Article(id=1154038489210413833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.121, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1615478400000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-12, revisedDate=1631030400000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-08, acceptedDate=1634054400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-13, onlineDate=1753073816825, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073816825, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073816825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073816825, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038490099606286, articleId=1154038489210413833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Novel Switched Capacitor Quasi-resonant Multi-level Inverter, columnId=1152281492488549232, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-AC Inverters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problems of current spikes and voltage fluctuations in the charging process of existing multi-level inverters, a novel quasi-resonant five-level inverter is proposed in this paper. A carrier-stacked pulse width modulation scheme is adopted, and the switched capacitor technology is combined with the traditional five-level inverter, which reduces the accumulated level at the previous stage and realizes the output of five-level voltage. In addition, the capacitor charging process and the series inductance resonate to eliminate current spikes and voltage fluctuations, while reducing the heating problem of the capacitor and prolonging the service life of the circuit. Finally, simulation verification is carried out, and results prove the correctness and feasibility of the scheme for the proposed inverter structure.

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针对现有多电平逆变器充电过程存在电流尖峰和电压波动问题,提出一种新型准谐振五电平逆变器。简言之,采用载波层叠脉宽调制方案,将开关电容技术与传统五电平逆变器相结合,减小了前级承受的累加电平,实现了五电平输出;并在电容充电过程与串接电感谐振,消除了电流尖峰和电压波动,同时减轻了电容的发热问题,延长电路的使用寿命。最后,对所提结构进行了仿真验证,其结果证明了所提逆变器结构方案的正确性和可行性。

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梁国壮(1968-),男,教授。研究方向:电机电器及其控制、电气参数检测与信息处理技术。E-mail: guozhuangliang@hebust.edu.cn.

聂辰浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器技术及LED照明技术。E-mail:670595558@qq.com。

田涵雷(1992-),男,通信作者,博士研究生。研究方向:电能变换和电能质量控制。E-mail:thledu@stu.scu.edu.cn。

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梁国壮(1968-),男,教授。研究方向:电机电器及其控制、电气参数检测与信息处理技术。E-mail: guozhuangliang@hebust.edu.cn.

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聂辰浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器技术及LED照明技术。E-mail:670595558@qq.com。

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ArticleFig(id=1154038623197454764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Voltage waveforms during capacitor charging and discharging, figureFileSmall=LPFc0juNkFF9f9rp4TwtoQ==, figureFileBig=KOj6/fB9URJi0Y2zG7YAag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038623239397805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=CN, label=图11, caption=电容充放电电压波形, figureFileSmall=LPFc0juNkFF9f9rp4TwtoQ==, figureFileBig=KOj6/fB9URJi0Y2zG7YAag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038623293923759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Working statuses of inverter power devices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ ${C}_{1}$ ${L}_{1}$ 输出
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 C Q 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C Q $+{V}_{1}$
3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 D - $+ 2{V}_{1}$
4 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 C Q $-{V}_{1}$
5 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 D - $- 2{V}_{1}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623356838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=CN, label=表1, caption=逆变器功率器件工作状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ ${C}_{1}$ ${L}_{1}$ 输出
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 C Q 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C Q $+{V}_{1}$
3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 D - $+ 2{V}_{1}$
4 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 C Q $-{V}_{1}$
5 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 D - $- 2{V}_{1}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623440724402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Switching voltage stress of five-level inverter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电平数 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$
$2{V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ 0 $2{V}_{1}$ $2{V}_{1}$ 0
${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0 0 ${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0
0 ${V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0 0
$-{V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ 0 0 ${V}_{1}$
$- 2{V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ $2{V}_{1}$ 0 0 $2{V}_{1}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623516221875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=CN, label=表2, caption=五电平逆变器开关电压应力, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电平数 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$
$2{V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ 0 $2{V}_{1}$ $2{V}_{1}$ 0
${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0 0 ${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0
0 ${V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0 0
$-{V}_{1}$ ${V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ 0 0 ${V}_{1}$
$- 2{V}_{1}$ 0 ${V}_{1}$ $2{V}_{1}$ 0 0 $2{V}_{1}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623579136436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Comparison of topology among different inverters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 电源数量 电容数量 开关管数量 二极管数量 电感数 增益 控制单元
所提拓扑 1 1 6 1 1 $2{V}_{1}$ 简单
文献 [35] 2 3 8 4 3 $2{V}_{1}$ 复杂
文献 [36] 2 2 10 2 3 $2{V}_{1}$ 简单
文献 [37] 1 3 6 3 2 $2{V}_{1}$ 复杂
文献 [38] 1 3 6 3 3 $2{V}_{1}$ 复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623633662389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=CN, label=表3, caption=逆变器拓扑结构对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 电源数量 电容数量 开关管数量 二极管数量 电感数 增益 控制单元
所提拓扑 1 1 6 1 1 $2{V}_{1}$ 简单
文献 [35] 2 3 8 4 3 $2{V}_{1}$ 复杂
文献 [36] 2 2 10 2 3 $2{V}_{1}$ 简单
文献 [37] 1 3 6 3 2 $2{V}_{1}$ 复杂
文献 [38] 1 3 6 3 3 $2{V}_{1}$ 复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623696576950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Simulation circuit parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
正弦调制波${V}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{V}$ 2
三角载波${V}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
三角载波${V}_{c2}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
三角载波${V}_{\mathrm{c}3}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
三角载波${V}_{\mathrm{c}4}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
直流源输入值${V}_{1}/\mathrm{V}$ 15
谐振电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 4.54
电容${C}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2200
输出负载${R}_{1}/\Omega$ 50
载波频率${f}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 5000
), ArticleFig(id=1154038623746908599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038489210413833, language=CN, label=表4, caption=仿真电路参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
正弦调制波${V}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{V}$ 2
三角载波${V}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
三角载波${V}_{c2}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
三角载波${V}_{\mathrm{c}3}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
三角载波${V}_{\mathrm{c}4}/\mathrm{V}$ 1
直流源输入值${V}_{1}/\mathrm{V}$ 15
谐振电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 4.54
电容${C}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2200
输出负载${R}_{1}/\Omega$ 50
载波频率${f}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 5000
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一种新型开关电容准谐振多电平逆变器
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梁国壮 1 , 聂辰浩 1 , 田涵雷 2
电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024,22(2): 121-131
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电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024, 22(2): 121-131
一种新型开关电容准谐振多电平逆变器
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梁国壮1 , 聂辰浩1 , 田涵雷2
作者信息
  • 1 河北科技大学 电气工程学院 石家庄 050018
  • 2 四川大学 电气工程学院 成都 610065
  • 梁国壮(1968-),男,教授。研究方向:电机电器及其控制、电气参数检测与信息处理技术。E-mail: guozhuangliang@hebust.edu.cn.

    聂辰浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器技术及LED照明技术。E-mail:670595558@qq.com。

    田涵雷(1992-),男,通信作者,博士研究生。研究方向:电能变换和电能质量控制。E-mail:thledu@stu.scu.edu.cn。

Novel Switched Capacitor Quasi-resonant Multi-level Inverter
Guozhuang LIANG1 , Chenhao NIE1 , Hanlei TIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.121
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针对现有多电平逆变器充电过程存在电流尖峰和电压波动问题,提出一种新型准谐振五电平逆变器。简言之,采用载波层叠脉宽调制方案,将开关电容技术与传统五电平逆变器相结合,减小了前级承受的累加电平,实现了五电平输出;并在电容充电过程与串接电感谐振,消除了电流尖峰和电压波动,同时减轻了电容的发热问题,延长电路的使用寿命。最后,对所提结构进行了仿真验证,其结果证明了所提逆变器结构方案的正确性和可行性。

多电平逆变器  /  开关电容  /  载波层叠脉宽调制  /  准谐振

Aimed at the problems of current spikes and voltage fluctuations in the charging process of existing multi-level inverters, a novel quasi-resonant five-level inverter is proposed in this paper. A carrier-stacked pulse width modulation scheme is adopted, and the switched capacitor technology is combined with the traditional five-level inverter, which reduces the accumulated level at the previous stage and realizes the output of five-level voltage. In addition, the capacitor charging process and the series inductance resonate to eliminate current spikes and voltage fluctuations, while reducing the heating problem of the capacitor and prolonging the service life of the circuit. Finally, simulation verification is carried out, and results prove the correctness and feasibility of the scheme for the proposed inverter structure.

Multi-level inverter  /  switched capacitor  /  carrier-stacked pulse width modulation  /  quasi-resonance
梁国壮, 聂辰浩, 田涵雷. 一种新型开关电容准谐振多电平逆变器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 121 -131 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.121
Guozhuang LIANG, Chenhao NIE, Hanlei TIAN. Novel Switched Capacitor Quasi-resonant Multi-level Inverter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 121 -131 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.121
近年来, 能源危机日益严重, 开发新型清洁无污染的可再生能源已成为研究热点[1]。高频输电系统因其可以输出无污染安全可靠的能源而备受关注, 其中电力电子逆变器在功率转换方面发挥重要作用。在电能传输的过程中,多电平逆变器因其输出波形好、效率高等优点而被广泛应用。
与传统的逆变器相比, 多电平逆变器拥有输出电能质量高、电压谐波含量少、谐波畸变率$\mathrm{{THD}}$ (total harmonic distortion)小和低电压应力 (low voltage stress)等优点[24]。现有多电平逆变器主要分为二极管箝位型 NPC(neutral point-clamped)[5] 、飞跨电容型 FC(flying capacitor)[6] 以及级联$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型$\mathrm{{CHB}}$ (cascaded H-bridge)[7]。在实践中, NPC 和 FC 普遍存在电路控制策略复杂和电容电压不均衡等缺陷。相较于上述结构, CHB 拥有拓扑简单、易操作和电容电压自均衡等优势[7-8]。但随着电平数量增加,开关管数量及电容数量倍增,有悖变换器轻量化设计[9-10]。对此,文献[11-12]基于CHB结构提出了优化拓扑,此类电路极大地减少开关管数量,但$\mathrm{H}$ 桥开关管的电压应力显著增加,降低了电路的升压能力,从而导致传递效率很难进一步提升。
基于此,文献[13-15]提出了一种改进半桥式逆变器, 其拓扑的优化使得输出电压等级增加, 并且相较于全桥逆变器拥有更低的输出谐波, 同时减少了开关的应力。但是,简单的控制电路并不能弥补大量存在的功率器件造成较低的功率密度。对此, 文献[16]提出了一种对功率型器件分时复用的新型拓扑, 但采用多回路反馈的控制单元, 复杂程度过高。此外, 有学者提出了开关电容单元结构[17-19], 利用电容直接与电源串并联的结构, 其操作更为灵活, 此类拓扑虽通过复用开关器件的方式减少了开关管数量, 但需要多个输入电源, 成本过高。文献[20-21]提出的单相多电平逆变器采用九开关管便可实现九电平输出, 减少了器件的使用, 实现了低压间的功率平衡。但该结构需要利用电平比较的方法进行调制, 且需要多回路控制以实现逆变器中电容电压间均衡, 增加了控制策略的复杂度及传感器数量。文献[22-23]提出了新型七电平逆变器结构, 在器件使用数量和效率方面得到了优化, 但是采用悬浮电容结构, 使电容两端耐压能力达到了极限, 电容间的平衡难以达到很好的控制。
对此,文献[24-25]提出一种可实现电容间自均衡拓扑结构, 该拓扑两电容在一个开关周期内充放电状态保持一致, 避免了电容电压不均衡的问题。 由于仅适用于并联结构, 考虑到向更多电平扩展的情况, 其电路本身受限严重。相比之下, 文献[26]提出了一种基于开关电容的多电平逆变器, 不仅具备自均压的能力, 并且同时适用于高频逆变器等。但在直流电压输入时, 电容在充放电过程中产生的电压尖峰对器件的耐压提出了挑战, 会增加电路开关器件的功率损耗[27-28]
鉴于此, 本文提出一种基于开关电容的准谐振五电平逆变器。相较于上述研究, 功率器件数量得到简化; 同时在不改变开关电容单元的基础上实现电容电压均衡输出,模块化电平的输出更适用于中低压场合应用[29-30]。此外,在实现五电平输出和 2 倍升压增益的同时完成电容与电感间的谐振, 减少电路的电磁干扰, 克服电容充放电过程的电压尖峰和电流变化率过快等问题, 并且延长电容的使用寿命, 保护电路。首先介绍逆变器的工作原理和拓扑结构;其次通过比较几种 PWM 调制方法,提出适用于本文拓扑的载波层叠脉宽调制策略;其次,分析和对比现有拓扑的结构; 最后在 PSIM 平台对所提结构进行验证。
图1 为本文提出的准谐振五电平逆变器拓扑结构, 由单个直流输入电源、开关电容电路、准谐振电路和全桥电路相整合。开关电容电路由${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$,分压电容${C}_{1}$ 构成; 准谐振电路由谐振电容${C}_{1}$ 和谐振电感${L}_{1}$ 组成; 全桥电路为${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$。所提电路中, 通过开关器件的驱动顺序实现电源与电容之间的串并联转换产生阶梯波电平;同时电容与电感发生谐振以消除电流尖峰和波动电压; 全桥电路实现对输出电平的正负极性转换。
在所提的五电平逆变器中, 设定直流电压源两端电压为${V}_{1}$,直接给并联电容${C}_{1}$ 供电。在电容充电过程中会与电感发生串联谐振。通过控制开关器件导通顺序,所提逆变器可以输出 5 种电平,即$2{V}_{1}$,${V}_{1},0,- {V}_{1},- 2{V}_{1},5$ 种模态下逆变器各器件工作状态如表1 所示, 逆变器驱动信号和对应时态如图2 所示, 其工作模态如图3 所示。
模态 1: 如图3(a) 所示, 在该电流回路中, 开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 导通,其余开关管保持关闭状态。此时该回路在谐振电流作用下给电容充电, 使其电压等于直流电源电压$+{V}_{1}$,此过程和传统的串联谐振相似, 此时逆变器输出 0 电平。
模态 2: 如图3(b) 所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 导通, 其余开关管处于关断状态。该回路在谐振电流作用下给负载供电,此时逆变器输出$+{V}_{1}$ 电平。
模态 3: 如图3(c) 所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 开通, 其他开关管处于关断状态。由于电容${C}_{1}$ 的作用,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 被反向截止。直流电源和电容${C}_{1}$ 共同为负载供电,此时逆变器的输出电平为$+ 2{V}_{1}$
模态 4: 如图3(d) 所示,开通开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$, 其他开关管处于关断状态。该闭合回路在谐振电流作用下给负载供电, 由于负载两端输出电压极性发生改变,此时逆变器输出$-{V}_{1}$ 电平。
模态 5: 如图3(e) 所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 开通, 其他处于关断状态。由于电容${C}_{1}$ 作用,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 被反向截止。直流电源与电容${C}_{1}$ 共同为负载供电, 输出电压的极性由正变负, 此时逆变器的输出电平为$- 2{V}_{1 \circ }$
在设计电路过程中, 开关管所承受的电压应力是研究的重要参数[31-32]。根据电路的不同模态以及所对应不同的开关状态, 列出了电路开关所受应力表,如表2 所示。从表中可以看出,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 最大应力为${V}_{1},\mathrm{H}$ 桥上开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 最大应力均为$2{V}_{1}$。桥臂上开关管所受最大电压应力均为 2 倍输入电压。
多电平逆变器的调制方式有很多种, 其中主要包括载波层叠法、特定谐波消除法、载波移相法。在相同幅值调节下, 功率器件保持特定频率等条件, 载波移相法可以实现开关电容单元同步平衡, 并且开关器件开关损耗保持一致。但是当载波移相法调制策略应用于三相逆变器时, 其输出线电压会存在跃变现象,这会对逆变器输出 THD 造成很大影响。 特定谐波消除法利用波形合成的原理,波形逼近正弦波,可以通过选择功能更好的消除谐波,降低误差从而达到优化效果。由于其操作复杂, 并且计算量庞大,故应用范围小。本文所采用载波层叠法调制方法, 通过正弦波与三角波比较可得出理论阶梯波, 输出波形接近理想波形, 逆变器输出 THD 较低, 很好地实现电路开关的分时复用。为了降低谐波的干扰,本文采取载波层叠调制法来实现多电平输出控制, 其驱动信号如图4 所示。图4 中采用了四路三角载波和正弦波进行比较和调制得到${u}_{1}\sim {u}_{4}$ 四种信号, 并根据逻辑关系可以得出 4 个开关管的驱动信号为
${V}_{\mathrm{{GSI}}}= {u}_{1}+ {\bar{u}}_{4}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}2}= {\bar{u}}_{2}{u}_{3}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{GQ}}1}= {u}_{2}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{GQ}}2}= {\bar{u}}_{4}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{GQ}}3}= {\bar{u}}_{3}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{GQ}}4}= {u}_{3}$
在多电平逆变器设计中, 电容的选取尤为关键, 其值过小或过大都会影响电路的稳定性及运行成本, 因此本节将为电容值的选取提供指导。图5 为电容充放电过程,其连续放电区间为$\left\lbrack {\theta,\pi -\theta }\right\rbrack$${\left\lbrack \pi +\theta,2\pi -\theta \right\rbrack }_{\circ }$ 对电容${C}_{1}$ 的最大连续放电量$\Delta {Q}_{\text{lmax }}$ 进行计算, 其结果为
$\Delta {Q}_{\operatorname{Imax}}= \frac{1}{2\pi f}{\int }_{\pi }^{\pi -\theta }{i}_{\mathrm{d}}\left({\omega t}\right)\mathrm{d}\left({\omega t}\right)$
式中:${i}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为负载输出电流;$f$ 为工频状况下的输入频率;$\omega$ 为工频状况下的角频率。
$\left\lbrack {\alpha,\theta }\right\rbrack$$\left\lbrack {\pi -\theta,\pi -\alpha }\right\rbrack$ 工作区间内,逆变器输出的电压为${V}_{1}$; 在$\left\lbrack {\theta,\pi -\theta }\right\rbrack$ 工作区间内,逆变器输出的电压为$2{V}_{1}$。则可得电容${C}_{1}$ 的最大连续放电量为
$\Delta {Q}_{2\max }= \frac{1}{2\pi f}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{\alpha }^{\theta }\frac{{V}_{1}}{{R}_{0}}\mathrm{\;d}\left({\omega t}\right)+ {\int }_{\theta }^{\pi -\alpha }\frac{2{V}_{1}}{{R}_{0}}\mathrm{\;d}\left({\omega t}\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{{\int }_{\pi -\theta }^{\pi -\alpha }\frac{{V}_{1}}{{R}_{0}}\mathrm{\;d}\left({\omega t}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中,${R}_{0}$ 为负载电阻值。
对式 (8) 进行简化, 可得
$\Delta {Q}_{2\max }= \frac{{V}_{1}\left({{2\pi }- {2\theta }- {2\alpha }}\right)}{{2\pi f}{R}_{0}}$
设计中, 电容电压纹波应小于电容额定电压的${10}{\%}^{\left\lbrack {33}\right\rbrack }$,则电容取值应满足
$ C \geq \frac{\Delta Q}{{0.1}{V}_{\mathrm{C}}}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为电容的额定电压。
因此,可得逆变器最小电容值${C}_{\mathrm{m}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{{V}_{1}\left({{2\pi }- {2\theta }- {2\alpha }}\right)}{{0.2\pi f}{R}_{0}{V}_{\mathrm{C}}}$
在满足输入频率$f$ 时,电容在充电过程中,和传统电路发生的串联谐振相同[34],考虑设计裕度选取的电感为
$ L =\frac{1}{4{\pi }^{2}{f}^{2}C}$
开关管主要由开关损耗和导通损耗组成, 本文将其分为导通损耗${P}_{1}$ 和开关损耗${P}_{2}$。电路的损耗分析如图6 所示。
此外,电容充电时产生的损耗为${P}_{\mathrm{c}1}$ 和电容放电时产生的损耗为${P}_{\mathrm{d}2}$。因此,电容充电时的损耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}= {2f}{\int }_{\left({\pi -\theta }\right)/\omega }^{\pi /\omega }{i}_{1}^{2}{r}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{d}t $
式中:${i}_{1}$ 为电容充电时电路电流;${r}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为开关管寄生参数。
通过模态分析可知, 电容放电损耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{d}2}= {2f}{\int }_{\alpha /\omega }^{\left({\pi -\alpha }\right)/\omega }{i}_{2}^{2}{r}_{\mathrm{d}}\mathrm{d}t $
式中:${r}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为电容放电时的导通电阻;${i}_{2}$ 为放电时电路电流。
因此,逆变器除开关管外的导通损耗${P}_{1}$
${P}_{1}= {P}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{d}2}$
所提逆变器的开关管导通与关断损耗分别为${P}_{\mathrm{{on}}1}$${P}_{\mathrm{{off}}2}$。通过模态分析,得到导通损耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{{onl}}}= {f}_{0}{\int }_{0}^{{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}}v{i}_{0}\mathrm{\;d}t $
式中:${f}_{0}$ 为开关时的频率;${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 为开关管导通时间;$v$${i}_{0}$ 分别为开关管开通瞬间的电压和电流值。
简化式(16),得
${P}_{\mathrm{{onl}}}= \frac{1}{6}{f}_{0}{i}_{0}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$
通过分析式 (17), 可得开关管的关断损耗为
${P}_{\text{off }2}= \frac{1}{6}{f}_{0}{v}^{\prime }{i}_{0}^{\prime }{t}_{\text{off }}$
式中:${t}_{\text{off }}$ 为开关管的开断时间;${v}^{\prime }\text{、}{i}_{0}^{\prime }$ 分别为开关管关断瞬间的电压和电流值。因此, 开关管总损耗为
${P}_{2}= {P}_{\mathrm{{on}}1}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{off}}2}$
综上所述, 可得电路总损耗为
$ P ={P}_{1}+ {P}_{2}$
为验证所提电路的优势, 本节从电源数量、电容数量、开关器件数、二极管数、电感数、升压增益以及控制的复杂度对现有五电平逆变器与本文所提逆变器进行了比较分析, 逆变器拓扑结构对比见表3
表3 可知, 本文所提拓扑在器件总数和控制电路两方面均得到优化。详言之, 文献[35]存在级联型桥式单元, 造成其损耗增大, 且需要增加额外的控制器实现对电容恒压的控制。文献[36]在拓扑结构上与所提拓扑相似, 其使用了级联型开关电容单元, 有效地实现了升压效果, 但是在功率器件数量上却无法比拟。文献[37]使用相同数量的开关管即可实现 2 倍电压增益, 由于电路中存在前后两级复合的桥式结构, 增加了控制算法的复杂度, 使得拓扑的轻量化受阻。文献[38]采用 buck-boost 复合型电路可以实现输出的升降压功能,扩大了输出的范围,由于前级电路的高复杂度会对后级全桥电路的电压应力造成很大的影响。
为了验证准谐振五电平逆变器的可行性并验证理论分析的正确性, 本文在 PSIM 平台进行仿真验证,仿真参数见表4,具体仿真波形如图7~图11 所示。
图7 所示为输出的五电平电压波形和对应开关管的驱动信号。将频率为$5\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的三角波作为载波,并与正弦调制波进行比较,得到最终调制波形, 其结果与理论分析的 PWM 调制波形一致。
图8 所示为负载${R}_{1}= {50\Omega }$ 时逆变器输出电压和电流, 输出波形均为理想状态下的五电平阶梯波。电容电压在周期内呈现出稳定的放电和充电状态。本文又验证了输入直流源电压在${50}\mathrm{\;V}$${100}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时电容电压的波形和逆变器的输出波形, 仿真结果证明了所提拓扑可满足较大输入电压波形的情况, 扩大了该拓扑应用范围。
图9 所示为对电路中有无引入准谐振的探讨。 由 3 组波形图对比可知, 在没有引入准谐振的电路中, 电容电压在充电时的尖峰使得输出电压不平稳;在准谐振电路中,电容充放电的电压波形平缓圆滑, 证明了所提拓扑在引入谐振电感的情况下极大地改善了电容充放电过程。
图10 所示为输入电压${V}_{1}= {15}\text{、}{50}\text{、}{100}\mathrm{\;V}$ 所对应电感电流波形。由图10 可知, 在引入准谐振的电路中, 由于电感的存在极大地减弱了电流的尖峰值,并且电流的瞬时变化率也被改善,对整体系统起到很好的保护作用。图11 为对先前工作复现的电压波形[3940]。为了保持对比的一致性,2 种拓扑均保证输入电压${15}\mathrm{\;V}$。可明显看出,先前工作在电容充放电过程中, 电压波形在每个周期内呈现瞬时性突变现象,并且存在充电电压尖峰;比较充分地验证了准谐振的引入很好地改善了电压质量。
综上所述, 实验结果与理论分析一致, 验证了本文所提出电路结构的可行性, 也证明了引入准谐振电路有效地改善了拓扑的性能。
本文提出了一种基于开关电容的准谐振五电平逆变器。所提逆变器在开关电容结构的基础上, 嵌入准谐振电路,改善了电源与电容并联产生的电容电压剧烈波动和电流尖峰问题,并且实现了五电平输出。与现有工作相比,所提多电平逆变拓扑结构和功率器件数量均得到简化。通过 PSIM 平台进行仿真验证, 其结果显示准谐振技术的引入有效改善了电容两端的电压性能, 且达到延长器件寿命的目的。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(61876059)
  • 河北省通用航空增材制造协同创新中心开放基金课题资助项目(2018DQ01)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.121
  • 接收时间:2021-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-12
  • 修回日期:2021-09-08
  • 录用日期:2021-10-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61876059)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(61876059)
Hebei Province General Aviation Additive Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center Open Fund Project(2018DQ01)
河北省通用航空增材制造协同创新中心开放基金课题资助项目(2018DQ01)
作者信息
    1 河北科技大学 电气工程学院 石家庄 050018
    2 四川大学 电气工程学院 成都 610065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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