Matlab/Simulink 中的仿真结果,证明了该装置中负荷可以直接从储能端口获取电能并可以安全稳定可靠地运行。

无源控制  /  双主动全桥  /  三端口换流装置

The three-port converter studied in this paper includes three ports, i.e., power supply, energy storage and load, in which the load can directly obtain electric energy from the power supply or the energy storage port. First, a mathematical model of Euler-Lagrange form is established, a passivity-based controller is designed, and the simulation of passivity-based control (PBC) is carried out. The PBC strategy has advantages of strong global stability and strong robustness to system parameter deviation and external disturbance in the nonlinear system. Based on the PBC theory, the passivity of the three-port converter system is demonstrated. Through the PBC and single-phase-shift control of dual-active-bridge (DAB), the energy transfer between the three ports is realized. Finally, simulation results in Matlab/Simulink are given, which proves that the load in the device can directly obtain electric energy from the energy storage port and run safely, stably and reliably.

Passivity-based control (PBC)  /  dual-active-bridge (DAB)  /  three-port converter
刘誉繁, 李建国, 张雅静, 王久和. 三端口直流换流装置及其无源控制仿真研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 106 -112 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.106
Yufan LIU, Jianguo LI, Yajing ZHANG, Jiuhe WANG. Simulation of Three-port DC Converter and Its Passivity-based Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 106 -112 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.106
在化石燃料日趋减少、世界各国都面临环境污染问题的情况下, 如何提高能源的利用效率、减少对环境的破坏是全人类都要面对的共同话题[1-2]。随着电动汽车、储能系统等直流负载大量投入使用[3], 双向直流换流器在直流微网中得到了广泛应用。传统的单一电压等级的变换器不仅在转换过程中存在着转换效率低、抗干扰能力差等问题,而且在电能传输过程中直流负载不能直接从储能单元获取电能, 需要经过多级变换器的整流和逆变, 这一过程造成了电能浪费并加大了投入成本[4-6]
多端口换流装置是一种高模块化、高集成度的电力电子装置,一般由一个交流端口和多个直流子端口构成[7]。文献[8]介绍了以多端口换流装置为枢纽的交直流混合配电网的发展, 通过对比分析不同拓扑结构的优劣势, 指出多端口换流装置在交直流混合配电网中的优越性。首先,多端口换流装置可根据实际设计不同的功能需求、功率等级、电压等级,极大地提高了交直流混合配电网的灵活性[9]。其次, 多端口换流装置将用电单元与储能单元互联, 用电单元不再需要经过多级整流和逆变获取电能, 提高了电能利用效率[10-11]
双主动全桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)是多端口换流装置的主导,其绕组两端拓扑结构对称,可实现能量的双向流动。DAB 换流器由 De Doncker 等学者于 20 世纪 90 年代在文献[12]中首次提出, 经过不断的研究和发展已经在诸多领域得到了实际应用。文献[13]为提高多端口换流装置运行的稳定性,降低控制难度,引入双向隔离型DC-DC 换流器 IBDC (isolated bidirectional DC-DC) 将直流负载和换流装置隔离,实现了多端口换流装置的模块化运行。文献[14]提出了一种三重化复合移相控制策略, 提高了 DC-DC 换流器的动态性能, 但其控制策略复杂、计算繁冗,很难在实际工程中得到应用。
无源控制 PBC (passivity-based control) 最早由 Ortega 和 Spong 于 1989 年在文献[15]提出, 作为一种非线性控制策略, 具有鲁棒性强、系统结构简单、 全局稳定性强、参数少等优点。在电气应用方面,无源控制已应用于微电网、光伏逆变器、电机驱动、静态同步补偿器和 DC-DC 换流器等方面[16-18]。本文对基于无源控制的多端口换流装置展开研究, 设计基于 EL 模型的无源控制器, 其可以实现对双主动全桥和直流子端口的稳定控制, 最后给出在 Matlab/ Simulink 中的仿真结果。
本文所研究的三端口换流装置拓扑结构如图1 所示, 该装置由 3 个直流端口构成, 其中端口 1 连接直流电网,由${L}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 以及隔离型三绕组高频变压器的${n}_{1}$${n}_{2}$ 所构成的 DAB 换流器构成。端口 2 连接储能装置,由${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$${\mathrm{S}}_{10}$${L}_{1}$ 构成的 BUCK/ BOOST 换流器构成。端口 3 连接直流负载,由${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$${\mathrm{D}}_{5}$${L}_{2}$ 构成的 BUCK 换流器构成。
当端口 2 连接储能装置并对其进行充电时, 通过三绕组高频变压器将直流电网的电能输送给端 ☐ 2 和端口 3,功率正向流动,${p}_{1}= {p}_{2}+ {p}_{3}$, BUCK/ BOOST 换流器工作在 BUCK 降压模式。当储能装置放电时, 通过三绕组高频变压器将端口 2 的电能输送给端口 1 和端口 3,功率反向流动,${p}_{2}= {p}_{1}+ {p}_{3}$, BUCK/BOOST 换流器工作在 BOOST 升压模式, 直流负载从储能装置直接获取电能。
图2 为 DAB 换流器拓扑,${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}$ 为 DAB 换流器原边和副边损耗的等效电阻。
由文献[19], DAB 换流器的传输功率$P$
$ P =\frac{N{v}_{1}{v}_{2}}{2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}D\left({1 -\left| D\right|}\right)$
式中:$D$ 为半开关周期移相比;$N$ 为高频绕组变压器变比;${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关频率;${v}_{1}\text{、}{v}_{2}$ 分别为 DAB 换流器输入、输出电压;${L}_{1}$ 为储能电感。
DAB 换流器输出电流${i}_{22}$ 可以被定义为
${i}_{22}= \frac{P}{{v}_{2}}= \frac{N{v}_{1}}{2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}D\left({1 -\left| D\right|}\right)= k{v}_{1}$
$ k =\frac{{ND}\left({1 -\left| D\right|}\right)}{2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}$
基于 KCL 对 DAB 换流器副边侧节点 a 列写电流微分方程, 可以得到
${C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}- {i}_{22}= -{i}_{2}= {C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}- k{v}_{1}$
式中,${G}_{2}= 1/{R}_{2}$
端口 2 为 BUCK/BOOST 换流器, 当端口 2 工作在 BUCK 降压模式时,${\mathrm{S}}_{10}$ 始终处于闭锁状态,控制${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$ 的导通与关断,其电压、电流微分方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{1}{v}_{2}= {L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{3}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {v}_{3}+ {r}_{1}{i}_{3}\\{d}_{1}{i}_{2}= {i}_{3}\\{d}_{2}= 1 -{d}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${r}_{1}$ 为电感${L}_{1}$ 的阻值;${v}_{3}$ 为 BUCK/BOOST 换流器输出电压;${d}_{1}$ 为开关${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$ 的占空比;${d}_{2}$ 为 BOOST 升压模式时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{10}$ 的占空比。
端口 3 为 BUCK 换流器,控制${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$ 的导通与关断, 其电压、电流微分方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{3}{v}_{5}= {L}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{4}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {v}_{4}+ {r}_{2}{i}_{4}\\{d}_{3}{i}_{4}= {i}_{5}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${r}_{2}$ 为电感${L}_{2}$ 的阻值;${d}_{3}$ 为开关${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$ 的占空比;${v}_{4}$${v}_{5}$ 分别为 BUCK 换流器输出、输入电压。
将式(4)~式(6)整理为 EL 形式数学模型为
${\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{i}+ {\mathbf{J}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}+ {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}= {\mathbf{u}}_{i}\;i = 1,2,3 $
式中:${\mathbf{M}}_{i}$ 为储能器件参数组成的正定矩阵,即${\mathbf{M}}_{i}=$ ${\mathbf{M}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}};{\mathbf{J}}_{i}$ 为反对称矩阵,即${\mathbf{J}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}= -{\mathbf{J}}_{i};{\mathbf{R}}_{i}$ 为系统正定散耗矩阵,即${\mathbf{R}}_{i}= {\mathbf{R}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}$,并满足${\mathbf{R}}_{i}> 0;{\mathbf{x}}_{i}$ 为系统状态变量向量;${\mathbf{u}}_{i}$ 为系统控制输入变量向量。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{M}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{C}_{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{J}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 \\- k & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{R}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{G}_{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\{\mathbf{x}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{v}_{1}\\{v}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{u}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\- {i}_{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{M}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{2}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{J}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 &- {d}_{1}\\{d}_{1}& 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{R}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{r}_{1}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack \\{\mathbf{x}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{3}\\{v}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{u}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- {v}_{3}\\{i}_{3}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{M}}_{3}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{3}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{J}}_{3}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 &- {d}_{2}\\{d}_{2}& 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{R}}_{3}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{r}_{2}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack \\{\mathbf{x}}_{3}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{4}\\{v}_{3}\end{array}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{u}}_{3}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- {v}_{4}\\{i}_{4}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
由文献[20], 根据无源性定义, 对于一个多输入多输出系统,
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{x}}= f\left({\mathbf{x},\mathbf{u}}\right)\\\mathbf{y}= h\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\end{array}\;\mathbf{x}\left( 0\right)= {\mathbf{x}}_{0}\in {\mathbf{R}}^{n}}\right.$
若存在半正定能量存储函数$\mathbf{W}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 及正定函数$\mathbf{Q}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$,对任意$T > 0$ 使得耗散不等式
$\mathbf{W}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left( T\right)}\right\rbrack -\mathbf{W}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left( 0\right)}\right\rbrack \leq {\int }_{0}^{T}{\mathbf{u}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{y}\mathrm{d}\tau -{\int }_{0}^{T}\mathbf{Q}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\mathrm{d}\tau $
$\dot{\mathbf{W}}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\leq {\mathbf{u}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{y}- \mathbf{Q}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$
对系统的输入$\mathbf{u}$ 、输出$\mathbf{y}$ 及能量供给率${\mathbf{u}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{y}$ 成立,则系统是严格无源的。
式(12)中:${\int }_{0}^{T}{\mathbf{u}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\tau \right)\mathbf{y}\left(\tau \right)\mathrm{d}\tau$ 为供给系统的能量;$\mathbf{W}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left( T\right)}\right\rbrack -\mathbf{W}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left( 0\right)}\right\rbrack$ 为系统存储的能量;${\int }_{0}^{T}\mathbf{Q}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\mathrm{d}\tau$ 为系统散耗的能量。
设三端口换流装置系统的能量存储函数为
${\mathbf{W}}_{i}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \frac{1}{2}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}\;i = 1,2,3 $
结合式 (7),${\mathbf{W}}_{i}$ 对时间的导数为
${\dot{\mathbf{W}}}_{i}= {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{i}= {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({{\mathbf{u}}_{i}- {\mathbf{J}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}- {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}}\right)= \\{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{u}}_{i}- {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}$
令输出变量$\mathbf{y}= \mathbf{x}$,则式 (15) 可化简为
${\dot{\mathbf{W}}}_{i}= {\mathbf{y}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{u}}_{i}- {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}= {\mathbf{u}}_{i}{\mathbf{y}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}- {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}< {\mathbf{u}}_{i}{\mathbf{y}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}$
根据无源性的定义式 (13) 可知, 三端口换流装置是严格无源的, 可以进行无源控制器设计。
根据式 (7) 和式 (14),设误差向量${\mathbf{x}}_{ei}= {\mathbf{x}}_{i}- {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{* }(i =$ $1,2,3)$,误差向量模型下的能量存储函数和$\mathrm{{EL}}$ 方程可以表示为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{W}}_{\mathrm{e}i}= \frac{1}{2}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}\\{\mathbf{V}}_{i}= {\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{\mathrm{e}i}+ {\mathbf{J}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}+ {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}\end{array}\;i = 1,2,3}\right.$
如果能量储存函数${\mathbf{W}}_{\mathrm{e}i}$ 通过$\mathrm{{PBC}}$ 收敛至 0, 亦有${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}$ 收敛为 0,即${\mathbf{x}}_{i}$ 收敛至${\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{* }$,将${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}= {\mathbf{x}}_{i}- {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{* }$ 代入式(7), 得
${\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{ei}+ {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{ei}= {\mathbf{u}}_{i}- {\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{i}^{* }- {\mathbf{J}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}- {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{* }$
为了加快${\mathbf{W}}_{\mathrm{e}i}$ 收敛至 0,需要注入阻尼${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{d}i}(i =$ $1,2,3)$,式 (14) 改写为
${\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{\mathrm{e}i}+ \left({{\mathbf{R}}_{i}+ {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{d}i}}\right){\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}= {\mathbf{u}}_{i}- {\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{i}^{* }- {\mathbf{J}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}- {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{* }+ {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{d}i}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}$
式中:${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{d1}}}= \operatorname{diag}\left({{r}_{11},{r}_{12}}\right);{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{d}2}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{r}_{21}& {r}_{22}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{d}3}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{r}_{31}& {r}_{32}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
根据式 (15), 无源控制器可以选择为
${\mathbf{u}}_{i}= {\mathbf{M}}_{i}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{i}^{* }+ {\mathbf{J}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}+ {\mathbf{R}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{* }+ {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{d}i}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}i}$
三端口换流装置的无源控制方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}- {i}_{2}= {C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- k{v}_{1}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {r}_{12}\left({{v}_{2}- {v}_{2}^{* }}\right)\\{d}_{1}{v}_{2}= {L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{3}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {v}_{3}+ {r}_{1}{i}_{3}^{* }+ {r}_{22}\left({{i}_{3}- {i}_{3}^{* }}\right)\\{d}_{2}= 1 -{d}_{1}\\{d}_{3}{v}_{3}= {L}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{4}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {v}_{4}+ {r}_{1}{i}_{4}^{* }+ {r}_{32}\left({{i}_{4}- {i}_{4}^{* }}\right)\end{array}\right.$
由式 (3) 和式 (18) 得
$ D\left({1 -\left| D\right|}\right)= \frac{\left\lbrack {{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {i}_{2}- {r}_{12}\left({{v}_{2}^{* }- {v}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot 2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}{{v}_{1}N}$
$P > 0$ 时,得
$ D =\frac{1}{2}+ \\\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}- \frac{\left\lbrack {{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {i}_{2}- {r}_{12}\left({{v}_{2}^{* }- {v}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot 2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}{{v}_{1}N}}$
$P < 0$ 时,得
$ D =- \frac{1}{2}- \\\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}+ \frac{\left\lbrack {{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {i}_{2}- {r}_{12}\left({{v}_{2}^{* }- {v}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot 2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}{{v}_{1}N}}$
最终, 根据式 (21) 开关函数选择为
$ D =\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{2}+ \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}- \frac{\left\lbrack {{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {i}_{2}- {r}_{12}\left({{v}_{2}^{* }- {v}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot 2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{1}}{{v}_{1}N}}\\- \frac{1}{2}- \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}+ \frac{\left\lbrack {C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {i}_{2}- {r}_{12}\left({v}_{2}^{* }- {v}_{2}\right)\right\rbrack }{{v}_{1}N}}\\- \frac{1}{2}- \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}+ \frac{\left\lbrack {C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {G}_{2}{v}_{2}^{* }+ {r}_{12}+ {r}_{21}+ {r}_{22}+ {r}_{22}+ {r}_{22}\right\rbrack }{{v}_{1}N}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{1}= \frac{{L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{3}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {v}_{3}+ {r}_{1}{i}_{3}^{* }+ {r}_{22}\left({{i}_{3}- {i}_{3}^{* }}\right)}{{v}_{2}}\\{d}_{2}= 1 -{d}_{1}\\{d}_{3}= \frac{{L}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{4}^{* }}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {v}_{4}+ {r}_{2}{i}_{4}^{* }+ {r}_{32}\left({{i}_{4}- {i}_{4}^{* }}\right)}{{v}_{3}}\end{array}\right.$
综上所述, 三端口换流装置的无源控制结构框图如图3 所示。
为验证所得无源控制方程的正确性和三端口换流装置的可靠性, 在 Matlab/Simulink 中搭建如图1 所示的仿真模型, 仿真参数如表1 所示。
图4(a) 为 DAB 换流器分别采用基于 PBC 的单移相控制策略以及基于传统$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制的单移相控制策略时 DAB 换流器输出电压${v}_{2}$ 变化情况的对比。由图4(a) 可知, 相较于 PI 控制, 采用 PBC 控制策略时输出电压${v}_{2}$ 快速到达电压给定值,并且无超调, 有效解决了快速性与超调之间的矛盾。
当三端口换流装置连接储能装置进行充电时, 端口 2 工作在稳压充电模式,输出电压${v}_{3}= {350}\mathrm{\;V}$, 当储能装置放电时, 端口 2 工作在恒流放电模式, 放电电流分别为为$1\text{、}{10}\text{、}{20}\mathrm{\;A}$ 时,输出电压${v}_{3}$ 的变化如图4(b) 所示,其中端口 3 输出电压${v}_{4}$ 始终稳定在${336}\mathrm{\;V}$ (扩大 7 倍)。由图4(c)可知,当放电电流指令值${i}_{3}^{* }$ 发生变化时,端口 2 输出电流${i}_{3}$ 在无源控制策略下可准确跟踪电流指令值${i}_{3}^{* }$
充电时,系统功率正向流动,从端口 1 传输至端口 2 和端口$3,{p}_{1}= {p}_{2}+ {p}_{3}$; 放电时,系统功率反向流动,从端口 2 传输至端口 1 和端口$3,{p}_{2}= {p}_{1}+ {p}_{3}$,仿真结果如图5 所示。由图5 可知,在$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 前对储能装置进行充电,系统功率正向流动,$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 后储能装置放电, 端口 2 将电能输送给端口 1 和端口 3, 系统功率发生反转, 端口 3 从储能装置直接获取电能, 输出功率${p}_{3}$ 恒为${368}\mathrm{\;W}$ (扩大 8 倍)。
本文提出了一种基于无源控制的三端口换流装置, 可将直流电网、用电单元和储能装置互联, 并且通过该装置用电单元可直接从储能单元获取电能,实现了功率的双向传输。仿真结果验证了所提设计的无源控制器的有效性, 在无源控制下直流负载可直接从储能单元获取电能, 可以安全稳定可靠运行。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3202010)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107176)
  • 北京信息科技大学促进高校内涵发展科研水平提高资助项目(2020KYNH209)
  • 北京信息科技大学促进高校内涵发展科研水平提高资助项目(2121YJPY215)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.106
  • 接收时间:2021-06-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-16
  • 修回日期:2021-08-17
  • 录用日期:2021-08-27
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(3202010)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3202010)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52107176)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107176)
Promoting the Connotation Development of Colleges and Universities of Beijing Information Science and Technology University(2020KYNH209)
北京信息科技大学促进高校内涵发展科研水平提高资助项目(2020KYNH209)
Promoting the Connotation Development of Colleges and Universities of Beijing Information Science and Technology University(2121YJPY215)
北京信息科技大学促进高校内涵发展科研水平提高资助项目(2121YJPY215)
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    北京信息科技大学 自动化学院 北京 100192
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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