Article(id=1154038484152078403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.98, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1646928000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-11, revisedDate=1649779200000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-13, acceptedDate=1650297600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-19, onlineDate=1753073815620, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815620, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038484839944262, articleId=1154038484152078403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Quasi Single-stage DC-DC Conversion Method with Partial Power Active Regulation Based on Split-sigma Structure, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the low conversion efficiency and all the load power that needs to be processed by converters at different stages in the two-stage architecture of a DC transformer cascaded PWM converter, a quasi single-stage DC-DC conversion method with partial power active regulation based on a split-sigma structure is proposed. By splitting the output port of the DC transformer into two ports, the power of one port is directly transmitted to load without being processed by the back-stage PWM converter, thus realizing the quasi single-stage power conversion equivalently. In addition, the power capacity and loss of the PWM converter are effectively reduced, and the system efficiency is improved. The principle and circuit implementation method for the split-sigma structure are analyzed in detail, and the principle and characteristics of system output voltage regulation are also studied. One of the circuits is taken as an example, and its working principle, voltage regulation characteristics and design method for key parameters are analyzed. Finally, experimental results verified the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed scheme.

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针对“直流变压器级联PWM 变换器”两级式架构中各级变换器均需处理全部负载功率、多级变换效率低的问题,提出了基于分裂-叠加架构的部分功率主动调控型准单级直流变换方法。通过将直流变压器输出分裂为两个端口,使得其中一个端口的功率无需经后级PWM 变换器处理而直接传输至负载,等效实现了准单级功率变换,且有效降低了PWM 变换器的功率容量和损耗,提高了系统效率。详细分析了分裂-叠加式架构的原理和电路实现方法,深入研究了系统输出电压调节的原理和特性。以其中一个电路为例,详细分析了工作原理、电压调节特性和关键参数设计方法,并通过实验结果验证了所提方案的有效性和正确性。

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侍良东(1997-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流变换技术。E-mail: shiliangdong@nuaa.edu.cn。

程钰杰(1987-),男,博士。研究方向:直流变换技术。E-mail:zhaolumuzhu@163.com。

杨帆(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:fanyang13@126.com。

吴红飞(1985-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术

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侍良东(1997-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流变换技术。E-mail: shiliangdong@nuaa.edu.cn。

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程钰杰(1987-),男,博士。研究方向:直流变换技术。E-mail:zhaolumuzhu@163.com。

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杨帆(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:fanyang13@126.com。

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杨帆(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:fanyang13@126.com。

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吴红飞(1985-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术

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吴红飞(1985-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017. 64(7): 5875-5882., articleTitle=A high-efficiency quasi-two-stage LED driver with multichannel outputs, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038665375371840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484152078403, awardId=52122708, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52122708), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038665434092097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484152078403, awardId=52122708, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52122708), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038665484423746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484152078403, awardId=BK20200017, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20200017), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038665538949699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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基于分裂-叠加结构的部分功率主动调控型准单级直流变换方法
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侍良东 1 , 程钰杰 12 , 杨帆 3 , 吴红飞 1
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(2): 98-105
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(2): 98-105
基于分裂-叠加结构的部分功率主动调控型准单级直流变换方法
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侍良东1 , 程钰杰12 , 杨帆3 , 吴红飞1
作者信息
  • 1 南京航空航天大学 自动化学院 南京 211106
  • 2 南京电子器件研究所 南京 211106
  • 3 南京邮电大学 自动化学院 南京 210023
  • 侍良东(1997-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流变换技术。E-mail: shiliangdong@nuaa.edu.cn。

    程钰杰(1987-),男,博士。研究方向:直流变换技术。E-mail:zhaolumuzhu@163.com。

    杨帆(1985-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:fanyang13@126.com。

    吴红飞(1985-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术

Quasi Single-stage DC-DC Conversion Method with Partial Power Active Regulation Based on Split-sigma Structure
Liangdong SHI1 , Yujie CHENG12 , Fan YANG3 , Hongfei WU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
  • 2 Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute Nanjing 211106 China
  • 3 College of Automation Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210023 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.98
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针对“直流变压器级联PWM 变换器”两级式架构中各级变换器均需处理全部负载功率、多级变换效率低的问题,提出了基于分裂-叠加架构的部分功率主动调控型准单级直流变换方法。通过将直流变压器输出分裂为两个端口,使得其中一个端口的功率无需经后级PWM 变换器处理而直接传输至负载,等效实现了准单级功率变换,且有效降低了PWM 变换器的功率容量和损耗,提高了系统效率。详细分析了分裂-叠加式架构的原理和电路实现方法,深入研究了系统输出电压调节的原理和特性。以其中一个电路为例,详细分析了工作原理、电压调节特性和关键参数设计方法,并通过实验结果验证了所提方案的有效性和正确性。

双输出直流变压器  /  分裂-叠加结构  /  准单级  /  直流变换

Aimed at the low conversion efficiency and all the load power that needs to be processed by converters at different stages in the two-stage architecture of a DC transformer cascaded PWM converter, a quasi single-stage DC-DC conversion method with partial power active regulation based on a split-sigma structure is proposed. By splitting the output port of the DC transformer into two ports, the power of one port is directly transmitted to load without being processed by the back-stage PWM converter, thus realizing the quasi single-stage power conversion equivalently. In addition, the power capacity and loss of the PWM converter are effectively reduced, and the system efficiency is improved. The principle and circuit implementation method for the split-sigma structure are analyzed in detail, and the principle and characteristics of system output voltage regulation are also studied. One of the circuits is taken as an example, and its working principle, voltage regulation characteristics and design method for key parameters are analyzed. Finally, experimental results verified the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed scheme.

Dual-output DC transformer  /  split-sigma structure  /  quasi single-stage  /  DC-DC conversion
侍良东, 程钰杰, 杨帆, 吴红飞. 基于分裂-叠加结构的部分功率主动调控型准单级直流变换方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 98 -105 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.98
Liangdong SHI, Yujie CHENG, Fan YANG, Hongfei WU. Quasi Single-stage DC-DC Conversion Method with Partial Power Active Regulation Based on Split-sigma Structure[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 98 -105 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.98
电源系统是航空航天器的能源保障系统,也是空天任务的基础保障系统。以航天为例, 电源系统占航天器总重量的比例高达 20%以上[1],受限于火箭运载能力, 各类航天器对其电源系统的体积重量都有严苛要求, 更轻量化和更高密度是空间电源系统不断追求的目标。近年来, 氮化镓 GaN(gallium nitride)等宽禁带器件技术日趋成熟, 它必将取代硅器件并推动空间电力变换技术的更新换代[2-3]
$\mathrm{{GaN}}$ 器件优异的开关性能与软开关谐振变换技术相结合, 能实现功率变换器开关频率数量级的提升,达到兆赫兹(MHz)水平,从而实现变换器功率密度的显著提升。软开关谐振变换器通常采用变频控制策略调节输出电压, 然而, 当开关频率宽范围变化时,变压器、电感等无源功率磁件的设计必须考虑因其最低工作频率,导致其高度、体积、重量变大,无法充分发挥$\mathrm{{GaN}}$ 器件高频开关特性带来的优势。不仅如此,受限于空间电源控制器的实现方式和实现手段,当频率达到数$\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 时,变频控制将面临控制器实现复杂、变换器调压范围窄、同步整流困难等一系列问题[4-6]。相比于变频控制,定频谐振变换技术能够将开关频率锁定在谐振频率点,实现开关损耗、开关噪声和无功环流最小化[7-8], 同时能够将开关频率锁定在器件允许的最高频率, 从而为空间电源系统轻量化、小型化创造条件。正因为此, 通过将软开关谐振变换器工作于直流变压器DCX(DC transformer)模式, 并进一步级联低压脉宽调制 PWM(pulse width modulation) 变换器实现输出电压调节的两级式变换器得到了广泛的研究与应用[9-10]
虽然两级式架构可以实现 DCX 和后级低压 PWM 变换器的各自优化设计, 但所有功率均需经过前后级电路两级变换, 且 DCX 和 PWM 变换器均需按照负载峰值功率设计,这在一定程度上限制了两级式结构直流变换器效率和功率密度的提升。 针对该问题,国内外学者提出了一系列改进方案。 文献[11]提出了输入串联具有输出调压能力的 DCX, 大部分功率由 DCX 进行传输, 少部分功率通过 PWM 变换器传输, 通过调节 PWM 变换器的占空比对输出电压进行调节; 文献[12]提出输入串联输出并联结构的 Sigma 变换器, 为了减少当输入电压宽范围波动时 Sigma 变换器中 PWM 变换器处理的功率占比;文献[13]提出了多电平谐振方案;文献 [14-15]通过增加 DCX 的输出端口获得额外的功率传输路径, PWM 变换器仅处理部分功率。上述方案与两级式结构相比,可以有效提高效率,减小损耗, 但是均需要额外的辅助绕组或者整流结构,增加了系统的成本与复杂性。
本文在两级式结构的基础上, 针对变压器副边为全桥整流形式的拓扑, 提出基于分裂-叠加结构的准单级直流变换方法。通过该方法衍生出的准单级拓扑, 无需额外的辅助绕组或者整流结构, 相比两级式架构, 可以有效提高系统的效率, 且降低了后级 PWM 变换器的功率容量和损耗。
图1 所示为两级式架构示意, 前级 DCX 起到电气隔离与电压等比例变换的作用,后级 PWM 变换器实现调压功能。图中,${V}_{\text{in }}$${V}_{\text{o }}$ 分别为输入和输出电压。本文提出的分裂-叠加型准单级架构如图2 所示。
通过将图1 中变压器副边的全桥整流桥臂分裂,形成双输出 DCX,两个输出端口分别为${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$,端口输出电流分别为${I}_{1}$${I}_{2}$${I}_{2\mathrm{o}}$ 为 PWM 变换器的输出电流;${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为 PWM 变换器输出端,与${V}_{1}$ 相连接;PWM 变换器的输入端接到${V}_{2}$。该结构中,部分功率由双输出 DCX 的${V}_{1}$ 端口直接传输到负载, 降低了 PWM 变换器的负载容量。变换器总的负载电流${I}_{\mathrm{o}}$${I}_{1}$${I}_{2\mathrm{o}}$ 叠加得到, PWM 变换器仅流过部分负载电流, 因此降低了 PWM 变换器中器件的电流应力,减少了PWM 变换器的损耗。
在分裂-叠加型准单级架构中, 如何构造共地型双输出 DCX 是关键部分。为便于分析, 本文以原边半桥 LLC 拓扑为例进行构造思路分析。
图3 中给出半桥 LLC 拓扑结构,图中,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 为原边开关管,${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 为副边开关管;${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为谐振电感和电容;${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为激励电感;${C}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为输出电容;${R}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为负载电阻;${N}_{\mathrm{p}}$${N}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为变压器原边和副边的绕组匝数。半桥 LLC 的等效电路如图4 所示, 图中左边框内为激励源;右边框内为变压器副边电压,变压器副边的激励源为正负交替变化、幅值为${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的方波;在两边激励的作用下, 中间虚框内的谐振腔可以正常工作。
若将 DCX 输出端拆分为 2 个端口${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$, 且${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$ 无法确定相等,则变压器副边激励为正负半周电压幅值不相等的方波, 但正负半周作用时间相同,这将使得变压器饱和,如图5 所示,其中${u}_{CD}$ 为开在管${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 组成的两组桥臂的中点电压,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关周期时间。为了使电路在上述情况下能够正常工作,只需要加入隔直电容${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$,由此获得共地型双输出 LLC-DCX 拓扑,如图6 所示,其等效电路如图7 所示。
图7 中可以看出,加入隔直电容${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 后,变压器副边激励幅值相等,谐振腔可以正常工作。
该思路同样适用于其他副边为全桥结构的隔离型谐振拓扑,图8 中给出了部分示例, 其中图8(a)是 LCL 型共地双输出 DCX,图8(b)是 CLLC 型共地双输出 DCX。需要注意的是,对于图8(b) 中的 CLLC 型共地双输出 DCX, 由于变压器副边存在谐振电容,具备隔直能力,因此不需要再增加隔直电容。该结论也适用于其他变压器副边串联谐振电容的拓扑结构。
图2 中,$\mathrm{{DCX}}$ 分裂出 2 个电压端口${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$, 两个端口通过 PWM 变换器进行连接,${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$ 之间电压的高低关系决定了 PWM 变换器的类型。若${V}_{1}< {V}_{2},\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 变换器为降压型变换器; 若${V}_{1}> {V}_{2}$, PWM 变换器为升压型变换器; 若上述 2 种情况在变换器工作时均有可能存在, PWM 变换器为升降压型变换器,如 Buck-Boost 变换器。
由前文分析可知,图2 中变压器副边谐振电流正负半周对称, 因此双输出 DCX 的 2 个端口平均电流相等, 即
${I}_{1}= {I}_{2}= \frac{{I}_{\text{in }}}{2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}}$
式中,${G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}$$\mathrm{{DCX}}$ 的增益。若不考虑变换器的损耗, 由功率平衡关系可以得出
${V}_{1}{I}_{1}+ {V}_{2}{I}_{2}= {V}_{\text{in }}{I}_{\text{in }}$
将式(1)与式(2)联立,即可得到双输出 DCX 3 个端口之间的电压关系为
$ 2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {V}_{1}+ {V}_{2}$
式 (3) 所示的端口电压关系可以形象地用图9 中的杠杆表示,输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}$${V}_{1}\text{、}{V}_{2}$ 分别在杠杆两侧,通过系数${G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}$ 与 “ 1 ” 形成杠杆的平衡。
由于${V}_{2}$${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 通过 PWM 变换器连接,考虑到 PWM 变换器的电压增益与其占空比$D$ 有关,因此两者之间的关系表示为
${V}_{2}f\left( D\right)= {V}_{0}$
式中,$f\left( D\right)$$\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 变换器的电压传输比。
联立式 (4) 与式 (3),同时考虑到端口${V}_{1}$${V}_{0}$ 直接相连, 得到电压调节关系为
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}= \left({2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right) f\left( D\right)$
进一步地, 将式 (5) 进行整理可以得到
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}f\left( D\right)}{1 + f\left( D\right)} $
由式 (6) 可以看出, 通过调节 PWM 变换器的占空比,可以实现对输出电压的调节。
分裂-叠加型准单级架构的总输出电流${I}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为 PWM 变换器输出电流${I}_{2\mathrm{o}}$ 和端口 1 平均电流${I}_{1}$ 的叠加, 表示为
${I}_{1}+ {I}_{2\mathrm{o}}= {I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
同时, 考虑到 PWM 变换器的端口特性, 有
${I}_{2\mathrm{o}}f\left( D\right)= {I}_{2}$
将式(1)、式(7)和式(8)联立,即可得到
${I}_{2\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{o}}}{1 + f\left( D\right)} $
式 (9) 等式两边同时乘以${V}_{0}$,得到
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}{I}_{2\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}}{1 + f\left( D\right)} $
进一步地,式 (10) 可以写成式 (11)
${P}_{2}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{1 + f\left( D\right)} $
式中:${P}_{2}$ 为由${V}_{2}$ 端口输出的经过 PWM 变换器传递的两级式功率;${P}_{0}$ 为总的输出功率。则经过${V}_{1}$ 端口单级传输到负载的功率${P}_{1}$ 表达式为
${P}_{1}= {P}_{\mathrm{o}}- {P}_{2}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}f\left( D\right)}{1 + f\left( D\right)} $
同时, 由式 (3) 和式 (4) 联立, 求得
$ f\left( D\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{o}}}$
将式(13)分别代入式(11)和式(12)可得
${P}_{2}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)}{2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}$
${P}_{1}= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{2{G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}{V}_{\text{in }}}$
式(14)与式(15)表明,当输出功率和输出电压一定时,由于变换器拓扑确定,${G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}$ 也就确定,则经过单级和两级式传输的功率只与输入电压有关。
图10 所示电路为例进行具体分析和设计, 图中前级 DCX 是半桥 LLC, 后级 PWM 变换器是 Buck 变换器。
由于本节实例选择 PWM 变换器为 Buck 变换器, 因此有
$ f\left( D\right)= D $
同时考虑到选取半桥 LLC 拓扑构成双输出 DCX, 因此等效增益为
${G}_{\mathrm{{DCX}}}= \frac{1}{2n}$
式中:$n$ 为变压器变比,$n ={N}_{\mathrm{p}}/{N}_{\mathrm{s}}$
将式(16)、式(17)代入式(6),得到图10 实例的电压增益特性为
${V}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{n\left({1/D + 1}\right)} $
定义${k}_{1}$ 为单级变换功率与总功率之比,${k}_{2}$ 为两级变换功率与总功率之比,由式 (11)、式 (12) 可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k}_{1}= \frac{D}{1 + D}\\{k}_{2}= \frac{1}{1 + D}\end{array}\right.$
由式 (19) 画出功率传输比曲线,如图11 所示。 随着占空比的增加, 单级传输的功率增加, 两级传输的功率减少。
以设计参数输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}$ 变化范围${85}\sim {105}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、 输出电压$8\mathrm{\;V}$ 、额定输出功率${150}\mathrm{\;W}$ 为例,设计变压器变比。
根据式 (18), 结合上述相关指标可以做出 PWM 变换器占空比$D$ 、输入电压和变比$n$ 的三维关系曲面, 如图12(a) 所示。为了更加直观地分析选取变比$n$ 的限制条件,将曲面投影到$Z$ 轴,即图12(b)
图12 可以看出,变压器变比$n$ 有上限,最大为 5.31, 当其大于上限值时, PWM 变换器的占空比将会大于 1,无法实现。同时,$n$ 的取值越小,占空比变化范围越小,且上限值也会减小,如$n = 3$ 时,占空比范围仅为 0.30~0.39。由图11 可知,$D$ 的增加意味着经过两级式变换的功率会减小,可以减小损耗。同时,对于Buck 变换器,一般$D$ 越大效率越高,因此在选取$n$ 的时候,尽量使得$D$ 大一些。
综合考虑,选择$n = 5$,为减少变压器绕组的损耗,${N}_{\mathrm{p}}$$5,{N}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 取 1,此时$D$ 的变化范围为${0.62}\sim {0.89}$
双输出 DCX 的输出电容设计如图13 所示, 其纹波均按照要求设计,满足
$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{{C}_{1}}{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{2}}\left\lbrack {{i}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{3}}\left( t\right)- {I}_{1}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}t \leq \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
式中:${i}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为流过开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 的电流;$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为电容电压纹波;$\Delta {V}_{0}$ 为允许的电压波动。当输出电压允许的电压波动为$5\%$ 时,需要的输出电容为${20\mu }\mathrm{F}$
为了验证本文所提出的准单级直流变换方法的有效性, 根据第 2 节实例相关分析设计并研制了一台样机,样机照片如图14 所示。图14 中:双输出 DCX 开关频率为${500}\mathrm{{kHz}}$, Buck 开关频率为${300}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的型号为 EPC2059,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 的型号为 BSC009NE2LS5I。将漏感利用为谐振电感,取值为${500}\mathrm{{nH}}$,谐振电容为${203}\mathrm{{nF}}$,谐振频率${500}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,励磁电感为${10.2\mu }\mathrm{H}$
图15图16 分别给出输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}$ 等于${85}\mathrm{\;V}$${105}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时轻载和满载下的波形,其中${u}_{\mathrm{{gs}}1}$${u}_{\mathrm{{gs}}7}$ 分别为${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$ 的驱动信号,${u}_{\mathrm{{ds}}1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的漏源极电压,${i}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}$ 为谐振电感电流。从图中可以看出, 双输出 DCX 可以在全输入电压范围内实现 ZVS (zero voltage switch), 保留了谐振变换器优良的软开关特性。在不同的输入电压下, Buck 的占空比也与理论分析一致, 验证了前文分析的正确性。
图17 为双输出 DCX 的各端口电压波形, 从图中可以看出, 各端口电压之间满足式 (3) 所示的电压关系。
图18 为负载跳变(负载从轻载${50}\mathrm{\;W}$ 切换到满载${150}\mathrm{\;W}$ 和满载${150}\mathrm{\;W}$ 切换到轻载${50}\mathrm{\;W}$ )条件下的动态波形。由图可知,负载在轻载和满载之间跳变时,输出电压稳定在$8\mathrm{\;V}$,在切换瞬间,电压过冲很小, 变换器具有良好的动态性能。图19 为输入电压切换 (输入电压从${105}\mathrm{\;V}$ 切换到${85}\mathrm{\;V}$ 和输入电压从${85}\mathrm{\;V}$ 切换到${105}\mathrm{\;V}$ )条件下的动态实验波形。
该实验结果验证了当输入电压变化时, 通过调节 PWM 变换器的占空比可以调节输出电压的功能。
对比的两级式拓扑与图1 对应, 具体结构如图20 所示。图21 为输入电压${85}\mathrm{\;V}$ 和 105 时的效率曲线。从图21 中可以看出, 相比于传统两级式拓扑, 本文所提出的准单级拓扑由于部分功率直接传输到负载,无需经过两级式变换,因此具有更高的效率;同时,随着负载功率的增加,经过单级式传输的功率也会随之增加,增加的这部分功率无需经过两级式变换, 从而减少了功率流经 PWM 变换器的损耗, 并且负载功率增加越多, 减小的损耗越多,效率提升效果越明显。
本文提出了一种基于分裂-叠加结构的部分功率主动调控型准单级直流变换方法, 通过将 DCX 输出端分裂, 使得部分功率可以直接传输至负载, 等效实现了准单级功率变换, 无需额外的辅助绕组或者整流结构。本文介绍了分裂-叠加式架构的原理及具体电路实现方法, 选取实例, 分析了工作原理, 研究了电压与功率调节特性, 给出了关键参数的设计过程。实验结果表明,与传统两级式结构相比,本文构造方法所衍生的结构可以有效降低后级 PWM 变换器的功率容量和损耗, 显著提升系统整体效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52122708)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20200017)
  • 江苏省青蓝工程资助项目
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.98
  • 接收时间:2022-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-11
  • 修回日期:2022-04-13
  • 录用日期:2022-04-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52122708)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52122708)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20200017)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20200017)
Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China
江苏省青蓝工程资助项目
作者信息
    1 南京航空航天大学 自动化学院 南京 211106
    2 南京电子器件研究所 南京 211106
    3 南京邮电大学 自动化学院 南京 210023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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