Article(id=1154038488849703688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.90, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1623340800000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-11, revisedDate=1627228800000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-26, acceptedDate=1629043200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-16, onlineDate=1753073816740, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073816740, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073816740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073816740, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038489705341707, articleId=1154038488849703688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Dynamic Compensation Control of Buck-type Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Based on Model Predictive Control, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem of DC voltage fluctuations caused by load switching, power fluctuations and dou-ble-frequency injection in DC microgrids, a dynamic compensation control strategy for a Buck-type bidirectional DC-DC converter based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. First, the corresponding discrete state space matrix is es-tablished, and the input current is used as the disturbance. Second, the model-based inner-loop current predictive control and outer-loop voltage control of the Buck-type bidirectional DC-DC converter is designed. Third, a dynamic compensa-tion control structure based on a residual generator is designed for the current disturbance, and the dynamic compensa-tion controller Q(z) is solved. At the same time, the recursive least squares algorithm is used for parameter identification to reduce the influence of model uncertainty on the dynamic compensation control strategy. Finally, a comparative ex-periment was designed on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Experimental results show that the compensation control structure can effectively solve the problem of DC bus voltage fluctuations and enhance the robustness of the entire system without changing the original predictive control.

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针对直流微电网中负载投切、功率波动和二倍频注入导致的直流电压波动问题,提出了一种基于模型预测控制的 Buck型双向DC-DC变换器动态补偿控制策略。首先,建立Buck型双向DC-DC变换器的离散状态空间矩阵,并以输入电流为扰动量。其次,设计 Buck型双向DC-DC 变换器的基于模型的內环电流预测控制和外环电压控制。然后,针对电流扰动设计基于残差生成器的动态补偿控制结构,并求解动态补偿控制器Q(z),同时利用最小二乘递推算法进行参数辨识,减少模型不确定性对动态补偿控制策略的影响。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC 仿真平台上设计对比实验,验证所提控制策略的有效性。通过实验结果可知,该补偿控制结构在不改变原预测控制的前提下,可以有效地解决直流母线电压波动问题,增强整个系统的鲁棒性。

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孟良(1985-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: 2581869432@qq.com。

胡雪凯(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析、电能质量评估治理。E-mail:719872361@qq.com。

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孟良(1985-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: 2581869432@qq.com。

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孟良(1985-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: 2581869432@qq.com。

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胡雪凯(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析、电能质量评估治理。E-mail:719872361@qq.com。

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胡雪凯(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析、电能质量评估治理。E-mail:719872361@qq.com。

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参数 数值
变换器 1 变换器 2
滤波电感/mH 2.0 2.0
电感寄生电阻/$\Omega$ 0.1 0.1
滤波电容/μF 1000 1000
直流母线电压/V 100 100
电压环比例系数 0.5 0.5
电压环积分系数 40 40
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参数 数值
变换器 1 变换器 2
滤波电感/mH 2.0 2.0
电感寄生电阻/$\Omega$ 0.1 0.1
滤波电容/μF 1000 1000
直流母线电压/V 100 100
电压环比例系数 0.5 0.5
电压环积分系数 40 40
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参数 数值 参数 数值
滤波电感/mH 2.0 电压环比例系数 10
电感寄生电阻/$\Omega$ 0.1 电压环积分系数 40
滤波电容/μF 500 电流环比例系数 10
交流母线电压/V 220 电流环积分系数 0
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参数 数值 参数 数值
滤波电感/mH 2.0 电压环比例系数 10
电感寄生电阻/$\Omega$ 0.1 电压环积分系数 40
滤波电容/μF 500 电流环比例系数 10
交流母线电压/V 220 电流环积分系数 0
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基于模型预测控制的Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器动态补偿控制
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孟良 , 胡雪凯
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(2): 90-97
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(2): 90-97
基于模型预测控制的Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器动态补偿控制
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孟良 , 胡雪凯
作者信息
  • 国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 石家庄 050021
  • 孟良(1985-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: 2581869432@qq.com。

    胡雪凯(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析、电能质量评估治理。E-mail:719872361@qq.com。

Dynamic Compensation Control of Buck-type Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Based on Model Predictive Control
Liang MENG , Xuekai HU
Affiliations
  • Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd. Shijiazhuang 050021 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.90
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针对直流微电网中负载投切、功率波动和二倍频注入导致的直流电压波动问题,提出了一种基于模型预测控制的 Buck型双向DC-DC变换器动态补偿控制策略。首先,建立Buck型双向DC-DC变换器的离散状态空间矩阵,并以输入电流为扰动量。其次,设计 Buck型双向DC-DC 变换器的基于模型的內环电流预测控制和外环电压控制。然后,针对电流扰动设计基于残差生成器的动态补偿控制结构,并求解动态补偿控制器Q(z),同时利用最小二乘递推算法进行参数辨识,减少模型不确定性对动态补偿控制策略的影响。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC 仿真平台上设计对比实验,验证所提控制策略的有效性。通过实验结果可知,该补偿控制结构在不改变原预测控制的前提下,可以有效地解决直流母线电压波动问题,增强整个系统的鲁棒性。

直流微电网  /  预测控制  /  残差生成器  /  动态补偿

Aimed at the problem of DC voltage fluctuations caused by load switching, power fluctuations and dou-ble-frequency injection in DC microgrids, a dynamic compensation control strategy for a Buck-type bidirectional DC-DC converter based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. First, the corresponding discrete state space matrix is es-tablished, and the input current is used as the disturbance. Second, the model-based inner-loop current predictive control and outer-loop voltage control of the Buck-type bidirectional DC-DC converter is designed. Third, a dynamic compensa-tion control structure based on a residual generator is designed for the current disturbance, and the dynamic compensa-tion controller Q(z) is solved. At the same time, the recursive least squares algorithm is used for parameter identification to reduce the influence of model uncertainty on the dynamic compensation control strategy. Finally, a comparative ex-periment was designed on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Experimental results show that the compensation control structure can effectively solve the problem of DC bus voltage fluctuations and enhance the robustness of the entire system without changing the original predictive control.

DC microgrid  /  predictive control  /  residual generator  /  dynamic compensation
孟良, 胡雪凯. 基于模型预测控制的Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器动态补偿控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 90 -97 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.90
Liang MENG, Xuekai HU. Dynamic Compensation Control of Buck-type Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Based on Model Predictive Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 90 -97 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.90
近年来, 随着社会经济的发展, 为满足居民用电的需求,大量的分布式发电技术得到了广泛应用[1]。 传统供电形式主要以交流电为主,而大多数用户侧的用电设备主要是直流负载[2]。因此,作为分布式能源与用户侧连接的关键桥梁, 直流微电网的研究受到了广泛的关注, 其中电能质量问题是直流微电网研究的重点[3]
维持直流微电网系统稳定运行的关键是保持母线电压的恒定。而直流微电网中的电能质量问题主要包括电压波动、电压纹波、电压不平衡、动态电压突变 (4)等。受光照强度、风速和温度等自然条件的影响, 分布式发电具有极强的随机特性, 输出功率具有波动性[5]。在逆变器接入直流微电网后,交流侧的电压不平衡现象也会使直流母线电压出现电压纹波等问题[6]。同时,由于靠近用户侧,受到用电设备投切的影响, 直流母线电压容易出现动态电压突变[7]
针对上述直流微电网中的电能质量问题目前有被动治理和主动治理两大类方法。被动治理需要引入额外的治理设备, 从而增加了成本和系统的复杂程度。因此, 有大量的专家学者偏向于研究针对变换器控制策略改进的主动治理方法。文献[8]提出了一种基于模型预测的电压动态补偿方法, 设计虚拟电容抑制扰动影响。文献[9]提出了一种基于观测器的电流前馈控制, 有效地加快了母线电压的动态响应。文献[10]基于非线性扰动观测器提出了一种直流母线电压控制方法, 提升了电压的动态特性。 文献[11]在文献[8]的基础上进行了改进, 从而利用 DC-DC 双向变换器抑制了直流母线电压波动。文献[7]和文献[12]都基于残差生成器设计动态补偿控制解决母线电压电能质量问题, 但控制结构不适用于基于有限集的模型预测控制。
本文提出一种基于模型预测控制的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器动态补偿控制策略。在直流微电网 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器的模型预测控制基础上, 针对负载投切、功率波动和二倍电压纹波问题, 设计基于残差生成器的动态补偿控制结构, 并求解动态补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$ 对扰动电流进行补偿。 本文所提控制算法与文献[5]和文献[6]的基于残差生成器的补偿控制算法不同,控制输入信号为开关信号时也可以应用, 且不用设计二次补偿控制器, 具有更广泛的应用场景。
直流微电网通常由分布式电源、储能系统和负载组成[13]。其中风能、光能等可再生能源可以通过 DC-DC 变换器转化为电能向电网中供电。Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器如图1 所示。
根据图1,令${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为离散采样时间,得到 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器离散模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left({1 -\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)- \frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)+ \frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)\\{u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({k + 1}\right)= {u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)+ \frac{1}{C}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)- \frac{1}{C}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$L$$\mathrm{{LC}}$ 电路的电感;${r}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为电感的寄生电阻;$C$$\mathrm{{LC}}$ 电路的电容;${u}_{0}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 分别为$\mathrm{{LC}}$ 电路的输出电压、电感电流、输入电压和输入电流。
由式 (1) 得到, Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器的离散状态空间表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{x}\left({k + 1}\right)= \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{{Ed}}\left( k\right)\\\mathbf{y}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{C}\mathbf{x}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{D}\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\mathbf{x}\left({k + 1}\right)$$k + 1$ 时刻状态量,$\mathbf{x}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left({k + 1}\right)\\{u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({k + 1}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack$;$\mathbf{x}\left( k\right)$$k$ 时刻状态量,$\mathbf{x}\left( k\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)\\{u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack ;\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)$$k$ 时刻输入量,$\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)= \left\lbrack {{u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack ;\mathbf{d}\left( k\right)$$k$ 时刻扰动输入量,$\mathbf{d}\left( k\right)= \left\lbrack {{i}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack ;\mathbf{y}\left( k\right)$$k$ 时刻输出量;$\mathbf{A}$$\mathbf{B}$$\mathbf{C}$$\mathbf{D}$$\mathbf{E}$ 分别为系统矩阵、输入矩阵、输出矩阵、传输矩阵和扰动输入矩阵,$\mathbf{A}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 -\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& -\frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\\\frac{1}{C}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{B}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack$,$\mathbf{C}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{D}= \mathbf{O},\mathbf{E}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\- \frac{1}{C}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack。$
由式 (2) 可知,在$L\text{、}C\text{、}{r}_{\mathrm{L}}$${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 均为已知的定值且没有扰动输入时,可以根据$k$ 时刻的输入电压、 输出电压和电感电流计算出$k + 1$ 时刻的电感电流值, 即电感电流预测值, 由此得到, Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器电感电流的预测模型为
${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left({1 -\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)- \frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)+ \\\frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)$
式中,${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}}\left({k + 1}\right)$ 为电感电流预测值。
图1 可知,输入电压${u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)$ 根据${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 的开关状态可由 4 个元素构成的有限控制集表达[14]
${u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)\in U =\left\{{{u}_{1},{u}_{2},{u}_{3},{u}_{4}}\right\}$
式中,${u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{u}_{1}= 0 &{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{ 关断,}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{ 关断 }\\{u}_{2}= E &{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{ 导通,}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{ 关断 }\\{u}_{3}= - E &{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{ 关断,}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{ 导通 }\\{u}_{4}= 0 &{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{ 导通,}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{ 导通 }\end{array}\right.$
在传统 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器的基于模型的预测控制中, 控制目标是使电感电流的跟踪误差最小,因此相应的代价函数表达式为
$ J ={\left|{i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }- {i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}}\left( k + 1\right)\right|}^{2}$
式中,${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }$ 为电感电流的给定值。
根据式 (3)~式 (5) 得到的基于模型预测的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器控制结构如图2 所示。其中,$S\left( k\right)$ 为开关电路控制信号,${\mathbf{G}}_{1}\left( z\right)$ 为电感传递函数模型,${\mathbf{G}}_{2}\left( z\right)$ 为电容传递函数模型。
图2 中, 在内环采用模型预测控制, 通过已知的 4 种输入电压${u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)$ 和式 (3) 得到$k$ 时刻的 4 种电感电流预测值${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}}\left({k + 1}\right)$。外环采用传统的$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制得到电感电流给定值${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }$。根据式 (5),计算 4 种电感电流预测值${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}}\left({k + 1}\right)$ 对应的代价函数值,选取最小代价函数值所对应的输入电压${u}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( k\right)$ 的开关状态作为开关电路的控制信号$S\left( k\right)$,由此实现 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器基于模型的预测控制。
文献[15]提出了一种基于残差生成器的容错框架, 如图3 所示。
图3 中,$\mathbf{G}\left( z\right)$ 为被控对象,$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$ 为补偿控制器,$\mathbf{v}$ 为给定输入,$\mathbf{u}$ 为被控对象输入,$\mathbf{y}$ 为被控对象输出,$\mathbf{d}$ 为被控对象扰动输入,$\mathbf{r}$ 为残差,${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为补偿信号。其中基于观测器的残差生成器表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left({\mathbf{A}- \mathbf{{LC}}}\right)\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( k\right)+ \left({\mathbf{B}- \mathbf{{LD}}}\right)\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{{Ly}}\left( k\right)\\\mathbf{r}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{y}\left( k\right)- \mathbf{C}\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( k\right)- \mathbf{D}\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\mathbf{L}$ 为增益矩阵;$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( k\right)$$k$ 时刻的重构状态量;$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({k + 1}\right)$$k + 1$ 时刻的重构状态量。
根据图3 的控制结构可知, 在 PI 控制器能保证系统稳定的前提下,扰动输入$\mathbf{d}$ 的出现会影响被控对象输出$\mathbf{y}$,同时使基于观测器的残差生成器输出残差$\mathbf{r}$,通过设计补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$,生成补偿信号${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{r}}$,可以抑制扰动$\mathbf{d}$ 对输出$\mathbf{y}$ 的影响,提升系统鲁棒性。
根据图2 中基于模型预测的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器控制可知,输入电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为扰动输入信号。 从理论上讲可以直接应用图3 中的容错控制结构进行扰动抑制, 但是模型预测控制中需要进行矢量选择, 控制输入信号为开关信号, 不能直接与补偿信号${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 进行叠加,因此将容错控制结构进行改进, 得到如图4 所示的基于模型预测控制的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器动态补偿控制结构,其中${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为电流补偿信号,${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }$ 为重构电流给定信号。
图4 中, 在基于模型预测的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器控制中加入了基于残差生成器的动态补偿控制结构, 通过补偿电感电流给定信号, 改变电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 从而实现对扰动${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的抑制。在此控制中, 代价函数表达式为
$ J ={\left|{\bar{i}}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }- {i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}}\left( k + 1\right)\right|}^{2}$
图4 中,为了抑制扰动${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 对输出电压${u}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的影响,需要在电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 中叠加补偿信号。在${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为 0时,且系统稳定时,残差信号$\mathbf{r}$ 为 0,电感电流与给定信号关系为
${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)$
${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 不为 0 时,残差信号$\mathbf{r}$ 通过补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$ 得到电流补偿信号${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$,为实现扰动抑制,此时的电感电流与给定信号关系为
${\bar{i}}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }+ {i}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( k\right)= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)+ {i}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( k\right)= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\prime }\left( k\right)$
其中,
${i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\prime }\left( k\right)+ {i}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{* }= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right)$
式中,$i!\left( k\right)$ 为补偿后的电感电流。
由式 (9) 和式 (10) 可知,当补偿信号${i}_{\mathrm{r}}= {i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 时即可实现扰动补偿。
$\mathbf{D}$ 为零矩阵时,由式 (2) 和式 (6) 可以得到, 扰动$\mathbf{d}$ 到残差$\mathbf{r}$ 的状态空间表达为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{e}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left({\mathbf{A}- \mathbf{{LC}}}\right)\mathbf{e}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{{Ed}}\left( k\right)\\\mathbf{r}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{{Ce}}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\mathbf{e}\left({k + 1}\right)= \mathbf{x}\left({k + 1}\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({k + 1}\right);\mathbf{e}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{x}\left( k\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( k\right)$
将式(11)中的状态空间表达式转换为传递函数,用${\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{{rd}}}\left( z\right)$ 表示,并结合${i}_{\mathrm{r}}= {i}_{0}$,可以得到
${i}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{Q}\left( z\right){\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{{rd}}}\left( z\right){i}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)$
由式 (12) 可知,当$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right){\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{{rd}}}\left( z\right)= 1$ 时,可求出补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$,从而实现扰动抑制。
在 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器中,电感$L$ 、电感寄生电阻${r}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 和电容$C$ 的数值可能会因为使用时间和环境的影响发生变化, 造成模型参数具有不确定性。根据式 (3) 可知,系统矩阵$\mathbf{A}$ 、输入矩阵$\mathbf{B}$ 和扰动输入矩阵$\mathbf{E}$ 与参数不确定性有关,故具有不确定性的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器的离散状态空间表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{x}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left({\mathbf{A}+ \Delta \mathbf{A}}\right)\mathbf{x}\left( k\right)+ \left({\mathbf{B}+ \Delta \mathbf{B}}\right)\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)+ \\\left({\mathbf{E}+ \Delta \mathbf{E}}\right)\mathbf{d}\left( k\right)\\\mathbf{y}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{C}\mathbf{x}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{D}\mathbf{u}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\mathbf{A}+ \Delta \mathbf{A}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 -\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}+ \Delta {r}_{\mathrm{L}}}{L +{\Delta L}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& -\frac{1}{L +{\Delta L}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\\\frac{1}{C +{\Delta C}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\mathbf{B}+ \Delta \mathbf{B}=$ $\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{L +{\Delta L}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack ;\mathbf{E}+ \Delta \mathbf{E}= \left\lbrack {-\frac{0}{L +{\Delta C}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack ;{\Delta L}\text{、}\Delta {r}_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{\Delta C}$ 分别为电感的变化值、电感寄生电阻的变化值和电容的变化值。
由式 (6) 和式 (13) 可以得到, 具有不确定性的扰动$\mathbf{d}$ 到残差$\mathbf{r}$ 的状态空间表达为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{e}\left({k + 1}\right)= \left({\mathbf{A}- \mathbf{{LC}}}\right)\mathbf{e}\left( k\right)+ \Delta \mathbf{{Ax}}\left( k\right)+ \Delta \mathbf{{Bu}}\left( k\right)+ \\\left({\mathbf{E}+ \Delta \mathbf{E}}\right)\mathbf{d}\left( k\right)\\\mathbf{r}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{{Ce}}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
由式 (12) 可知, 在不考虑模型的不确定性时, 通过$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right){\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{{rd}}}\left( z\right)= 1$ 时,可求出补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$。但由式(14)可知在模型存在不确定性时,此方法求解出的补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$ 的补偿效果会受到较大的影响。为了获取较为精确的系统模型,需要采用参数辨识的方法对模型进行校正。
当 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器系统带载稳定运行时, LC 电路具有稳定的输出电压${u}_{0}$ 和电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$,且负载对应的电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 也是稳定的。此时,在模型参数完全精确的情况下, 由式 (11) 可知, 在稳定系统下的电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 会对应得到残差初值${r}_{\mathrm{o}}$。由式 (14) 可知,在模型存在不确定性时,稳定的电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 会对应稳定的残差值${r}_{0}^{\prime }$。因此,在变换器稳定运行且负载不发生变化的时候, 如果残差稳定值发生变化, 则说明电感$L$ 、电感寄生电阻${r}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 和电容$C$ 的数值发生变化。
为了得到变换器模型的精确参数, 采用最小二乘递推算法进行参数辨识[16]。根据式 (2) 定义过程参数矩阵和观测矩阵为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll} 1 -\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& -\frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& \frac{1}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack \\{\mathbf{\theta }}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}\frac{1}{C}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}& 1 & 0 &- \frac{1}{C}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack \\\wp \left( k\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{i}_{\mathrm{t}}\left( k\right)& {u}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( k\right)& {u}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( k\right)& {i}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( k\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\mathbf{\theta }}_{1}\text{、}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{2}$ 为过程参数矩阵;$\mathbf{\varphi }\left( k\right)$ 为观测矩阵。在系统稳定时${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 近似等于${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$,故不用增加新的传感器采集${i}_{0}$
假设辨识得到的过程参数矩阵为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{a}_{11}& {a}_{12}& {a}_{13}& {a}_{14}\end{array}\right\rbrack \\{\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{a}_{21}& {a}_{22}& {a}_{23}& {a}_{24}\end{array}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
根据式 (16) 得到电感$L$ 、电感寄生电阻${r}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 和电容$C$ 的参数表达为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} L =- \frac{1}{{a}_{12}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\\{r}_{\mathrm{L}}= \frac{{a}_{11}- 1}{{a}_{12}}\\ C =\frac{1}{{a}_{21}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right.$
根据式 (15)、式 (16) 和式 (17),采用最小二乘法递推算法得到${\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{1}$${\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{2}$ 的值,递推算法公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{w}\left( k\right)= \mathbf{p}\left( k\right)\mathbf{\varphi }\left( k\right){\left\lbrack 1 +{\mathbf{\varphi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( k\right)\mathbf{p}\left( k\right)\mathbf{\varphi }\left( k\right)\right\rbrack }^{-1}\\\mathbf{p}\left({k + 1}\right)= \mathbf{p}\left( k\right)- \mathbf{w}\left( k\right){\mathbf{\varphi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( k\right)\mathbf{p}\left( k\right)\\{\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{n}\left({k + 1}\right)= {\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{n}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{w}\left( k\right)\left\lbrack {{x}_{n}\left( k\right)- {\mathbf{\varphi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( k\right){\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{n}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.\\ n = 1,2 $
式中:$w$ 为预报误差;${x}_{1}\left( k\right)= {i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( k\right),{x}_{2}\left( k\right)= {u}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( k\right)$; 估计矩阵的初值为${\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{1}\left( 0\right)= {\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{2}\left( 0\right)= 0;\mathbf{p}\left( 0\right)= {\alpha }^{2}\mathbf{I},\alpha$ 为无穷大整数,一般取${10}^{5}\sim {10}^{8},\mathbf{I}$ 为单位矩阵。最后,根据最小二乘法递推算法得到${\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{1}$${\widehat{\mathbf{\theta }}}_{2}$ 的值,结合式 (17), 计算出辨识参数的值, 完成模型校正, 从而设计残差生成器和补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$ 更符合实际应用需求。
实验验证部分, 在 PSCAD/EMTDC 仿真平台上搭建如图5 所示的仿真实验拓扑,用${5\Omega }$ 负载、可控电流源和带有三相不平衡负载的逆变器作为电流扰动源,设计如下 3 个对比实验:① 负载投切实验;②功率波动实验;③二倍频电压纹波实验。通过对比本文所提出的补偿预测控制算法和传统预测控制算法的输出电压波形, 验证本文所提控制算法的有效性。仿真实验参数如表1表2 所示。
其中变换器 1 采用本文所提控制策略, 变换器 2 作为对比, 采用传统预测控制策略。
在负载投切实验中, 根据图5 的仿真实验拓扑,选取${5\Omega }$ 负载作为系统稳定时的带载,另选取${5\Omega }$ 负载作为扰动负载,分别在${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$${1.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ 进行负载的切出切入实验。对比实验结果如图6 所示。
图6 所示, 在负载切出时, 传统预测控制下的直流母线电压受到扰动电流影响,电压突增了${14.2}\mathrm{\;V}$, 电压突变率为 14.2%。补偿预测控制时,电压突增了${2.6}\mathrm{\;V}$,电压突变率为${2.6}\%$,符合$5\%$ 以内的国家标准。 在负载切入时,传统预测控制时,电压突降了${12.4}\mathrm{\;V}$, 电压突变率为 12.4%。补偿预测控制时,电压突降了${2.3}\mathrm{\;V}$,电压突变率为${2.3}\%$,符合$5\%$ 以内的国家标准。 由此说明,本文所提控制算法能够有效抑制负载投切导致的电压突变,增强了系统的鲁棒性。
在功率波动实验中, 根据图5 的仿真实验拓扑,选取${5\Omega }$ 负载作为系统稳定时的带载加入可控电流源, 输出正弦电流模拟风机光伏功率波动时输出的扰动电流。对比实验结果如图7 所示。
图7 所示, 在功率波动时, 传统预测控制下的直流母线电压受到扰动电流影响, 电压波动幅值为${14.6}\mathrm{\;V}$,电压变化率为${14.6}\%$。补偿预测控制时, 电压波动基本被抑制, 明显符合 5%以内的国家标准。由此说明,本文所提控制算法能够有效抑制功率波动导致的电压波动, 增强了系统的鲁棒性。
在交流变换器二倍频实验中, 根据图5 的仿真实验拓扑,选取${5\Omega }$ 负载作为系统稳定时的带载, 同时在${1.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ 切入带有三相不平衡负载的逆变器向直流侧注入二倍频电流。对比实验结果如图8 所示。
图8 所示, 在带有三相不平衡负载的逆变器切入时, 传统预测控制下的直流母线电压受到扰动电流影响,电压波动幅值为${7.2}\mathrm{\;V}$,电压波动率为${7.2}\%$。补偿预测控制时,电压波动幅值为${2.5}\mathrm{\;V}$,电压波动率为 2.5%,符合 5% 以内的国家标准。由此说明,本文所提控制算法能够有效抑制带有三相不平衡负载的逆变器切入后导致的电压波动, 增强了系统的鲁棒性。
本文在直流微电网 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器基础上, 提出了基于模型预测控制的 Buck 型双向 DC-DC 变换器动态补偿控制。通过设计补偿控制器$\mathbf{Q}\left( z\right)$,在模型预测内环控制的给定信号中叠加补偿信号,从而有效地抑制了负载投切、功率波动和二倍频电流对直流母线电压的影响, 增强系统的鲁棒性。最后在 PSCAD/EMTDC 仿真平台上, 验证了本文所提控制策略的有效性。
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.90
  • 接收时间:2021-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-11
  • 修回日期:2021-07-26
  • 录用日期:2021-08-16
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    国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 石家庄 050021
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.90
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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