Article(id=1154038490074440461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.250, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1626192000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-14, revisedDate=1633449600000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-06, acceptedDate=1634572800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-19, onlineDate=1753073817031, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073817031, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073817031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073817031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250, endPage=262, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038491332731664, articleId=1154038490074440461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Device to Improve the Stability of Flexible DC Distribution System, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The converter with constant-power control in a flexible DC distribution system has characteristics of constant-power load, which will reduce the system damping and adversely affect the system stability. To address this problem, a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device is introduced to improve the system stability. A feed-back control model of the flexible DC distribution system is derived, and the effect of constant-power load characteris-tics of the converter on system stability is investigated by frequency-domain analysis. Combined with a mathematical model and frequency-domain analysis, it is also pointed out that the SMES device can improve the system stability by introducing positive damping to grid and increasing the phase margin of the system's open-loop transfer function at the shear frequency. To prevent over-high voltage at both ends of the superconducting magnet, the DC/DC converter which connects the SMES device with the DC distribution network needs to have certain voltage regulation performance. Therefore, the SMES device with a modular multilevel DC/DC converter (DC-MMC) is studied, which can adjust the number of sub-modules flexibly to set the voltage ratio of the converter. Moreover, the DC-MMC can control the voltage at both ends of the superconducting magnet while realizing a bidirectional flow of energy in the converter, thus protect-ing storage device. The feasibility and effectiveness of the SMES device with DC-MMC in improving the stability of flex-ible DC distribution system is verified by time-domain simula-tion waveforms.

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柔性直流配电系统中定功率控制的换流器具有恒功率负载特性,会降低系统阻尼,对系统的稳定性产生不利影响。针对该问题,在直流配电系统中加入超导磁储能 SMES(superconducting magnetic energy storage)装置来提高系统的稳定性。推导了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型,采用频域分析法研究了换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响,并结合数学模型和频域分析,指出SMES 装置能够为电网提供正阻尼,增大了系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度,从而改善了系统稳定性。为防止超导磁体两端电压过高,SMES装置与直流配电网连接的DC/DC 换流器需具备一定的电压调节性能,因此研究了采用模块化多电平DC/DC 换流器 DC-MMC(modular multilevel DC/DC converter)的SMES装置,通过调节子模块个数灵活设置换流器电压变比,在实现换流器能量双向流动的同时控制超导磁体两端电压,以保护储能装置。最后通过时域仿真波形验证了采用DC-MMC 的SMES 装置在提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的可行性和有效性。

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李岚(1969-),女,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: winning99@tom.com。

丁安敏(1996-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:柔直系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail: 2267990067@qq.com。

田洪英(1996-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压大功率 DC/DC变换器。E-mail:771404195@qq.com。

张彦(1967-),男,博士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: wenweimine@sina.com。

张奎同(1983-),男,硕士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail:19960009@upc.edu.cn。

马文忠(1968-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统、电力电子技术。E-mail:mawenzhong@126.com。

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李岚(1969-),女,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: winning99@tom.com。

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李岚(1969-),女,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: winning99@tom.com。

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丁安敏(1996-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:柔直系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail: 2267990067@qq.com。

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丁安敏(1996-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:柔直系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail: 2267990067@qq.com。

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田洪英(1996-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压大功率 DC/DC变换器。E-mail:771404195@qq.com。

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田洪英(1996-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压大功率 DC/DC变换器。E-mail:771404195@qq.com。

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张彦(1967-),男,博士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: wenweimine@sina.com。

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张彦(1967-),男,博士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: wenweimine@sina.com。

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张奎同(1983-),男,硕士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail:19960009@upc.edu.cn。

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张奎同(1983-),男,硕士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail:19960009@upc.edu.cn。

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马文忠(1968-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统、电力电子技术。E-mail:mawenzhong@126.com。

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马文忠(1968-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统、电力电子技术。E-mail:mawenzhong@126.com。

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Reduced-order small signal model of voltage source converter based multi-terminal distribution network[J]. 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DC impedance modeling, oscillation analysis and suppression method for VSC-HVDC system in the field of islands power supply[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018. 38(15): 4359-4368 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=DC impedance modeling, oscillation analysis and suppression method for VSC-HVDC system in the field of islands power supply, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038635839087272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=29, issue=2, pageStart=829, pageEnd=840, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Yu Xiaoyan, Salato M, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu Xiaoyan, Salato M. An optimal minimum-component DC-DC converter input filter design and its stability analysis[J]. 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Comparative analysis between parallel-type passive and active subsynchronous oscillation damping devices[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2014. 34(6): 77-82 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Comparative analysis between parallel-type passive and active subsynchronous oscillation damping devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038636124299947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=2519, pageEnd=2527, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=朱琳, 贺之渊, 吴学光, journalName=电网技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱琳, 贺之渊, 吴学光, 等. 渝鄂背靠背柔性直流附加控制对系统稳定性的影响[J]. 电网技术, 2018. 42(8): 2519-2527., articleTitle=渝鄂背靠背柔性直流附加控制对系统稳定性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038636212380333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=2519, pageEnd=2527, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Zhu Lin, He Zhiyuan, Wu Xueguang, journalName=Power System Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Lin, He Zhiyuan, Wu Xueguang, et al. Influence of additional control strategy of back-to-back VSC-HVDC on system stability[J]. Power System Technology, 2018. 42(8): 2519-2527 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Influence of additional control strategy of back-to-back VSC-HVDC on system stability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038636308849327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=84, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=马文忠, 周冠宇, 孙鹏, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马文忠, 周冠宇, 孙鹏, 等. 考虑直流断路器的 VSC-MTDC 系统鲁棒阻尼控制器设计[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2020. 44(6): 84-91., articleTitle=考虑直流断路器的 VSC-MTDC 系统鲁棒阻尼控制器设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038636380152497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=84, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Ma Whenzhong, Zhou Guanyu, Sun Peng, journalName=Automation of Electric Power System, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Whenzhong, Zhou Guanyu, Sun Peng, et al. Design of robust damping controller for VSC-MTDC system considering DC circuit breaker[J]. 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参数 数值
基准视在功率${S}_{\text{base }}/\mathrm{{MVA}}$ 1000
配电网直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 10
电流环控制器比例增益 0.064
电流环控制器积分增益 0.5
直流电压控制器比例增益 8
直流电压控制器积分增益 100
功率控制器比例增益 0.15
功率控制器积分增益 15
锁相环控制器比例增益 46
锁相环控制器积分增益 1000
${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$ 直流电压参考值${V}_{\text{dcrefl }}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 1.0
${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 有功功率参考值${P}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$ (p.u.) 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634429801093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=算例系统初始参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
基准视在功率${S}_{\text{base }}/\mathrm{{MVA}}$ 1000
配电网直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 10
电流环控制器比例增益 0.064
电流环控制器积分增益 0.5
直流电压控制器比例增益 8
直流电压控制器积分增益 100
功率控制器比例增益 0.15
功率控制器积分增益 15
锁相环控制器比例增益 46
锁相环控制器积分增益 1000
${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$ 直流电压参考值${V}_{\text{dcrefl }}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 1.0
${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 有功功率参考值${P}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$ (p.u.) 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634534658696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of frequency-domain response with constant power load variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
恒功率负载 功率 (p.u.) 剪切频率/(rad$\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ) $\angle {G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ $\angle {G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 相位 裕度/(° )
0.6 81.139 -55.934 -122.596 14.149
0.7 81.798 -57.427 -128.221 7.228
0.8 84.177 -59.209 -144.433 -10.028
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634631127691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=CN, label=表2, caption=恒功率负载变化时的系统频域响应参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
恒功率负载 功率 (p.u.) 剪切频率/(rad$\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ) $\angle {G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ $\angle {G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 相位 裕度/(° )
0.6 81.139 -55.934 -122.596 14.149
0.7 81.798 -57.427 -128.221 7.228
0.8 84.177 -59.209 -144.433 -10.028
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634694042253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Parameters of eigenvalues and damping, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
是否加入 SMES 模态 特征根 阻尼比
1 ${0.188}\pm {84.8}\mathrm{j}$ $-{2.21}\times {10}^{-3}$
2 $-{36}\pm {230}\mathrm{j}$ 0.155
3 $-{4.54}\pm {404}\mathrm{\;j}$ 0.0112
1 $-{0.327}\pm {84.9}\mathrm{j}$ ${3.85}\times {10}^{-3}$
2 $-{36.1}\pm {230}\mathrm{j}$ 0.155
3 $-{4.6}\pm {404}\mathrm{j}$ 0.0114
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634748568207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=CN, label=表3, caption=特征根阻尼参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
是否加入 SMES 模态 特征根 阻尼比
1 ${0.188}\pm {84.8}\mathrm{j}$ $-{2.21}\times {10}^{-3}$
2 $-{36}\pm {230}\mathrm{j}$ 0.155
3 $-{4.54}\pm {404}\mathrm{\;j}$ 0.0112
1 $-{0.327}\pm {84.9}\mathrm{j}$ ${3.85}\times {10}^{-3}$
2 $-{36.1}\pm {230}\mathrm{j}$ 0.155
3 $-{4.6}\pm {404}\mathrm{j}$ 0.0114
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634832454288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Effect of SMES on parameters for frequency-domain response, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
是否加入 SMES 剪切频率/(rad$\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ) $\angle {G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 相位裕度$/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$
84.177 -144.433 -10.028
82.141 -128.055 6.274
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634891174546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=CN, label=表4, caption=SMES 对系统频域响应参数的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
是否加入 SMES 剪切频率/(rad$\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ) $\angle {G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 相位裕度$/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$
84.177 -144.433 -10.028
82.141 -128.055 6.274
), ArticleFig(id=1154038634958283411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Simulation parameters of superconducting magnetic energy storage device, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
电压比$D$ 0.1
输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 2
桥臂电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10
子模块电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{{mF}}$ 8
中性点电感${L}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10
滤波电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 500
超导磁体${L}_{\text{smes }}/\mathrm{H}$ 5
), ArticleFig(id=1154038635012809364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038490074440461, language=CN, label=表5, caption=超导磁储能装置仿真参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
电压比$D$ 0.1
输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 2
桥臂电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10
子模块电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{{mF}}$ 8
中性点电感${L}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10
滤波电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 500
超导磁体${L}_{\text{smes }}/\mathrm{H}$ 5
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超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究
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李岚 1 , 丁安敏 1 , 田洪英 1 , 张彦 2 , 张奎同 2 , 马文忠 1
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(2): 250-262
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(2): 250-262
超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究
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李岚1 , 丁安敏1 , 田洪英1 , 张彦2 , 张奎同2 , 马文忠1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(华东) 新能源学院 青岛 266580
  • 2 山东能源集团 济南 273500
  • 李岚(1969-),女,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: winning99@tom.com。

    丁安敏(1996-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:柔直系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail: 2267990067@qq.com。

    田洪英(1996-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压大功率 DC/DC变换器。E-mail:771404195@qq.com。

    张彦(1967-),男,博士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail: wenweimine@sina.com。

    张奎同(1983-),男,硕士。研究方向:自动控制技术。E-mail:19960009@upc.edu.cn。

    马文忠(1968-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统、电力电子技术。E-mail:mawenzhong@126.com。

Research on Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Device to Improve the Stability of Flexible DC Distribution System
Lan LI1 , Anmin DING1 , Hongying TIAN1 , Yan ZHANG2 , Kuitong ZHANG2 , Wenzhong MA1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of New Energy China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580 China
  • 2 Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd Ji'nan 273500 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.250
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柔性直流配电系统中定功率控制的换流器具有恒功率负载特性,会降低系统阻尼,对系统的稳定性产生不利影响。针对该问题,在直流配电系统中加入超导磁储能 SMES(superconducting magnetic energy storage)装置来提高系统的稳定性。推导了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型,采用频域分析法研究了换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响,并结合数学模型和频域分析,指出SMES 装置能够为电网提供正阻尼,增大了系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度,从而改善了系统稳定性。为防止超导磁体两端电压过高,SMES装置与直流配电网连接的DC/DC 换流器需具备一定的电压调节性能,因此研究了采用模块化多电平DC/DC 换流器 DC-MMC(modular multilevel DC/DC converter)的SMES装置,通过调节子模块个数灵活设置换流器电压变比,在实现换流器能量双向流动的同时控制超导磁体两端电压,以保护储能装置。最后通过时域仿真波形验证了采用DC-MMC 的SMES 装置在提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的可行性和有效性。

柔性直流配电系统  /  超导磁储能  /  小信号稳定性  /  反馈控制模型  /  模块化多电平DC/DC换流器

The converter with constant-power control in a flexible DC distribution system has characteristics of constant-power load, which will reduce the system damping and adversely affect the system stability. To address this problem, a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device is introduced to improve the system stability. A feed-back control model of the flexible DC distribution system is derived, and the effect of constant-power load characteris-tics of the converter on system stability is investigated by frequency-domain analysis. Combined with a mathematical model and frequency-domain analysis, it is also pointed out that the SMES device can improve the system stability by introducing positive damping to grid and increasing the phase margin of the system's open-loop transfer function at the shear frequency. To prevent over-high voltage at both ends of the superconducting magnet, the DC/DC converter which connects the SMES device with the DC distribution network needs to have certain voltage regulation performance. Therefore, the SMES device with a modular multilevel DC/DC converter (DC-MMC) is studied, which can adjust the number of sub-modules flexibly to set the voltage ratio of the converter. Moreover, the DC-MMC can control the voltage at both ends of the superconducting magnet while realizing a bidirectional flow of energy in the converter, thus protect-ing storage device. The feasibility and effectiveness of the SMES device with DC-MMC in improving the stability of flex-ible DC distribution system is verified by time-domain simula-tion waveforms.

Flexible DC distribution system  /  superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)  /  small signal stability  /  feedback control model  /  modular multilevel DC/DC converter (DC-MMC)
李岚, 丁安敏, 田洪英, 张彦, 张奎同, 马文忠. 超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 250 -262 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.250
Lan LI, Anmin DING, Hongying TIAN, Yan ZHANG, Kuitong ZHANG, Wenzhong MA. Research on Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Device to Improve the Stability of Flexible DC Distribution System[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 250 -262 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.250
基于柔性直流技术的配电系统具有结构灵活, 有功功率和无功功率可独立控制等优势, 更适合现代配电系统的发展。但柔性直流系统中的电压源型换流器 VSC(voltage source converter)采用定功率控制时等效为一个恒功率负载, 对外呈现出负阻抗的特性, 这将导致系统在受到小扰动时容易发生振荡,为系统的稳定运行带来不利影响[1-2]。因此,提高系统阻尼、改善系统稳定性对柔性直流配电系统的发展和应用具有重要意义。
目前提高直流电网稳定性的控制方法一般有无源法[3-4] 和有源法[5-7]。无源法和有源法能增加系统阻尼, 在改善直流电网稳定方面取得了良好的成效。但直流配电系统中控制器的控制效果受系统运行状态等多种因素的影响, 无源法在保证系统稳定的同时也会因为增加无源器件而导致额外的功率损耗, 降低转换效率; 通过有源法增强级联系统的稳定性一般也会牺牲负载的动态性能, 且阻尼控制器鲁棒性问题的设计研究比较复杂。除上述方法, 在系统中外接储能装置也是一种提高系统稳定性的高效办法。储能装置具有灵活的功率调节能力, 能够快速补偿系统的不平衡功率,在电力系统的应用中取得了一定的成果[8-11]。目前储能技术有飞轮储能、超级电容储能、超导磁储能和电池储能等。其中超导磁储能 SMES 装置充、放电次数不受限制, 具有响应速度快、功率密度高和抗干扰能力强等特点, 更适合应用于抑制波动性和间歇性较强的新能源接入、电力系统存在谐振的场合[12-15]
SMES 装置与电网之间实现能量的双向流动主要依靠于 DC/DC 换流器。双向 DC/DC 换流器作为超导磁体与电网的接口, 在功率转换中起到传递能量的作用, 通过控制电力电子开关, 进行能量的储存和释放, 可以降低直流侧电压波动, 对抑制直流振荡, 提高整个系统稳定性具有重要意义。文献[16-20] 中的 DC/DC 换流器通过一定的控制策略能够实现功率的双向流动。但当 SMES 工作时, 施加在超导磁体的两端电压等于电网侧电压, 这种拓扑结构的换流器不太适合电压较高的场合使用。因此, 研究能够适应于宽范围电压场合的$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 换流器对储能装置尤为重要。
目前应用于电压较高、功率较大场合的储能系统$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 换流器一般有隔离型$\mathrm{{DC}}/{\mathrm{{DC}}}^{\left\lbrack {21}- {23}\right\rbrack }$ 和非隔离型DC/DC。当电网出现局部故障时,隔离型DC/ DC 换流器可以防止故障进一步扩散,有利于直流电网的稳定运行, 但这种换流器中的电气隔离设计也会增大换流器的体积和成本;非隔离型DC/DC 换流器电路相对简单, 成本较低, 但含有半控型器件的非隔离型换流器存在动态响应较慢, 可靠性较低等问题[24-25]。除此之外,非隔离型模块化多电平的 DC/DC 换流器也得到了广泛的研究和关注, 通过在桥臂中添加子模块, 从而获得一定的故障处理能力,提高了系统的可靠性[26-27]。本文在文献[27]的基础上研究了一种模块化多电平$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 换流器,换流器每相桥臂输出侧加装滤波器, 滤除输出电流中的交流分量, 桥臂中串联了用以抑制系统故障暂态冲击电流的电感, 对开关器件起到一定保护作用, 而且模块化多电平换流器可以根据电网电压合理增减子模块数量以满足不同电压等级场合的应用。
本文讨论了 SMES 装置在改善柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的作用。首先建立柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型, 根据 Nyquist 稳定性判据, 采用频域分析方法分析换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响; 然后介绍一种采用 DC-MMC 换流器的 SMES 装置的工作原理,通过在直流电网并联 SMES 装置提高系统稳定性, 并给出了 SMES 装置改善系统稳定性的工作机理;最后通过仿真算例进行验证。
柔性直流配电系统结构如图1 所示, 配电系统中的柔性互联装置、交直流负荷和直流微网等多个设备通过变换器与直流网络进行功率交换。为提高供电的可靠性, 配电系统采用了两端供电拓扑结构, 换流站${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$ 为定直流电压控制,${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 为定有功功率控制,设定系统功率方向由${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$ 流向${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$。采用定功率控制的${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 对外表现出恒功率的负载特性, 其直流电压、电流特性曲线如图2 所示。
忽略换流器损耗,具有恒功率负载特性的${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 功率为
${P}_{\text{load }}= {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}{I}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$${I}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$ 分别为${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 中的直流电压与电流。已知换流站直流侧动态方程[6] (此公式推导许多文献中已有说明,此处不再详细展开) 为
${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {I}_{\mathrm{s}}- {I}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 侧的直流电容;${I}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为实际流入到${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 侧的直流电流。
对式(2)进行线性化可得
${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}- \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}= \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}- \Delta \left(\frac{{P}_{\text{load }}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}\right)= \\\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \left(\frac{{P}_{\text{load },0}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2,0}^{2}}\right)\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$
式中: 下标 ‘0’ 表示变量的稳态分量;$\Delta$ 表示变量的小信号量。
根据式 (3),${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 的线性化阻抗可以定义为
${Z}_{{\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}}= \frac{\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}{\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}= -\frac{\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2,0}^{2}}{{P}_{\text{load },0}}= {R}_{{\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}}$
式中,${R}_{{\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}}$${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 的线性化等效电阻,当${P}_{\text{load }}> 0$ 时,${R}_{{\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}}$ 为负值,意味着当系统平衡点发生小扰动时,${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 相当于一个负电阻,这会减小系统阻尼,不利于系统的稳定运行[28]
电力系统小信号稳定性分析方法有模态分析和阻抗分析等。模态分析需要系统组成单元的全部参数, 才能建立统一的系统状态空间模型; 阻抗分析需要在输入阻抗和输出阻抗模型推导的基础上进行判稳,这 2 种方法的模型建立和公式推导过程相对复杂。${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 恒功率运行时的动态特性对系统稳定性影响较小,因此本文根据${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$ 的控制动态和${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 的恒功率负载特性,建立了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型, 简化了建模过程。本文主要考察的是配电系统中换流器对系统稳定性的影响, 因此忽略了直流电网互联设备与系统的交互作用。
图3 为简化的两端柔直配电系统模型。图3 及下文中的 ‘*’ 表示变量的参考值;${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为直流线路集总电容和换流器直流侧电容之和;${R}_{\mathrm{t}}$${L}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 分别为传输线路的等效电阻和电感;${R}_{\text{eql }}$${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}$ 分别为${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 直流侧等效电阻;${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}1}$${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$ 分别为换流器直流侧电压;${I}_{\text{eql }}$ 为虚拟电流。$\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}$ 为小信号变量参考值与实际值之间的误差。
图3(a) 可使用由阻抗函数${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 和控制函数${G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right)$ 组成前向通路的反馈控制系统建模,其结构如图3(b) 所示。图3(b)中,${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 相当于从虚拟端口看进去的戴维南阻抗,定义${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)= \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dcl}}}/\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{{eq1}}}$。将${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 的直流电压参考量和反馈量作为反馈控制系统的参考和反馈,定义${G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right)= \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{{eql}}}\left( s\right)/\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$,因此系统开环传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( s\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)\circ {G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 可通过戴维宁定理进行求解,下文将给出${G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right)$ 的推导方法。
考虑 PLL 动态特性, 假设实际电气系统与控制系统${dq}$ 坐标系之间的夹角为${\theta }_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}$,两坐标系之间的转换关系为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\Delta {x}_{d}^{s}\\\Delta {x}_{q}^{s}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos {\theta }_{0}& -\sin {\theta }_{0}& -{x}_{d,0}^{c}\sin {\theta }_{0}- {x}_{q,0}^{c}\cos {\theta }_{0}\\\sin {\theta }_{0}& \cos {\theta }_{0}& {x}_{d,0}^{c}\cos {\theta }_{0}- {x}_{q,0}^{c}\sin {\theta }_{0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack .\\{\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}\Delta {x}_{d}^{c}& \Delta {x}_{q}^{c}& \Delta {\theta }_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,${x}_{d}$${x}_{q}$ 为在${dq}$ 坐标系下的变量。
换流器连接交流系统的线性化方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left({{L}_{\mathrm{c}}s +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{s}= \omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{s}+ \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{s}- \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{s}\\\left({{L}_{\mathrm{c}}s +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{s}= -\omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{s}+ \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{s}- \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{s}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\omega$ 为交流系统电压角频率;${i}_{cd}^{s}$${i}_{cq}^{s}$ 分别为交流电流${dq}$ 轴分量;${u}_{cd}^{s}$${u}_{cq}^{s}\text{、}{u}_{sd}^{s}$${u}_{sq}^{s}$ 分别为换流站交流电压、公共耦合点电压的${dq}$ 轴分量。
内环电流控制器的线性化方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{c}= {G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)\left({\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{c,* }- \Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{c}}\right)- \omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{c}+ \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{c}\\\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{c}= {G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)\left({\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{c,* }- \Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{c}}\right)+ \omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{c}+ \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{c}\end{array}\right.$
联合式 (5)$\sim$ (7) 可得实际系统中电压的${dq}$ 轴分量为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}= \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{sd}}}^{s}- \omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}- {G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}+ \\{G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)\left({\cos {\theta }_{0}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}{}^{* }- \sin {\theta }_{0}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}{}^{* }}\right)- \\\left({{i}_{\mathrm{{cd},0}}^{s}\sin {\theta }_{0}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{cq},0}}^{s}\cos {\theta }_{0}}\right)\Delta {\theta }_{\mathrm{{PL}}}\left\lbrack {{G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right\rbrack \\\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{cg}}}^{s}= \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{sq}}}^{s}+ \omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}- {G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}+ \\{G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right)\left({\sin {\theta }_{0}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}{}^{* }+ \cos {\theta }_{0}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}}\right)+ \\\left({{i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}\cos {\theta }_{0}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{s}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}\sin {\theta }_{0}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}+ {R}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}+ \omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{s}+ \end{matrix}\right.$
将式(8)代入到式(6)中,可得到实际系统中交流电流的${dq}$ 轴分量
$\left\{\begin{matrix}\Delta {i}_{cd}^{s}= \frac{\cos {\theta }_{0}{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\Delta {i}_{cd}^{c,* }- \frac{\sin {\theta }_{0}{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\Delta {i}_{cq}^{c,* }- \\{i}_{{co}, q}^{s}\left(\frac{{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)+ {R}_{c}}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\right)\Delta {\theta }_{P\mathrm{{LL}}}\\\Delta {i}_{cq}^{s}= \frac{{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)\sin {\theta }_{0}}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\Delta {i}_{cd}^{c,* }+ \frac{{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)\cos {\theta }_{0}}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\Delta {i}_{cq}^{c,* }+ \\{i}_{cd}^{s}\left(\frac{{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)+ {R}_{c}}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\right)\Delta {\theta }_{P\mathrm{{LL}}}\end{matrix}\right.$
(9)式中: 下标$d\text{、}q$ 分别代表变量的${dq}$ 轴分量; 上标$s\text{、}c$ 分别表示在实际电气系统和控制系统的变量;${G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)=$ ${L}_{\mathrm{c}}s +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {G}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( s\right);{R}_{\mathrm{c}}$${L}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为换流站交流侧等效电阻和等效电感;${G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{p}1}+ {k}_{\mathrm{i}1}/s,{k}_{\mathrm{p}1}$${k}_{\mathrm{i}1}$ 分别为内环电流控制器的比例参数和积分参数;${\theta }_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}$ 为实际电气系统与控制系统${dq}$ 坐标系之间的夹角;${\theta }_{0}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}$ 的稳态分量。
已知锁相环控制器小信号方程为
$\Delta {\theta }_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}= \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}\left( s\right)}{s +{U}_{\mathrm{f}0}{F}_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}\left( s\right)}\left\lbrack {-\sin {\theta }_{0}\cos {\theta }_{0}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \frac{\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{s}}{\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{s}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${F}_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{{PLL}}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{{PLI}}}/s;{k}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{{PLL}}}$${k}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{{PLL}}}$ 分别为锁相环控制器中的比例参数和积分参数;${U}_{\mathrm{f}0}= {\mathrm{u}}_{\mathrm{s}d,0}^{s}\cos {\theta }_{0}+$ ${u}_{\mathrm{s}q,0}^{s}\sin {\theta }_{0}$
联立式 (9) 和式 (10), 整理得到矩阵
$\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{cd}^{s}= \underset{{F}_{c}}{\underbrace{\frac{{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos {\theta }_{0}& -\sin {\theta }_{0}\\\sin {\theta }_{0}& \cos {\theta }_{0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack }}\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{c,* }+ \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{PLL}}}\left( s\right)}{{G}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}.\\\underset{{F}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\underbrace{{G}_{\text{in }}\left( s\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{c}}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}\sin {\theta }_{0}{i}_{\mathrm{c}q,0}& \cos {\theta }_{0}{i}_{\mathrm{c}d,0}\\\sin {\theta }_{0}{i}_{\mathrm{c}q,0}& \cos {\theta }_{0}{i}_{\mathrm{c}d,0}\end{array}\right\rbrack }}\Delta {\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{s}$
换流站连接交流侧的微分方程式可以写为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\mathrm{g}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{s}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{g}}\Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{s}= \Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{u}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{s}- \Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{u}}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{s}\\{C}_{\mathrm{f}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{u}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{s}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{s}- \Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{s}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为交流电源等效电感;${C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为公共耦合点滤波电容;${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为交流系统电源;${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 交流电源等效电阻;${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为交流电源内电势。
$\Delta {\overrightarrow{\mathbf{u}}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{s}= 0$ 时,结合式 (11) 和式 (12),可以消掉$\Delta {\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{s}$,即
$\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{s}= {\left\lbrack \mathbf{I}- {\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{p}}{\left({\mathbf{Y}}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {\mathbf{Y}}_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{-1}\right\rbrack }^{-1}{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{c,* }= {\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{{ctl}}}\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{c,* }$
式中:$\mathbf{I}$ 为单位矩阵;${\mathbf{Y}}_{\mathrm{f}}= {C}_{\mathrm{f}}s;{\mathbf{Y}}_{\mathrm{g}}= {L}_{\mathrm{g}}s +{R}_{\mathrm{g}}$
${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{1}$ 采用定直流电压控制,假设无功功率给定$\Delta {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }= 0$,则外环控制规律可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}^{c,* }= {G}_{\mathrm{{dvc}}}\left( s\right)\left({\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }- \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{{dvc}}}\left( s\right)\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}\\\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{{cq}}}^{c,* }= {G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( s\right)\left({\Delta {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}- \Delta {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}\right)\approx {G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( s\right)\Delta {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${G}_{\mathrm{{dvc}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{pdc}}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{idc}}}/s;{k}_{\mathrm{{pdc}}}$${k}_{\mathrm{{idc}}}$ 分别为定直流电压控制器的比例参数和积分参数;${G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{pq}}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{iq}}}/s$;${k}_{\mathrm{{pq}}}$${k}_{\mathrm{{iq}}}$ 分别为定无功功率控制器的比例参数和积分参数。
根据换流器端口无功功率方程, 并联立式 (11) 可得
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{\mathrm{c},* }\\\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{\mathrm{c},* }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{G}_{\mathrm{{dvc}}}\left( s\right)& 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack +{G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( s\right)\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{s}\\\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{s}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack .\\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 \\{u}_{\mathrm{s}q,0}& -{u}_{\mathrm{s}d,0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack -{G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( s\right)\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 \\{i}_{\mathrm{c}q,0}& {i}_{\mathrm{c}d,0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{s}\\\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{s}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
将式(15)代入式(13)整理得
$\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{s}= {\left({\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{{ctl}}}^{-1}- {\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{I}}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{v}}\Delta \mathbf{e}= {\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{M}}\Delta \mathbf{e}$
联合式(13)和式(16),换流站端口有功功率可以表示为
$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{c}}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{u}_{\mathrm{c}d,0}& {u}_{\mathrm{c}q,0}\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\Delta {\dot{i}}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{s}\\\Delta {\dot{i}}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{s}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{\dot{i}}_{\mathrm{c}d,0}& {\dot{i}}_{\mathrm{c}q,0}\end{array}\right\rbrack .\\\left\lbrack {\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{R}_{\mathrm{c}}& -\omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\\\omega {L}_{\mathrm{c}}& {R}_{\mathrm{c}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{p}}^{-1}\left({\mathbf{I}- {\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{{ctl}}}^{-1}}\right)}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}d}^{* }\\\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{c}q}^{* }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\\\left({{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{c},0}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c},0}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{Z}}_{\mathrm{T}}}\right)\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{s}= {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{s}$
综上公式推导, 虚拟直流电流的矩阵方程可表示为
$\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{{eq1}}}= \frac{\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}1,0}}= \frac{1}{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}1,0}}{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{* }= \frac{1}{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}1,0}}{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{M}}\Delta \mathbf{e}= \\\mathop{\prod }\limits_{\mathrm{c}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}\mathop{\prod }\limits_{1}& \mathop{\prod }\limits_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\mathop{\prod }\limits_{1}\Delta {e}_{\mathrm{V}}$
式中,$\mathop{\prod }\limits_{1}$ 为所求取的${G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right)$。根据图3(b) 所示控制回路, 结合 Nyquist 稳定判据可以对系统进行稳定性分析。
基于第 2 节推导的反馈控制模型, 结合 Bode 图和 Nyquist 曲线, 从频域响应的角度研究了具有恒功率负载特性的换流站对柔直配电系统稳定性的影响, 系统稳定性分析参数可参考表1。设置系统中恒功率负载功率为由${0.6}\mathrm{p}.\mathrm{u}$ . 变化到${0.8}\mathrm{p}.\mathrm{u}$ ., 系统稳定性分析结果如图4 所示, 频域响应参数见表2
通过图4表2 可以看出, 随着恒功率负载功率的增大,${G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right)$${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位逐渐降低,当功率为${0.8}\mathrm{p}$ .u.时,系统开环传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位裕度为$-{10.028}^{\circ }$,相位裕度不足,此时 Nyquist 曲线由不包围(-1, j0)点变为包围(-1, j0)点,结合 Nyquist 判据判定系统失去稳定性。由上述分析可得, 恒功率负载功率的增大对系统的稳定性产生不利影响, 甚至导致系统失稳,由此通过在柔直配电系统中加入 SMES 装置来提高系统稳定性。
SMES 装置既能储存能量又能释放能量, 具有快速的电磁响应特性和很高的储能效率。含有 SMES 装置的柔性直流配电系统结构如图5 所示, SMES 装置主要包含 DC/DC 换流器和超导磁体两部分。DC/DC 换流器输入端与直流电网相连, 输出与超导磁体连接, 进行能量的双向传输。当直流配电系统稳定时, SMES 装置不与电网交换功率; 当系统稳定性变差, 出现功率波动时, SMES 装置投入运行,维持系统功率平衡。
图6 是 SMES 装置的控制框图。假设绝缘栅双极晶体管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的占空比均为$d$,直流电网传输功率测量值与参考值的差值${\Delta P}$ 为系统的功率振荡, 功率振荡代表了系统发生小干扰时功率的波动成分, 需要通过 SMES 进行补偿, 以达到消纳直流系统振荡的目的。当${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的占空比在(0,0.5)范围时, SMES 处于放电状态; 当${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的占空比在 (0.5,1.0)范围时, SMES 处于充电状态。图6 中:${P}_{\text{sref }}$ 为直流电网传输功率的参考值;${P}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为直流电网传输功率的测量值;${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$ 为直流电网电压。当 SMES 工作时, 超导磁体两端电压为配电网电压, 磁体两端电压过高,使装置在实际应用中存在安全隐患。因此, 本文在 SMES 装置中采用了一种能够降低输出电压的换流器-DC-MMC, 以单相 DC-MMC 为例进行介绍,其结构如图7 所示。
图7(a)中:${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为桥臂电感;${L}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为滤波电感;${V}_{\text{in }}$${I}_{\text{out }}$ 分别为换流器的输入电压、输出电流;${v}_{x,0}\text{、}{v}_{x,\mathrm{i}}$${i}_{x,\mathrm{o}}$${i}_{x,\mathrm{i}}\left({x =\mathrm{p},\mathrm{n}}\right)$ 分别为各相上、下桥臂的外桥臂和内桥臂电压、电流, p、n分别代表上、下桥臂。子模块 SM(sub-module) 选用了半桥结构,如图7(b) 所示,${u}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为电容器电压,${u}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}$$\mathrm{{SM}}$ 两端的电压,${i}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}$ 为流入 SM 的电流。SM 共有闭锁、投入和切除 3 种工作状态, 其中投入状态又分为电容充电和电容放电 2 种模式。图7(a)中灰色直线表示直流电流通路 (以 SMES 吸收功率为例)。DC-MMC 通过在桥臂中注入交流环流, 使相邻内、外桥臂间进行能量交换, 从而实现桥臂能量的双向流动, 且该种工作方式不需要加装中间变压器,极大缩减了系统的体积和成本。
在理想无损耗的情况下, DC-MMC 的电压变比定义为
$ D =\frac{{V}_{\text{out }}}{{V}_{\text{in }}}$
$0 < D < 1$ 时,换流器工作在降压模式,通过增减桥臂的 SM 数量来调节电压变比,从而实现换流器降压运行。
根据图7(a), 可以列写关于超导磁体的线性化方程, 即
${L}_{\text{smes }}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{p},1}+ \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{p},2}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \Delta {V}_{\text{out }}$
式中:${L}_{\text{smes }}$ 为超导磁体电感;${I}_{\mathrm{p},1}$${I}_{\mathrm{p},2}$ 为不同相的桥臂输出电流。
DC-MMC 的建模采用平均值建模法, 如图8 所示, 以单相 DC-MMC 为例进行介绍。基于图8, DC-MMC 桥臂电容电压动态可以表示为
${\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{\mathrm{c}}= {\mathbf{A}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{c}}$
式中: 状态变量${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{c}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}\Delta {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{i}}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{i}}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$; 矩阵${\mathbf{A}}_{\mathrm{c}}= \operatorname{diag}\left({1/{C}_{\mathrm{a}}\;1/{C}_{\mathrm{a}}\;1/{C}_{\mathrm{a}}\;1/{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)$
图8 可以列出关于 DC-MMC 的微分方程
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{2}= {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}+ \left({{L}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{o}}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}+ \frac{{V}_{\text{out }}}{2}\\\frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{2}= {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}{i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ \left({{L}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{o}}{I}_{\mathrm{n}}+ \frac{{V}_{\text{out }}}{2}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{2}= {L}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}- {I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}- {I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}+ \\{L}_{\mathrm{s}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}- {i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{n}}- {I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}- {i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{n}}- {I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)+ {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{i}}\\\frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{2}= {L}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{i}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}- {I}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}- {I}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}{i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ \\{L}_{\mathrm{s}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}- {i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{n}}- {I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {R}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}- {i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{n}}- {I}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)+ {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{i}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{i}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{a}}$${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 分别为桥臂等效电阻和电感;${R}_{\mathrm{o}}$${L}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 分别为线路的等效电阻和电感;${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$${L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为中性点线路等效电阻和电感;${I}_{\mathrm{p}}$${I}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 分别为上、下桥臂的电流。
对式(22)和式(23)进行线性化得到 DC-MMC 的状态空间方程
$\dot{\mathbf{x}}= \mathbf{{Ax}}+ \mathbf{{Bu}}$
式中:$\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}& \Delta {i}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}& \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{p}}& \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{n}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$;
$\mathbf{u}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llllll}\Delta {V}_{\text{in }}& \Delta {V}_{\text{out }}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{o}}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{o}}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{n},\mathrm{i}}& \Delta {v}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{i}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\\mathbf{M}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{s}}& -{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& -{L}_{\mathrm{a}}- {L}_{\mathrm{s}}& {L}_{\mathrm{s}}\\{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}- {L}_{\mathrm{s}}& {L}_{\mathrm{s}}& -{L}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{s}}\\{L}_{\mathrm{a}}& 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{o}}& 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{a}}& 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{o}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\\\mathbf{A}= \frac{1}{\mathbf{M}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- 2{R}_{\mathrm{a}}- {R}_{\mathrm{s}}& {R}_{\mathrm{s}}& {R}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{s}}& -{R}_{\mathrm{s}}\\- {R}_{\mathrm{s}}& - 2{R}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{s}}& {R}_{\mathrm{s}}& {R}_{\mathrm{a}}- {R}_{\mathrm{s}}\\- {R}_{\mathrm{a}}& 0 &- {R}_{\mathrm{o}}& 0 \\ 0 &- {R}_{\mathrm{a}}& 0 &- {R}_{\mathrm{o}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\\\mathbf{B}= \frac{1}{M}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}& 0 &- 1 & 0 &- 1 & 0 \\\frac{1}{2}& 0 & 0 &- 1 & 0 &- 1 \\\frac{1}{2}& -\frac{1}{2}& - 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\frac{1}{2}& -\frac{1}{2}& 0 &- 1 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack。$
当 VSC 换流站采用定功率控制时, 对外表现出恒功率的负载特性。图9 为含 VSC 的简单系统线性化等效电路。
根据图9 的线性化等效电路, 可以列写方程式
${L}_{\mathrm{{cab}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{src}}}- \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}- {R}_{\mathrm{{cab}}}\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中:${L}_{\mathrm{{cab}}}$${R}_{\mathrm{{cab}}}$ 分别为简化系统的线路等效电感和电阻;${V}_{\text{src }}$ 为交流电源;。
结合式 (3) 和式 (21), 可以得到线性化系统的状态空间方程
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\frac{{R}_{\text{cab }}}{{L}_{\text{cab }}}\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}- \frac{1}{{L}_{\text{cab }}}\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}+ \frac{1}{{L}_{\text{cab }}}\Delta {V}_{\text{src }}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{1}{{C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \frac{{P}_{\text{load }}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2,0}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}\end{array}\right.$
式(22)状态空间方程的特征根实部为
$\operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack \lambda \right\rbrack =- \frac{{R}_{\text{cab }}}{2{L}_{\text{cab }}}+ \frac{{P}_{\text{load }}}{2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2,0}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}$
联合式(4)和式(23)得
$\operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack \lambda \right\rbrack =- \frac{{R}_{\text{cab }}}{2{L}_{\text{cab }}}+ \frac{1}{2{C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}}\left({-\frac{1}{{R}_{{\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}}}}\right)$
定义 SMES 装置的线性化阻抗为
${Z}_{\mathrm{{SMES}}}= \frac{\Delta {V}_{\text{in }}}{\Delta {I}_{\text{in }}}$
当SMES装置投入运行, 相当于在系统换流站的直流侧并联一条阻抗支路。SMES 装置并联到恒功率负载特性换流站的直流侧, 由于 SMES 的阻抗为正, 因此会削弱换流器对外呈现出的负电阻性质,使$\operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack \lambda \right\rbrack$ 减小。状态方程的特征根实部减小,系统特征根在复平面中向左移动, 系统的稳定性由此提高。
通过计算,当恒功率负载功率为 0.8 p.u.时,简化系统状态空间方程的特征根实部$\operatorname{Re}\left\lbrack \lambda \right\rbrack ={1.52}$,${R}_{{\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}}= -{1.14}$ p.u.; 系统中加入 SMES 装置, SMES 装置等效阻抗为 0.77 p.u., 此时恒功率负载阻抗增加到 2.38 p.u.。对整个柔性直流配电系统的线性化状态空间模型使用 Matlab 进行数值计算, 得到表3 所示的系统主要振荡模态特征根的相关信息。由表3 可以看出,当恒功率负载功率为 0.8 p.u.时,加入 SMES 装置, 模态 1 的特征根由复平面的右半平面进入左半平面,阻尼比增大,因此可知系统的稳定性提高。
在与电网进行功率交换的过程中, SMES 装置正是通过为电网提供附加的阻尼功率来改善系统稳定性, 达到降低直流电压、功率波动的目的。
设置换流站${\mathrm{{VSC}}}_{2}$ 的恒功率负载功率为 0.8 p.u.,图10 给出了系统加入和不加 SMES 装置 2 种条件下的频域分析曲线。
图10(a) 可以看出, 直流电网加入 SMES 装置后,改善了${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ Bode 曲线的低频段相位滞后问题,在开环传递函数穿越$-{180}^{\circ }$ 线时,相位滞后量减小,增大了系统的相位裕度。由图4 可见,传输功率的变化对${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 在剪切频率附近的相位影响较大,因此这里未给出${G}_{\mathrm{{za}}}\left( s\right)$ 的 Bode 图。频域响应的具体参数如表4 所示。从表4 中的数据可知, 加入 SMES 装置,系统的${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 在剪切频率处的相位由$-{144.433}^{\circ }$ 增大到$-{128.055}^{\circ },{G}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位裕度由负值$-{10.028}^{\circ }$ 校正到正值${6.274}^{\circ }$${G}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( s\right)$ 的 Nyquist 曲线对比如图10(b) 所示, 结合 Nyquist 判据可判断加入 SMES 装置, 系统由失稳变为稳定。
由上述分析可知, SMES 装置主要通过增加${G}_{\mathrm{{zp}}}\left( s\right)$ 在剪切频率处的相位,增大${G}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位裕度, 从而提高系统稳定性。
为验证本文所提直流振荡抑制方法的动态性能, 在 Matlab/Simulink 中搭建了采用 DC-MMC 换流器的 SMES 装置和柔性直流配电系统的时域仿真模型。
为验证含有 DC-MMC 的 SMES 装置的工作原理, 利用理想电压源模拟桥臂电压, 忽略子模块电容电压的动态, 在 Matlab/Simulink 中搭建了含有两相 DC-MMC 的 SMES 仿真模型, 仿真参数见表5, 仿真波形如图11 所示。
图11(a) 为 SMES 中 DC-MMC 的输入、输出电压, 其中输出电压等于超导磁体两端电压, 由图11(a) 可以看出, 输出电压 0.2 p.u.低于输入电压 2.0 p.u.;图11(b) 为 SMES 中换流器输入、输出电流波形,电流波形仅包含直流分量;图11(e) 为两相桥臂输出电流波形, 由于两相电流相位相反, 纹波分量互相抵消, 所以换流器输出电流仅包含直流分量。
上述仿真结果验证了本文研究的含 DC-MMC 的 SMES 装置在调节 DC/DC 换流器输出电压作用上的有效性。
在 Simulink 中搭建含有 SMES 装置的柔性直流配电系统, 通过时域仿真验证了本文所提 SMES 装置提高系统稳定性的正确性与有效性。图12 为时域仿真波形,在$t = 1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,恒功率负载功率由 0.5 p.u.增加到 0.8 p.u.。时域仿真结果表明,加入 SMES 装置对系统的扰动起到了明显的抑制作用, 系统在扰动后经过一段时间能够恢复到稳定运行状态, 对系统的稳定性起到了很好的改善作用。
本文针对柔性直流配电系统在运行过程中存在的稳定性问题, 通过直流电网并联 SMES 装置来提高系统稳定性, 保证系统稳定运行。为适应宽范围电压场合的应用, SMES 装置采用了一种模块化多电平$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 换流器,并得出以下结论。
(1)SMES装置能够为直流电网提供正阻尼, 增大系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度, 从而减小换流站恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的不利影响, 对提高柔性直流配电系统的稳定性具有研究意义。
(2)采用 DC-MMC 的 SMES 装置能通过 DC/DC 换流器桥臂投入的 SM 数量来降低超导磁体两端的电压,适用于不同电压等级的电力系统。
(3)目前 SMES 装置成本较高,研究 SMES 装置以降低造价也是其进一步发展需重点关注的内容。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777216)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2018MEE040)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2019MEE094)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.250
  • 接收时间:2021-07-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-14
  • 修回日期:2021-10-06
  • 录用日期:2021-10-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777216)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777216)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2018MEE040)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2018MEE040)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019MEE094)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2019MEE094)
作者信息
    1 中国石油大学(华东) 新能源学院 青岛 266580
    2 山东能源集团 济南 273500
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