Article(id=1154038483262885951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.414, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1620662400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-11, revisedDate=1624636800000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-26, acceptedDate=1626105600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-07-13, onlineDate=1753073815407, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815407, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815407, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815407, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=414, endPage=420, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038484256936004, articleId=1154038483262885951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Series and Parallel High-voltage Pulse Technology for Solid-state Switches Based on Timing Control, columnId=1153695648848269792, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Special Power Supply, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the high-voltage steep pulse application demands such as those in the biomedical industry, a series and parallel high-voltage steep pulse generator circuit based on solid-state switches is designed, and a novel pulse steepening method is proposed by combining the timing control technology. The key to pulse steepening, the system's working process and the main points of design are analyzed theoretically. This method can better reduce the influences of stray parameters, wiring inductance and wire inductance on the switching speed after adding the switching tubes. An experiment was carried out with a 2 kV high-voltage DC power supply and a load resistance of 110 Ω, and experimental results show that the rising edge of load pulse signal was 50 ns approximately, the falling edge was 70 ns approximately, and the output current amplitude was 18 A approximately. The half-height width of the minimum pulse width signal was 100 ns, and the system's minimum resolution was 5 ns, which can realize a flexible adjustment of 5 ns pulse width step by step. The maximum pulse width was related to the energy storage capacitor.

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针对生物医疗等高压陡脉冲应用需求,设计了基于固态开关串并联高压陡脉冲发生电路,并结合时序控制技术,提出一种脉冲陡化新方法;从理论上分析了脉冲陡化的关键、系统工作的过程以及设计要点。该方法能较好解决开关管增加后杂散参数、布线电感以及导线电感对开关速度的影响。以2kV高压直流电源、110Ω的负载电阻进行实验,负载脉冲信号的上升沿约为50ns,下降沿约为70ns,输出电流幅值约18A;最小脉宽信号的半高宽为100 ns, 系统的最小分辨率为5ns,可实现步进为5ns脉宽的灵活调节,最大脉宽则与储能电容有关。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9v4KHpdGn1Oqygqpan/pGg==, magXml=kYCPKM2zR4xW6XYedbyCWA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=i1pfWwMZ+PkXOTa3ZT6IjQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RId8rm1H4OWE7sz9dX4g9A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

施阳杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail: 1364233484@qq.com。

梁勖(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向:激光及光电子技术、功率电子技术、高压脉冲技术等。E-mail: liangxu@aiofm.ac.cn。

林颖(1989-),女,大专,实验师。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:linying@aiofm.ac.cn。

方晓东(1963-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:xdfang@aiofm.ac.cn。

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施阳杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail: 1364233484@qq.com。

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施阳杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail: 1364233484@qq.com。

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梁勖(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向:激光及光电子技术、功率电子技术、高压脉冲技术等。E-mail: liangxu@aiofm.ac.cn。

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梁勖(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向:激光及光电子技术、功率电子技术、高压脉冲技术等。E-mail: liangxu@aiofm.ac.cn。

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林颖(1989-),女,大专,实验师。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:linying@aiofm.ac.cn。

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林颖(1989-),女,大专,实验师。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:linying@aiofm.ac.cn。

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方晓东(1963-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:xdfang@aiofm.ac.cn。

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方晓东(1963-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:xdfang@aiofm.ac.cn。

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(in Chinese)., articleTitle=Development of a modular high-repetition-rate nanosecond pulse generator based on Blumlein and TLT, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038641270707124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483262885951, awardId=2018481, language=EN, fundingSource=Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2018481), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038641350398902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483262885951, awardId=2018481, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院青促会资助项目(2018481), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038641484616635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483262885951, awardId=YJKYYQ20210007, language=EN, fundingSource=Project of Scientific Research Instruments and Equipment of Chinese Academy of Sciences(YJKYYQ20210007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038641547531197, 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基于时序控制的固态开关串并联高压脉冲技术
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施阳杰 1, 2 , 梁勖 1 , 林颖 1 , 方晓东 1
电源学报 | 特种电源 2024,22(2): 414-420
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电源学报 | 特种电源 2024, 22(2): 414-420
基于时序控制的固态开关串并联高压脉冲技术
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施阳杰1, 2 , 梁勖1 , 林颖1 , 方晓东1
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 安徽光学精密机械研究所 合肥 230031
  • 2 中国科学技术大学 合肥 230026
  • 施阳杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail: 1364233484@qq.com。

    梁勖(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向:激光及光电子技术、功率电子技术、高压脉冲技术等。E-mail: liangxu@aiofm.ac.cn。

    林颖(1989-),女,大专,实验师。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:linying@aiofm.ac.cn。

    方晓东(1963-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:激光技术。E-mail:xdfang@aiofm.ac.cn。

Series and Parallel High-voltage Pulse Technology for Solid-state Switches Based on Timing Control
Yangjie SHI1, 2 , Xu LIANG1 , Ying LIN1 , Xiaodong FANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
  • 2 University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.414
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针对生物医疗等高压陡脉冲应用需求,设计了基于固态开关串并联高压陡脉冲发生电路,并结合时序控制技术,提出一种脉冲陡化新方法;从理论上分析了脉冲陡化的关键、系统工作的过程以及设计要点。该方法能较好解决开关管增加后杂散参数、布线电感以及导线电感对开关速度的影响。以2kV高压直流电源、110Ω的负载电阻进行实验,负载脉冲信号的上升沿约为50ns,下降沿约为70ns,输出电流幅值约18A;最小脉宽信号的半高宽为100 ns, 系统的最小分辨率为5ns,可实现步进为5ns脉宽的灵活调节,最大脉宽则与储能电容有关。

宽高压脉冲  /  固态开关  /  串并联  /  时序控制

In response to the high-voltage steep pulse application demands such as those in the biomedical industry, a series and parallel high-voltage steep pulse generator circuit based on solid-state switches is designed, and a novel pulse steepening method is proposed by combining the timing control technology. The key to pulse steepening, the system's working process and the main points of design are analyzed theoretically. This method can better reduce the influences of stray parameters, wiring inductance and wire inductance on the switching speed after adding the switching tubes. An experiment was carried out with a 2 kV high-voltage DC power supply and a load resistance of 110 Ω, and experimental results show that the rising edge of load pulse signal was 50 ns approximately, the falling edge was 70 ns approximately, and the output current amplitude was 18 A approximately. The half-height width of the minimum pulse width signal was 100 ns, and the system's minimum resolution was 5 ns, which can realize a flexible adjustment of 5 ns pulse width step by step. The maximum pulse width was related to the energy storage capacitor.

High-voltage pulse  /  solid-state switch  /  series and parallel connections  /  timing control
施阳杰, 梁勖, 林颖, 方晓东. 基于时序控制的固态开关串并联高压脉冲技术. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 414 -420 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.414
Yangjie SHI, Xu LIANG, Ying LIN, Xiaodong FANG. Series and Parallel High-voltage Pulse Technology for Solid-state Switches Based on Timing Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 414 -420 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.414
脉冲功率技术就是将缓慢存储且具有高密度的能量,进行快速压缩、转换或者直接释放给负载的电物理技术,其最大的特点为:在时间轴上对脉冲能量进行压缩,在极短的时间内$\left({\mathrm{{ns}}- \mu \mathrm{s}}\right)$ 进行脉冲功率输出,峰值功率能达 (kW-MW) 量级[1]。脉冲功率技术主要应用于粒子束惯性约束核聚变、相对论电子束加速器、准分子激光器、电磁脉冲技术、粒子束武器、材料加工、工业废气处理、微生物灭菌杀毒等领域[2-6]。高压陡脉冲发生器便是在脉冲功率技术的基础上发展而来, 高压陡脉冲是指上升时间为几十纳秒,幅值为几千伏的脉冲信号[7-9];基于不可逆电穿孔 IRE (irreversible electroporation) 现象的发现与发展,使用高压陡脉冲电场消融肿瘤细胞的方法逐渐成为研究热点[10-11],与传统的射频消融、微波消融、超声消融等方式相比,脉冲电场消融肿瘤具有快捷、可控、可视、“非热作用”的优势[12]
高压脉冲发生器通常可分为以下 4 种形式: Marx 型、脉冲升压型、传输线变压器 TLT(transmission line transformer)、固态开关串联型。Marx 发生器原理为电容器并联充电、串联放电, 然而由于所用器件较多,器件的杂散因素对高压信号上升沿影响较大,上升沿较缓,一般为亚微秒量级[13];脉冲升压型可获得较高的电压输出, 然而受器件性能、回路分布参数、磁芯参数影响, 输出脉宽可调节范围较小[14]; TLT 采用输入端并联,输出端串联方式获得高压脉冲,但输入端阻抗较小,对信号源脉冲产生装置提出耐高压、大电流的挑战, 限制其无限扩展的可能性[15]; 固态开关串联型使用多个开关串联以提高体系电压, 通过精准控制充放电时序可得到脉宽、频率任意可调的高压脉冲,然而受器件自身参数以及驱动电路细微差异的影响, 同时随着体系电压的不断提高, 开关管的增多对固态开关串联型高压脉冲上升沿有着极大的影响。针对以上固态开关串联型的局限性,本文设计了固态开关串并联结构, 能很好解决开关管增多带来上升沿变缓的问题。
本文针对生物医疗等高压陡脉冲应用需求,设计了不同于传统的基于固态开关串并联高压陡脉冲发生电路, 结合时序控制技术, 提出一种脉冲陡化新方法, 并从理论上分析了系统工作的过程以及设计关键。此方法的关键在于构造纳秒量级的短路时序, 以减少杂散参数、布线电感以及导线电感对脉冲信号上升沿的影响, 并在高压陡脉冲结束阶段设计了放电回路,解决了传统串联结构只能控制脉冲上升沿的弊端。本文以$2\mathrm{{kV}}$ 的高压直流电源、${110\Omega }$ 负载电阻进行实验,负载脉冲信号的上升沿约为${50}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,下降沿约为${70}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,输出电流幅值约${18}\mathrm{\;A}$;最小脉宽信号的半高宽为${100}\mathrm{{ns}}$,系统的最小分辨率为$5\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,可实现步进为$5\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 脉宽的灵活调节,最大脉宽则与储能电容有关。
本文设计的高压陡脉冲形成回路拓扑结构如图1 所示, 其中多个固态开关串联分别组成开关${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{K}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{4};{C}_{0}$ 为储能电容,为高压脉冲提供能量;${R}_{0}$ 为负载电阻;${\mathrm{K}}_{1}$${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 的驱动信号均由 FPGA 经过精准延时模块后隔离触发;每个开关管均添加阻容吸收保护回路。电路工作过程可简述为:高压源给储能电容${C}_{0}$ 充电,由 FPGA 产生驱动信号,通过控制${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{4}$ 四个开关的时序,从而产生陡前后沿的高压脉冲信号。
电路的基本结构满足二阶 RLC 方程, 与常见的串联固态开关高压脉冲形成回路相似,但其只能控制上升沿的时间,且无法消除回路电感对上升沿的影响;与 Marx 发生器相比, 本文设计的结构所用器件少, 由器件本身产生的杂散电感和分布电容小,因而此结构能产生陡前后沿脉冲信号。
本文脉冲陡化的关键技术在于四路开关时序的设计,由于主回路 PCB 布线产生的寄生参数;回路连接导线产生的电感; 阻容吸收保护回路等因素极大地影响着高压脉冲的上升沿的速度。本文设计了如图2 所示的控制时序,其可分为${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{5}$ 五个状态, 时序设计的关键在于构造纳秒量级短路状态以释放回路中各种分布电容和杂散电感的能量, 提高负载电流的上升率。
State$1 :{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}$ 时刻,仅${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$ 导通,将${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$ 所在支路等效为电感${L}_{2}$,则等效电路如图3 所示,此时回路处于静态不产生电流。
State 2:${t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}$ 时刻,${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{4}$ 导通、${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 关断,将${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{K}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{4}$ 支路等效为电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{4}$,则等效电路拓扑结构如图4 所示,此时回路初始状态${U}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( 0\right)= E$,${I}_{1}\left( 0\right)= 0$; 假设无电流漏过${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$,则有
${L}_{1}C\frac{{d}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}+ {L}_{2}C\frac{{d}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}= {U}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right)$
${I}_{1}\left( t\right)= {AB}\left({{e}^{Bt}- {e}^{-{Bt}}}\right)$
式中:$A =\frac{EC}{2};B =\sqrt{\frac{1}{C\left({{L}_{1}+ {L}_{2}}\right)}}$
由于$f\left( x\right)= {e}^{x}- {e}^{-x}$ 为单调增函数,因此短路电流与时间呈指数增加关系。当${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 为几十纳亨量级时, 在开关管允许承载电流的范围内, 短路时间可估算为百纳秒量级。此目的主要为释放杂散电感、导线电感所存储的能量,可在最大程度上减少回路电感对上升沿的影响;若有电流通过${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 漏过, 此时也由于${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 的导通,可减少漏到负载上的电流, 减小漏电流对上升沿的影响。
State 3:${t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}$ 时刻,${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{3}$ 导通、${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{4}$ 关断。${L}_{1}$ 处于稳态, 可认为短路, 回路可等效为如图5 所示的拓扑结构。${K}_{2}$ 在关断的瞬间,${L}_{2}$ 电流续流,图5(a)中初始状态为${I}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( 0\right)= {I}_{1}\left( t\right)$,根据$\mathrm{{RL}}$ 回路零输入响应可得
${I}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)= {I}_{1}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{{L}_{3}}t}$
图5(b) 中初始状态为${U}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( 0\right)= E,{I}_{{C}_{0}}\left( 0\right)= 0$,则根据 RL 回路零状态响应可得
${I}_{{C}_{0}}\left( t\right)= \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{{L}_{3}}t}}\right)$
因此流入${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的电流为
${I}_{3\text{ in }}\left( t\right)= {I}_{1}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{{L}_{3}}t}+ \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{{L}_{3}}t}}\right)$
从式 (5) 可以看出${I}_{3\text{in }}$${L}_{2}$ 中续流短路电流与 RL 回路零状态电流之和, 因此在负载上具有较大的电流上升率,产生高压陡脉冲信号。
State$4 :{t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}$ 时刻,此时回路进入稳态,${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{3}$ 等效为短路状态, 回路的等效拓扑结构如图6 所示, 则有
${I}_{{R}_{0}}= \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}$
State 5:${t}_{4}\sim {t}_{5}$ 时刻,在${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{3}$ 关断,${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 导通的瞬间,将${\mathrm{K}}_{1}$${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 所在支路等效为电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{3}$${L}_{4}$,回路等效拓扑结构如图7(a) 所示,此时流入${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的电流${I}_{3\text{in }}$${I}_{{R}_{0}}$${I}_{4}$ 之和。
回路的初始状态为:${U}_{{L}_{4}}\left( 0\right)= E,{I}_{4}\left( 0\right)= \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}$,根据 RL 回路零输入响应可得
${I}_{4}\left( t\right)= \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{{L}_{4}}t}$
由式 (5) 可知${I}_{{R}_{0}}= \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}$,则可得
${I}_{3\text{ in }}\left( t\right)= \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{{L}_{4}}t}+ \frac{E}{{R}_{0}}$
由上可得${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{3}$ 关断,${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 导通的瞬间,主回路电流大于 State 4 稳态工作的电流。
${\mathrm{K}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{3}$ 关断,${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 导通后,将开关管${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 源漏电容、负载分布电容等效为${C}_{i}$,回路等效拓扑结构如图7(b) 所示, 此过程与典型切尾电路相同, 通过 RC 快速放电陡化脉冲下降沿。
本文设计的高压陡脉冲发生电路开关管触发信号由 FPGA 产生,其具有脉宽灵活可调、高精度、 低抖动的优点。系统的最小分辨率如图8 所示, 由上位机设置三路驱动信号在同一时刻触发,三路信号之间脉宽差值为$5\mathrm{{ns}}$。从图中可以看出,每路信号之间延时为$5\mathrm{{ns}}$,与设置的脉宽差相同,故驱动信号的最小分辨率为$5\mathrm{{ns}}$。陡脉冲实现的关键在于时序控制,一方面$5\mathrm{{ns}}$ 的分辨率可实现脉宽的灵活可调,另一方面可实现不同时序的组合,实现任意时序的组合控制。
采用如图1图2 所示的电路结构及时序进行实验,其中$\mathrm{{DC}}$$2\mathrm{{kV}}$ 的高压电源;触发信号脉宽为${10\mu }\mathrm{s}$,图9 $\left(\mathrm{a}\right)\sim \left(\mathrm{d}\right)$ 为不同时间刻度下的实验波形,其中${I}_{1}$ 为短路电流,${I}_{4}$ 为流过${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 的电流,${R}_{0}$ 电压为负载电压,${I}_{{R}_{0}}$ 为负载电流${I}_{{R}_{0}}$
图9(a) 中负载上电压均值为${1.8}\mathrm{{kV}}$,脉宽为${10\mu }\mathrm{s}$,短路电流${I}_{1}$ 峰值约为${92}\mathrm{\;A}$;从图9 $\left(\mathrm{\;b}\right)$ 看出${I}_{1}$${280}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 内增大至峰值,在${400}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 内迅速降至 “T”点约${32}\mathrm{\;A}$,此后约${1.2\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 后缓慢降至零,${I}_{4}$ 峰值为${25}\mathrm{\;A},{I}_{{R}_{0}}$ 约为${18}\mathrm{\;A}$,电流值均在开关管安全工作范围内;从图9(c)图9(d) 看出,以电压值的${10}\%- {90}\%$ 为标准计算上升沿约为${50}\mathrm{{ns}}$,下降沿约为${70}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,在下降沿处,${I}_{4}$ 在约${40}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 时增加至峰值约为${14}\mathrm{\;A}$,随后在约${120}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 内减小为零,${R}_{0}$${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 构成放电回路,陡化下降沿。
${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 一直处于关断状态,即回路无${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;K}}_{4}$ 协同工作, 则电路结构与传统固态开关串联电路相同,此时负载${R}_{0}$ 上电压与电流波形如图10 所示。其中${I}_{{R}_{0}}$ 为流过负载的电流,${R}_{0}$ 电压为负载电压,从图中可以看出负载脉冲的上升沿约为${200}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,下降沿约为${4\mu }\mathrm{s}$,而有${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$ 协同工作时脉冲信号上升沿和下降沿分别为${50}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$${70}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,故此新型电路具有明显优势。
${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 导通与关断瞬间波形分别如图11图12 所示,其中${I}_{3\text{in }}$ 为流入${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的电流,${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 为集射极两端电压。如图11 所示,约${130}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 内流入${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的电流峰值约为${40}\mathrm{\;A}$,约${1.2\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 后流入${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的电流减小为稳定值约${18}\mathrm{\;A}$。如图12 所示,在${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 关断瞬间流入${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的电流会出现短暂的电流尖峰,约${30}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 内电流增加量为${10}\mathrm{\;A}$,此后约${120}\mathrm{{ns}}$ 内电流减少至零。前文${I}_{3\text{ in }}$ 的理论分析表明:${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 导通的瞬间${I}_{3\text{ in }}$ 为 L2 续流电流与$\mathrm{{RL}}$ 回路零状态响应之和,${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 关断瞬间电流值会大于稳态工作电流, 故实际波形与理论电流变化趋势相符。
图11(b) 中看出,${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 集射极电压在未导通时增加至约${800}\mathrm{\;V}$,这是由于漏过${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 阻容吸收之路的电流约为$4\mathrm{\;A}$,此时吸收电容开始充电所致;${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 关断时出现的电流尖峰导致${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 在集射两端形成电压尖峰,从图12 可以看到,电压尖峰值为${2.4}\mathrm{{kV}}$。 为了保护开关管${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$,同样采用串联结构以提高其耐压值。
在本文设计的电路结构中,开关管${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 起着重要的作用,在脉冲产生的瞬间${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 限制短路电流${I}_{1}$ 流向负载以减少对负载信号上升沿的影响; 在脉冲结束的瞬间${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 需要有足够耐压值以消除 “过压击穿”现象对系统工作寿命的影响。
本文设计的脉冲信号最大脉宽由储能电容${C}_{0}$ 所决定, 则根据式 (9) 得出当高压电源、负载电阻不变时,增大储能电容就能增加放电时间。
${UC}= {It}= \frac{Ut}{R}$
实验所得最小脉宽如图13 所示,其中${R}_{0}$ 为负载信号,从图中可以看出,电压幅值约为${1.8}\mathrm{{kV}}$,半高宽约为${100}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,上升沿约为${70}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,下降沿约为${40}\mathrm{{ns}}$。其中在脉冲信号下降沿处出现较大的振荡, 本文设计的${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 导通的脉宽为${100}\mathrm{{ns}}$,由于${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$ 的脉宽过小,开关管的栅射极电容较大,在导通时间内不足以将其充满就关断所致。
(1)针对生物医疗等高压陡脉冲应用需求,设计了基于固态开关串并联结构高压陡脉冲发生电路, 结合时序控制技术,提出了一种脉冲陡化新方法,能较好解决回路布线电感、开关管串联数目增加后杂散参数、布线电感以及导线电感对开关速度的影响, 并从理论计算上分析了脉冲陡化的关键, 分析了系统工作的过程以及设计要点。
(2)以$2\mathrm{{kV}}$ 高压直流电源、${110\Omega }$ 的负载电阻进行实验,负载脉冲信号的上升沿约为${50}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,下降沿约为${70}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,输出电流幅值约${18}\mathrm{\;A}$;最小脉宽信号的半高宽为${100}\mathrm{{ns}}$,系统的最小分辨率为$5\mathrm{{ns}}$, 可实现步进为$5\mathrm{{ns}}$ 脉宽的灵活调节,最大脉宽则与储能电容有关。
  • 中国科学院青促会资助项目(2018481)
  • 中国科学院科研仪器设备研制项目(YJKYYQ20210007)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.414
  • 接收时间:2021-05-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-11
  • 修回日期:2021-06-26
  • 录用日期:2021-07-13
基金
Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2018481)
中国科学院青促会资助项目(2018481)
Project of Scientific Research Instruments and Equipment of Chinese Academy of Sciences(YJKYYQ20210007)
中国科学院科研仪器设备研制项目(YJKYYQ20210007)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 安徽光学精密机械研究所 合肥 230031
    2 中国科学技术大学 合肥 230026
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.414
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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