Article(id=1154038487016792830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1624204800000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-21, revisedDate=1629993600000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-27, acceptedDate=1630425600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-01, onlineDate=1753073816303, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073816303, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073816303, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073816303, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=216, endPage=223, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038487947928323, articleId=1154038487016792830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Energy Balance Control of Series-connected Lithium Batteries Based on SOC, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The state-of-charge (SOC) balance control of series-connected lithium batteries is of significance to the improvement of battery life. In this paper, a hybrid SOC equalization scheme based on active-passive equalization is proposed against the SOC discreteness of a lithium battery cell, in which the topology of the active equalizer is realized by a multi-winding flyback converter, and the passive equalizer consists of a resistor and a switch connected in parallel at both ends of the cell. The operating principle for the hybrid SOC equalizer is analyzed in detail, and the effect of SOC discreteness on equalization speed is discussed in terms of control strategy. The standard deviation representing the degree of discreteness and the coefficient representing the reasons of discreteness are introduced to realize the fast equalization of SOC under different discrete conditions. The topology of the proposed hybrid equalizer and the corresponding control scheme can optimize energy consumption and balancing speed, and experimental results verify the feasibility of theoretical analysis.

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串联锂电池的SOC均衡控制对提高电池寿命具有重要意义。针对锂电池单体SOC表现出离散性的不同情况,本文研究了一种主动均衡与被动均衡相结合的混合均衡方案,其中主动均衡器拓扑由多绕组反激变换器实现,被动均衡器由电阻与开关组成并联在单体电池两端,详细分析了混合均衡器的工作原理。在控制策略上讨论了锂电池SOC的离散性对均衡速度的影响,引入表征SOC离散度的标准差和表征离散原因的系数以实现SOC不同离散情况下的快速均衡。所提出的混合均衡器拓扑和控制方案能够使耗能与均衡速度获得优化,实验结果验证了文中理论的可行性。

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马春艳(1972-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力计量和新能源发电方面研究和工程。E-mail:736783023@qq.com。

王庆龙(1993-),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电力计量和新能源发电方面研究和工程。E-mail:411029183@qq.com。

张迪(1988-),女,硕士。研究方向:锂电池 BMS 和储能功率控制。E-mail:1065953667@qq.com。

张纯江(1961-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子技术、新能源分布式并网发电和储能功率控制。E-mail:zhangcj@ysu.edu.cn。

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马春艳(1972-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力计量和新能源发电方面研究和工程。E-mail:736783023@qq.com。

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张迪(1988-),女,硕士。研究方向:锂电池 BMS 和储能功率控制。E-mail:1065953667@qq.com。

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(in Chinese)., articleTitle=SOC estimation and balancing control for serially connected high capacity lithium-ion battery, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038643237839699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, awardId=51877187, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877187), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038643334308694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, awardId=51877187, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877187), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038635386102425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038635394491034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, companyId=1154038635386102425, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Grid East Inner Mongolia Power Supply Service Supervision and Support Center Tongliao 028000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038635398685339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, companyId=1154038635386102425, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国网蒙东供电服务监管与支持中心 通辽 028000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154038635474182813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038635478377119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, companyId=1154038635474182813, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Electrical Engineering Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066000 China), 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journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Principle for active-passive hybrid equalizer, figureFileSmall=mpgWyHEKvxO/sUDosTRBFQ==, figureFileBig=tFTcENLpJyoZn9TjR9GO0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038640914195235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=CN, label=图2, caption=主被动混合均衡器原理, figureFileSmall=mpgWyHEKvxO/sUDosTRBFQ==, figureFileBig=tFTcENLpJyoZn9TjR9GO0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038640985498404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Working waveforms of active-passive hybrid equalizer, figureFileSmall=ITLuoTo6JNV4xT8Jk74tEQ==, figureFileBig=A1B8b984e7lymwgL+8pEgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038641052607268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主被动混合均衡器工作波形, figureFileSmall=ITLuoTo6JNV4xT8Jk74tEQ==, figureFileBig=A1B8b984e7lymwgL+8pEgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038641102938918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Flow chart of control strategy for active-passive hybrid equalizer, figureFileSmall=9I79NUJUNF6xWSARP/9XFw==, figureFileBig=1XDaFT9upG/lA4CLgBQYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038641178436392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=CN, label=图4, caption=主被动混合均衡器控制策略流程, figureFileSmall=9I79NUJUNF6xWSARP/9XFw==, figureFileBig=1XDaFT9upG/lA4CLgBQYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038641253933866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=SOC equalization curves for ${\mathrm{B}}_{1}- {\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ under passive equalization, 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articleId=1154038487016792830, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Curve of lithium battery SOC standard deviation with time, figureFileSmall=yy8Qz1j141mwgD+7+anCYg==, figureFileBig=f35sK0+qXMwlEA8PYIMKmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642843575114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=CN, label=图15, caption=锂电池 SOC 标准差随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=yy8Qz1j141mwgD+7+anCYg==, figureFileBig=f35sK0+qXMwlEA8PYIMKmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642927461196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=SOC of $n$ lithium batteries, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{n - 1}$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{n}$
$m +{\Delta Q}$ $m$ $m$ $m$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038643036513102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487016792830, language=CN, label=表1, caption=${n}$ 节锂电池的荷电状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{n - 1}$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{n}$
$m +{\Delta Q}$ $m$ $m$ $m$
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基于SOC的串联连接锂电池能量均衡控制研究
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马春艳 1 , 王庆龙 1 , 张迪 2 , 张纯江 2
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(2): 216-223
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(2): 216-223
基于SOC的串联连接锂电池能量均衡控制研究
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马春艳1 , 王庆龙1 , 张迪2 , 张纯江2
作者信息
  • 1 国网蒙东供电服务监管与支持中心 通辽 028000
  • 2 燕山大学 电气工程学院 秦皇岛 066000
  • 马春艳(1972-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力计量和新能源发电方面研究和工程。E-mail:736783023@qq.com。

    王庆龙(1993-),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电力计量和新能源发电方面研究和工程。E-mail:411029183@qq.com。

    张迪(1988-),女,硕士。研究方向:锂电池 BMS 和储能功率控制。E-mail:1065953667@qq.com。

    张纯江(1961-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子技术、新能源分布式并网发电和储能功率控制。E-mail:zhangcj@ysu.edu.cn。

Energy Balance Control of Series-connected Lithium Batteries Based on SOC
Chunyan MA1 , Qinglong WANG1 , Di ZHANG2 , Chunjiang ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid East Inner Mongolia Power Supply Service Supervision and Support Center Tongliao 028000 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering Yanshan University Qinhuangdao 066000 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.216
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串联锂电池的SOC均衡控制对提高电池寿命具有重要意义。针对锂电池单体SOC表现出离散性的不同情况,本文研究了一种主动均衡与被动均衡相结合的混合均衡方案,其中主动均衡器拓扑由多绕组反激变换器实现,被动均衡器由电阻与开关组成并联在单体电池两端,详细分析了混合均衡器的工作原理。在控制策略上讨论了锂电池SOC的离散性对均衡速度的影响,引入表征SOC离散度的标准差和表征离散原因的系数以实现SOC不同离散情况下的快速均衡。所提出的混合均衡器拓扑和控制方案能够使耗能与均衡速度获得优化,实验结果验证了文中理论的可行性。

锂电池  /  能量均衡  /  SOC离散性  /  主动均衡

The state-of-charge (SOC) balance control of series-connected lithium batteries is of significance to the improvement of battery life. In this paper, a hybrid SOC equalization scheme based on active-passive equalization is proposed against the SOC discreteness of a lithium battery cell, in which the topology of the active equalizer is realized by a multi-winding flyback converter, and the passive equalizer consists of a resistor and a switch connected in parallel at both ends of the cell. The operating principle for the hybrid SOC equalizer is analyzed in detail, and the effect of SOC discreteness on equalization speed is discussed in terms of control strategy. The standard deviation representing the degree of discreteness and the coefficient representing the reasons of discreteness are introduced to realize the fast equalization of SOC under different discrete conditions. The topology of the proposed hybrid equalizer and the corresponding control scheme can optimize energy consumption and balancing speed, and experimental results verify the feasibility of theoretical analysis.

Lithium battery  /  energy balance  /  state-of-charge (SOC) discreteness  /  active equalization
马春艳, 王庆龙, 张迪, 张纯江. 基于SOC的串联连接锂电池能量均衡控制研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 216 -223 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.216
Chunyan MA, Qinglong WANG, Di ZHANG, Chunjiang ZHANG. Energy Balance Control of Series-connected Lithium Batteries Based on SOC[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 216 -223 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.216
目前, 在储能系统中使用的储能介质主要是锂电池,其被广泛地应用于电力储能、新能源发电等领域。以锂离子电池为主的储能系统应用于新能源发电中能够有效地解决波动性问题,改善电能质量[13]。 电池管理技术是一项关键技术, 稳定性高、循环寿命长的电池模块直接关系到储能系统的寿命。通常锂电池的单体标称电压等级为${3.2}- {3.6}\mathrm{\;V}$,在实际应用中为了获得满足一定要求的电压等级,需要将多个单体锂电池进行串联以获得高电压和大容量。
如何快速、准确均衡各节电池的荷电状态 SOC (state-of-charge)一直是专家学者关注和解决的课题。 锂电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 是锂电池的一项重要参数[4],可以精准地描述电池的可用容量。受到制造工艺、衰减速度等差异因素的影响, 经过长时间的运行, 电池模块在充放电过程中单体锂电池 SOC 会表现出离散性,会降低储能模块的可用容量[5,6]。因此,锂电池组各单体间的容量均衡是延长储能模块循环使用寿命、确保安全可靠的一项关键技术之一。锂电池能量均衡主要分为主动均衡和被动均衡, 较早出现的是被动均衡(也称为能耗型)[7],每个单体电池两端并联一个由开关和电阻串联的支路, 当某节电池的 SOC 高于电池串平均值时使相应开关导通,通过电阻消耗该节电池的多余能量。此种被动能量均衡方法拓扑结构简单, 易于实现, 且拓展性强, 但最大的缺点是能量损耗大。为了提高效率, 专家学者研究了主动均衡拓扑及控制, 其中一类是利用开关和电容构成能量均衡拓扑[8,9],每节电池有一个与之对应的选择开关和电容, 利用单体间电压差对电池串进行能量均衡, 通过电容传递能量, 此种拓扑结构和控制方法简单且拓展性好, 但由于电池间电压差通常较小, 故均衡效率很低, 另外电容数量多导致体积大。另一类是利用开关和电感进行能量传递[10-12],采用 Cuk、 buck-boost 和准谐振变换器作为有源均衡器, 两个相邻的电池将能量从较高$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 转移到$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 较低的电池, 由于变换器的对称结构使能量双向传递。
本文研究了主被动相结合思维混合型均衡器, 所提出的均衡器拓扑和控制方案能够使耗能与均衡速度获得优化。主动均衡器的拓扑由具有多副边绕组的反激电路构成, 每个副边绕组经过双向开关与一个电池单体相连, 通过反激变换器实现锂电池串的能量向低 SOC 锂电池单体传递。被动均衡器是在每节锂电池正负极两端并联一个由小功率 MOS 管与电阻串联的支路, 通过电阻放电, 从而使 SOC 最高的单节电池向平均 SOC 值趋近。在控制策略上, 讨论了锂电池 SOC 表现出不同离散性时不同控制策略对均衡速度的影响, 引入表征 SOC 离散度的标准差和表征离散原因的系数以达到 SOC 离散情况不同下实现快速均衡控制。
由大量的单节锂电池通过串并联的形式组成大规模的大容量锂电池串,造成了长时间的均衡控制才能消除单体电池 SOC 之间的微小差距。由于制造材料、制造工艺、衰减速度不同等因素的影响, 单体锂电池 SOC 会表现出离散性, 通常可将这种离散性由某单节电池 SOC 低于或高于电池串 SOC 均值归为两种典型情况。图1(a)图1(b) 中电池串 SOC 平均值均为 75%,图1(a) 中单体${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ 的 SOC 相对电池串 SOC 均值过高, 因此导致了整体 SOC 具有离散性, 为了减小其离散性并达到整体 SOC 的统一,需要对单体${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ 进行放电。而图1(b)中电池串的离散性则相反,需要通过对单体${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ 进行充电, 达到因其能量过低引起的电池串均值差距, 从而实现整体 SOC 的统一。
当电池串出现图1(a) 情况时,若采用给能量低的单体充电的方案,需要给${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$${\mathrm{B}}_{5}$ 充电至电池串平均值, 将使均衡速度减慢, 即均衡速率降低。当电池串 SOC 出现图1(b) 中情况时, 若采用给能量高的单体放电的方案,需要给${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$${\mathrm{B}}_{5}$ 五个单体电池通过电阻放电至电池串平均值, 能量损耗显著增加导致电池串可用容量浪费。
假设$n$ 个单体锂电池串联,每节电池的荷电状态值如表1 所示。第一节锂电池的 SOC 为$m +{\Delta Q}$, 其余$n - 1$ 节锂电池的 SOC 均为$m$,当所有单体锂电池的 SOC 均为平均值时认为锂电池串能量达到均衡状态。
若在相同时间$t$ 内,分别将主/被动均衡控制器用于电池串, 根据前文所述, 第一节锂电池中多余的能量${\Delta Q}$ 将通过被动均衡器释放,则被动均衡电流${I}_{1}$ 释放出的总电荷为${I}_{1}t$,剩下的$n - 1$ 节电池需要通过主动均衡器进行充电。在忽略均衡控制过程中电池串的能量损耗影响和电池串 SOC 标准差更新的影响时,假设利用外界能量对$n - 1$ 节电池均补充能量${\Delta Q}$,认为剩余的$n - 1$ 节电池的$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 值到达$m +$ ${\Delta Q}$ 时完成能量均衡。因此主动均衡电流${I}_{2}$ 总充电电量为${I}_{2}t$,其中总共充入的能量为$\left({n - 1}\right){\Delta Q}$。在每个周期中实际为单节电池充电时间可设为$\left({0 < k < 1}\right)$,其中${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关周期,由此可得
$\frac{\Delta Q}{{I}_{1}}= \frac{\left({n - 1}\right){\Delta Q}}{k{I}_{2}}$
式中:$n$ 为电池串节数;${I}_{1}$ 为被动均衡电流;${I}_{2}$ 为主动均衡电流;$k$ 为反激变换器占空比。
可以求出此种情况下, 若要主动均衡器与被动均衡器同时完成对锂电池串的能量均衡, 可认为均衡电流之间的关系为
$\frac{{I}_{1}}{{I}_{2}}= \frac{k}{n - 1}$
上述分析中主动均衡是忽略了锂电池串 SOC 的标准差更新对能量均衡的影响,但工程实践中, 锂电池串的各节电池 SOC 会随主动均衡控制能量转移而不断变化, 导致整个主动均衡器会在控制过程中不断变化对 SOC 不一致性的判据, 这对均衡速度会造成较大影响。以反激均衡器为例,若对$n - 1$ 节电池中能量最低的某节充电时, 第一节电池同时在放电,即低能量电池 SOC 增大与第一节电池 SOC 减小同时发生,这种变化导致主动均衡器的实际均衡时间要短于估算值。考虑被动均衡器中电阻散热性和开关管通断等因素的影响, 目前被动均衡电流多为${0.1}\mathrm{\;A}$,并且在上述$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 离散情况下,随着$n$ 值的增大,被动均衡控制时间也会增加。
本文以 6 节串联连接锂电池进行能量均衡为例给出了主被动混合型均衡器拓扑如图2 所示。主动均衡器的主拓扑采用具有多副边绕组的双向反激电路来实现电能与磁能之间的转化, 锂电池串通过电磁转换实现由高能量向低能量的单节电池传递, 从而实现电池整体能量的均衡控制。被动均衡器是通过在每块锂电池正负极上并联电阻放电, 并且电阻与一个小功率$\mathrm{{MOS}}$ 管连接,通过电阻放电使 SOC 高于平均值的锂电池单体释放多余能量, SOC 最高的单节电池向平均 SOC 值趋近。采用专用芯片 LTC6803-3 完成锂电池电压信号采集、小功率 MOSFET 驱动。
主动均衡器为反激变换器,变压器共有 7 个绕组,绕组${L}_{7}$ 为变压器原边,${L}_{1}- {L}_{6}$ 为副边绕组,${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 为主控开关管, 与全部锂电池串串联在一起, 主要作用是将电池中的电能转换为磁能储存在变压器中。 其中变压器副边的 6 个绕组匝数相同, 各自通过${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}- {\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 和单节电池相连。通过控制目标锂电池的开关管的开通, 使其对应回路闭合, 向目标电池进行恒流充电, 变压器中存储的磁能被转化成电能输送到目标电池中。当串联锂电池串的 SOC 表现出离散性时, 均衡器开启, 直到其表现出一致性时, 均衡控制认为完成, 开关管不再被触发, 均衡器也停止工作。反激均衡器仅适用于电池串由高向低的能量单体传输。
若令锂电池${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 为目标单体,均衡器采用同步整流技术, 在反激变换器的变压器原副边回路分别控制 MOS 管通断, 利用互补信号控制各自开关管的通断来完成能量传递。图3 为主动均衡器工作过程中开关管的触发脉冲、磁化电流波形及输出电压波形, 反激均衡器的工作过程如下 (以${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 路为例)。
(1) 在${t}_{0}$ 时刻,${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 导通,形成${L}_{7}\rightarrow {\mathrm{Q}}_{7}\rightarrow {\mathrm{B}}_{6}\rightarrow \cdots \rightarrow$ ${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 回路,原边电流逐渐增大,锂电池串中的电能转化成磁能存储在变压器中;
(2) 在${t}_{1}$ 时刻,关断${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 导通${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$,原边绕组电流达到峰值,形成${L}_{1}\rightarrow {Q}_{1}\rightarrow {B}_{1}$ 回路,储存在变压器中的磁能转化为电能,给${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 充电,${t}_{1}$${t}_{2}$ 阶段,励磁电流${i}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 逐渐减小;
(3) 在${t}_{2}$ 时刻,若${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 的 SOC 与整串锂电池的 SOC 保持一致性, 均衡器停止工作; 否则, 进入下一周期,重复(1)、(2)。
在均衡器工作过程中, 为了反映锂电池 SOC 的离散性, 通常需要引入一个参数来判断锂电池均衡器的工作状态。因此如何确定目标电池和判断其均衡条件也是影响均衡高效性的研究要点。
标准差在概率统计中是最常使用作为统计分布程度上的测量依据, 能反映一个数据集的离散程度。在正太分布中,标准差能反映组内个体间的偏离均值程度。当标准差过大时,数据偏离程度较大, 正态分布曲线的峰值低且范围广;当标准差较小时, 数据集中分布在均值周围, 正态分布曲线的峰值高且范围窄; 因此可用单节电池 SOC 的标准差来反映锂电池 SOC 的离散性。定义锂电池 SOC 的标准差为
$\varepsilon =\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left({\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{ave }}\right)}^{2}}$
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{ave }}$ 为锂电池串$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的平均值;${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 节锂电池的荷电状态;$n$ 为锂电池串包含锂电池节数;$i$ 为锂电池序列号;$\varepsilon$$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的标准差。
根据锂电池 SOC 的估算精度和均衡器的工程实践经验,确定 0.02 为标准差$\varepsilon$ 的临界值。当$\varepsilon$ 大于 0.02 时, 锂电池串的 SOC 呈现离散性较大, 均衡器投入运行; 当$\varepsilon$ 小于 0.02 时,锂电池串的 SOC 呈现一致性, 均衡器停止运行。
多绕组结构的反激电路用于给 SOC 能量较低的电池充电, 被动均衡器用于给 SOC 能量较高的电池放电。虽然标准差$\varepsilon$ 可以判定电池串 SOC 的离散性, 但缺乏对离散状态的区分能力, 因此为了获得区分能力还需引入离散原因参数$\lambda$ 来判断开启的是主动还是被动均衡器。
选出锂电池串中$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的最大值${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ 和最小值${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$,并计算
$\lambda =\left({{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{ave }}}\right)- \left({{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{ave }}- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }}\right)$
式中,$\lambda$ 为离散原因参数。
$\lambda$ 小于 0,${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$ 偏离${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{ave }}$ 的程度要大于${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$,应开启反激均衡器给$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 最低的单体充电; 若$\lambda$ 大于$0,{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ 偏离${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{ave }}$ 的程度要大于${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$,需进行下一步判断。计算除${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ 外其余锂电池荷电状态的标准差${\varepsilon }^{\prime }$,若${\varepsilon }^{\prime }$ 小于 0.02,证明锂电池串 SOC 的离散性是由 SOC 最高单体引起, 只需开启被动均衡器给 SOC 最高的锂电池放电。若${\varepsilon }^{\prime }$ 大于 0.02,证明锂电池串 SOC 表现出离散性并不是因为某一节锂电池荷电状态过高, 考虑到主动均衡电流远大于被动均衡电流, 启动主动反激均衡器给荷电状态最低的单体充电。主被动混合型均衡器的控制流程如图4 所示。
仿真时若想在秒级时间内观测出锂电池 SOC 的变化趋势, 电池容量不宜过大, 因此本文将锂电池的额定容量设为${10}\mathrm{{As}}$,物理意义是使用${10}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的电流对锂电池充电需要$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 能够将锂电池充满。
为了验证混合均衡器中被动均衡部分, 设置电池模型${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 的初始$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 为 0.8,其余五节锂电池模型的初始 SOC 均设置为 0.7。锂电池 SOC 表现出离散性并满足被动均衡启动条件,使用${30\Omega }$ 放电电阻为目标锂电池${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 放电,经过${3.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后,锂电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的标准差小于 0.02, 认为完成了对锂电池串的能量均衡, 如图5 所示。
为了验证主动均衡控制器,设置电池模型${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 的初始 SOC 为 0.7, 其余五节锂电池模型 SOC 的初始分别设置为 0.785、0.771、0.756、0.743、0.729,此时, 锂电池 SOC 表现出离散性并满足主动均衡启动条件。通过计算判断出锂电池${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 为目标单体,对应的副边开关管工作,反激变换器的原边开关管高频工作, 原边开关管的驱动波形及原边电流波形如图6 所示。
整串电池能量通过反激变换器传递到副边给电池${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 充电,副边开关管驱动波形及副边电流波形如图7 所示,该电流经电容滤波后以平均值约$2\mathrm{\;A}$ 电流对${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 节电池充电,各节电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 变化如图8 所示。经过${0.144}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后,锂电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的标准差小于0.02, 此时锂电池串完成了能量均衡, 均衡器停止工作。 对比两种均衡方式的均衡曲线, 容易观察出主动均衡器均衡电流大、电流可控且均衡速度快等优点。
搭建的均衡系统的实验平台如图9 所示。该实验平台主要由 6 块单体锂电池、主被动结合均衡器、控制电路板和驱动电路板四大部分组成。其中控制电路板采用型号为 TMS320F28335 的数字信号处理器(DSP)和型号为 EP3C25Q240C8N 的可编程逻辑芯片(FPGA)作为主控芯片。电池型号为 LJY-LFMP40Ah-P[13],标称电压${3.2}\mathrm{\;V}$,截止电压$2\mathrm{\;V}$
在 DSP 中, 将采集到的锂电池电压信号和电流信号进行数模转换, 通过数字滤波器滤掉信号中的干扰频率,根据电压、电流值计算单节锂电池的 SOC,再利用引入的标准差等参数来判断目标电池, 控制算法输出调制波和判断信号到 FPGA 中, 利用三角波与调制波对比得到一组交错的驱动信号, 由 FPGA 进行判定由哪一路输出这组信号。
LTC6803-3 的作用主要为锂电池电压信号采样和控制被动均衡开关的通断。
考虑本实验中锂电池数量所限, 根据前文分析, 被动均衡速度慢于主动均衡速度, 因此本实验主要对主动均衡控制进行研究。根据所述方案实验平台, 模拟出主动均衡控制下锂电池 SOC 离散情况,设置${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ 的初始$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 分别为${0.70}\text{、}{0.81}$ 、 0.82、0.80、0.81、0.79。通过示波器测量开关管漏源电压波形和变压器的输入输出波形。
电池串 SOC 平均值为 0.788,标准差$\varepsilon$ 为 0.041, 符合主动均衡开启条件。控制芯片 DSP28335 通过运算判断${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 为目标锂电池,应用同步整流技术,给原边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 和副边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 一组互补的触发脉冲,使原边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 和副边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 互补导通。在原边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 和副边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 两端分别加 RC 吸收电路, 以减小开关管的电压应力。图10 为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 的漏源电压${u}_{\mathrm{{ds}}{0}_{7}}$ 与其触发脉冲${u}_{\mathrm{g}{0}_{7}}$ 的波形, 6 节锂电池串的输入电压为${16.8}\mathrm{\;V}$,原边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{7}$ 关断后,其承受的稳态电压最大为${30}\mathrm{\;V}$图11 为副边开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 的漏源电压${u}_{\mathrm{{ds}}{\mathrm{Q}}_{1}}$ 和触发脉冲${u}_{\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{Q}}_{1}}$ 波形,控制${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 导通来闭合目标单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 充电回路,确定了目标单体。图12 为副边绕组${L}_{1}$ 滤波后输出电压${u}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}$ 波形,目标电池充电电流为$2\mathrm{\;A}$
主动均衡控制的占空比为 0.4,在一个开关周期的${0.4}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 时间内,锂电池串整体将电能转化为存储在变压器中的磁能, 因此各单体电池 SOC 均降低。如图13 为各节锂电池 SOC 随时间的变化曲线,通过变压器充电 45 分钟后,锂电池${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 的 SOC 上升为 0.745,而锂电池${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ 的 SOC 均下降了 0.0135, 此时整体电池的 SOC 均值为 0.7845, 且其标准差等于 0.02, 至此能量均衡控制停止。
锂电池串 SOC 的平均值随时间的变化曲线如图14 所示, 锂电池串 SOC 的标准差随时间的变化曲线如图15 所示。
本文研究了一种主动与被动均衡相结合的锂电池能量混合均衡器, 给出了混合均衡器的拓扑并阐述了工作原理,主动均衡器实现锂电池串能量向低能量锂电池单体传递, 被动均衡器根据 SOC 离散状况实现放电, 从而达到锂电池能量均衡的效果。针对锂电池 SOC 表现出离散性的不同情况进行了讨论, 引入了能够表征锂电池 SOC 离散性的标准差$\varepsilon$$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 离散性引起原因的系数$\lambda$,设计出一种能够考虑锂电池 SOC 不同离散情况的均衡控制策略。针对 6 节锂电池储能模块进行了能量均衡,被动放电电流为${0.1}\mathrm{\;A}$,主动充电电流为$2\mathrm{\;A}$, 以标准差$\varepsilon$ 达到 0.02 时均衡结束。仿真和实验验证了主动均衡与被动均衡相结合的控制能够使耗能与均衡速度获得优化并且达到快速能量均衡。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877187)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.216
  • 接收时间:2021-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-21
  • 修回日期:2021-08-27
  • 录用日期:2021-09-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877187)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877187)
作者信息
    1 国网蒙东供电服务监管与支持中心 通辽 028000
    2 燕山大学 电气工程学院 秦皇岛 066000
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