Article(id=1154038482096874206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.352, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1615910400000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-17, revisedDate=1622390400000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-31, acceptedDate=1622476800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-06-01, onlineDate=1753073815130, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815130, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=352, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038482495333089, articleId=1154038482096874206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Study on Wireless Power Transmission Coupling Mechanism with Magnetic Shielding Based on Halbach Effect, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at problems such as the setup of an additional excitation source required by active magnetic shielding and the expensive magnetic shielding materials used in passive magnetic shielding, a wireless power transmis-sion (WPT) coupling mechanism with magnetic shielding based on Halbach effect is proposed on the basis of the tradi-tional DD coil structure. First, the topology of WPT coupling mechanism with magnetic shielding effect is proposed, and the principle for the magnetic shielding effect is analyzed theoretically based on the corresponding equivalent magnetic circuit model. Second, the expression for the magnetic field intensity of the coupling mechanism on any plane in the space is derived using the micro-element method. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the WPT perfor-mance and magnetic shielding effect of the proposed coupling mechanism. Results show that the Halbach effect coil can effectively weaken the magnetic field intensity outside the coupling mechanism and improve the magnetic shielding ef-fect while ensuring that the power transmission efficiency is basically the same as that of the DD coil.

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针对主动磁屏蔽需要设置额外激励源、被动磁屏蔽所采用的磁屏蔽材料价格昂贵等问题,在传统DD线圈结构基础之上,提出了一种基于Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构。首先,提出了具有磁屏蔽效应的无线输电耦合机构拓扑,基于耦合机构等效磁路模型,从理论上分析了其产生磁屏蔽效应的原理;其次,采用微元法推导了耦合机构在空间中任意平面的磁场强度表达式;最后,搭建实验平台,验证了耦合机构的无线输电性能及磁屏蔽效果。结果表明,Halbach效应线圈在保证输电效率与DD线圈基本一致的同时,能有效削弱耦合机构外的磁场强度,提高磁屏蔽效果。

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李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:1245305151@qq.com。

李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新型电机及控制。E-mail:jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

王隆扬(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:741740427@qq.com。

陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:15994206510@126.com。

朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:474724187@qq.com。

刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

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李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:1245305151@qq.com。

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李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:1245305151@qq.com。

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李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新型电机及控制。E-mail:jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

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李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新型电机及控制。E-mail:jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

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王隆扬(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:741740427@qq.com。

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王隆扬(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:741740427@qq.com。

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陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:15994206510@126.com。

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陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:15994206510@126.com。

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朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:474724187@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:474724187@qq.com。

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刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

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刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

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Contactless wireless energy transfer technology applied to tail-free household applances[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2014. 29(9): 33-37 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Contactless wireless energy transfer technology applied to tail-free household applances, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038613705744559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=12, pageStart=12235, pageEnd=12245, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Mohammad M, Wodajo ET, Choi S, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Power Electronic, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mohammad M, Wodajo ET, Choi S, et al. Modeling and design of passive shield to limit EMF emission and to minimize shield loss in unipolar wireless charging system for EV[J]. 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Analysis of the magnetic shielding characteristics of magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transmission system based on self-excited push-pull converter[J]. 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Magnetic shielding design and analysis for wireless charging coupler of electric vehicles based on finite element method[J]. 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IPT resonant reactive shielding systems with the characteristics of optimal magnetic shielding effect on the target surface[J]. 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Research on electromagnetic compatibility of N-type magnetic coupler for dynamic wireless power supply of electric vehicles[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2017. 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Study on the coupling mechanism magnetic radiation suppression method for wireless power transfer system of electric vehicle[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2017. (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Study on the coupling mechanism magnetic radiation suppression method for wireless power transfer system of electric vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038614594937040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=61, issue=6, pageStart=1953, pageEnd=1960, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Cruciani S, Campi T, Maradei F, etal , journalName=IEEE Transactions on Electro magnetic Compatibility, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cruciani S, Campi T, Maradei F, etal . Active shielding design for wireless power transfer systems[J]. 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Present situation and development of wireless power transfer technology for household appliances[J]. 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Research on temperature and magnetic field detection technology of dynamic wireless charging for electric vehicles[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2019. (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Research on temperature and magnetic field detection technology of dynamic wireless charging for electric vehicles, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038600082645784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038600103617304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, companyId=1154038600082645784, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038600112005913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, companyId=1154038600082645784, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉理工大学 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articleId=1154038482096874206, language=CN, label=图10, caption=距离接收端平面 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 处的平面磁场分布, figureFileSmall=MMrw74I1mhkvcYLvZcawYQ==, figureFileBig=R8HDZy4bOIjp2/GNDdHNmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038613223399588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Experimental parameters of WPT system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
逆变器开关频率$f/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 300
传输距离$d/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
Halbach 效应线圈发射端自感${L}_{\mathrm{{Pt}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 32.18
Halbach 效应线圈接收端自感${L}_{\mathrm{{SL}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 31.38
Halbach 效应线圈发射端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{{Pl}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.77
Halbach 效应线圈接收端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{{SI}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.95
Halbach 效应线圈互感${M}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 4.37
DD 线圈发射端自感${L}_{\mathrm{P}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 32.90
DD 线圈发射端自感${L}_{\mathrm{S}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 31.23
DD 线圈发射端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{P}2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.52
DD 线圈接收端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{S}2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.99
DD 线圈互感${M}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 3.84
), ArticleFig(id=1154038613311479974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482096874206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=无线电能传输系统实验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
逆变器开关频率$f/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 300
传输距离$d/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
Halbach 效应线圈发射端自感${L}_{\mathrm{{Pt}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 32.18
Halbach 效应线圈接收端自感${L}_{\mathrm{{SL}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 31.38
Halbach 效应线圈发射端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{{Pl}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.77
Halbach 效应线圈接收端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{{SI}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.95
Halbach 效应线圈互感${M}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 4.37
DD 线圈发射端自感${L}_{\mathrm{P}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 32.90
DD 线圈发射端自感${L}_{\mathrm{S}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 31.23
DD 线圈发射端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{P}2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.52
DD 线圈接收端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{S}2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 8.99
DD 线圈互感${M}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 3.84
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基于 Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构研究
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李强 , 李建贵 , 王隆扬 , 陈晨 , 朱郭福 , 刘珊
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024,22(2): 352-359
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024, 22(2): 352-359
基于 Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构研究
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李强 , 李建贵 , 王隆扬 , 陈晨 , 朱郭福 , 刘珊
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学 机电工程学院 武汉 430070
  • 李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:1245305151@qq.com。

    李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新型电机及控制。E-mail:jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

    王隆扬(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:741740427@qq.com。

    陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:15994206510@126.com。

    朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线输电。E-mail:474724187@qq.com。

    刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

Study on Wireless Power Transmission Coupling Mechanism with Magnetic Shielding Based on Halbach Effect
Qiang LI , Jiangui LI , Longyang WANG , Chen CHEN , Guofu ZHU , Shan LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.352
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针对主动磁屏蔽需要设置额外激励源、被动磁屏蔽所采用的磁屏蔽材料价格昂贵等问题,在传统DD线圈结构基础之上,提出了一种基于Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构。首先,提出了具有磁屏蔽效应的无线输电耦合机构拓扑,基于耦合机构等效磁路模型,从理论上分析了其产生磁屏蔽效应的原理;其次,采用微元法推导了耦合机构在空间中任意平面的磁场强度表达式;最后,搭建实验平台,验证了耦合机构的无线输电性能及磁屏蔽效果。结果表明,Halbach效应线圈在保证输电效率与DD线圈基本一致的同时,能有效削弱耦合机构外的磁场强度,提高磁屏蔽效果。

无线输电  /  磁屏蔽  /  Halbach效应  /  耦合机构

Aimed at problems such as the setup of an additional excitation source required by active magnetic shielding and the expensive magnetic shielding materials used in passive magnetic shielding, a wireless power transmis-sion (WPT) coupling mechanism with magnetic shielding based on Halbach effect is proposed on the basis of the tradi-tional DD coil structure. First, the topology of WPT coupling mechanism with magnetic shielding effect is proposed, and the principle for the magnetic shielding effect is analyzed theoretically based on the corresponding equivalent magnetic circuit model. Second, the expression for the magnetic field intensity of the coupling mechanism on any plane in the space is derived using the micro-element method. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the WPT perfor-mance and magnetic shielding effect of the proposed coupling mechanism. Results show that the Halbach effect coil can effectively weaken the magnetic field intensity outside the coupling mechanism and improve the magnetic shielding ef-fect while ensuring that the power transmission efficiency is basically the same as that of the DD coil.

Wireless power transmission (WPT)  /  magnetic shielding  /  Halbach effect  /  coupling mechanism
李强, 李建贵, 王隆扬, 陈晨, 朱郭福, 刘珊. 基于 Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 352 -359 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.352
Qiang LI, Jiangui LI, Longyang WANG, Chen CHEN, Guofu ZHU, Shan LIU. Study on Wireless Power Transmission Coupling Mechanism with Magnetic Shielding Based on Halbach Effect[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 352 -359 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.352
无线电能传输 WPT(wireless power transmission) 技术是一种以电磁场为媒介, 将电能以无接触形式由供电设备向用电设备传输的新兴技术, 因其具有输电安全、便捷灵活等优点,近年来在无人机${}^{\left( 1\right)}$ 、 电动汽车[2] 、家用电器[3] 等领域得到了广泛应用。然而, 由于在工作过程中, 无线电能传输系统难免产生漏磁,干扰周边电子元器件的使用,长时间暴露其中也会对人体健康造成危害。同时,由于漏磁场的存在,耦合机构不能充分地将能量由发射端传输到接收端,一定程度上影响了系统的能量传输效率。
按照屏蔽机理不同,无线电能传输系统磁屏蔽主要可分为被动磁屏蔽[4] 和主动磁屏蔽[5] 两种。被动磁屏蔽通常是采用铁氧体等高磁导材料吸引磁感线以优化磁路, 从而减小特定区域的磁感应强度, 但磁屏蔽材料通常价格昂贵,且会大幅增加系统体积及重量。针对被动磁屏蔽的研究较为成熟,主要集中在研究磁屏蔽材料的形状、大小、安装位置等因素[6-8] 对系统能量传输效率及磁屏蔽效果的综合影响等方面。主动磁屏蔽是指设置一个与源磁场相位相反的磁场来抵消源磁场, 从而达到磁屏蔽目的。主动磁屏蔽往往需要额外设置激励源为屏蔽线圈供电, 且磁屏蔽机构的设计较为复杂, 目前国内相关研究成果也较少。许乔迪等[9] 提出一种优化屏蔽线圈等效电感的方法, 但该研究仅限于二维平面内的推导,不利于工程实践。胥佳琦、周国超等[10-11] 为抑制电动汽车 WPT 系统电磁辐射, 设计了主动磁屏蔽机构,具有一定磁屏蔽效果。国外, Cruciani S 等[12] 针对近场耦合的 WPT 系统,提出一种确定有源磁屏蔽线圈励磁的方法, 可实现特定区域的电磁抑制。Campi T 等四通过在原 WPT 系统初、次级诊置多个独立的屏蔽线圈, 减小了输电系统漏磁, 但也大幅增加了系统体积。
针对主动磁屏蔽需要设置额外激励源,被动磁屏蔽所采用磁屏蔽材料价格昂贵等问题,本文提出一种基于 Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构。通过在初级和次级 DD 线圈中间各连接一个辅助线圈, 在保证能量传输功率和效率的同时, 取得了更优的磁屏蔽效果。相较于传统主动或被动磁屏蔽方法, 该耦合机构无需增加额外激励源, 且不需使用铁氧体等磁屏蔽材料,一定程度上降低了成本。
近年来, 随着智能家居概念的提出, 无线家电行业得到了快速发展,以索尼、飞利浦、海尔、新页等为代表的国内外企业相继推出系列无线家电方案及相关产品[14]。无线家电已初步产品化,但大规模商业化应用仍面临着充电标准不完善、充电系统电磁安全难以保证等诸多难题。
本文在传统 DD 线圈结构基础之上, 提出一种基于 Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构,其应用场景主要为无线家电。考虑到无线家电实际使用环境,并参考现有产品设计参数[14],拟设计额定功率${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的无线家电功率模块, Halbach 效应线圈及 DD 线圈整体结构及尺寸参数如图1 所示。
无线电能传输系统中, 耦合机构内的磁场耦合强度直接影响着系统的能量传输效率, 在耦合机构的设计过程中需要尽可能增大该区域磁场。而耦合机构外的磁场不仅对于系统的能量传输效率无益, 而且会影响周围电子元器件的使用性能, 危害人体健康, 因此在耦合机构的设计过程中需要尽可能减小该区域磁场。图2 为 Halbach 效应线圈的等效磁路模型。原始 DD 线圈在空间中的磁场回路为顺时针方向,即图2 中最外侧磁路。
通过在初级和次级DD 线圈中间各连接一个辅助线圈, 并使穿过 2 个辅助线圈的磁场方向相反, 进而使得 2 个辅助线圈在耦合机构外的区域$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 处产生的磁场与原始 DD 线圈产生的磁场方向相反,从而削弱该区域磁场强度,达到磁屏蔽目的。同时, 由于传输距离较近, 2 个辅助线圈在耦合机构内的区域$\mathrm{C}$ 处的耦合程度较大,可进一步提高系统能量传输效率。
将初、次级线圈绕组各自串联补偿电容, 组成串- 串谐振式无线电能传输系统,其等效电路如图3 所示。
图中,${L}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 分别为发射端的线圈自感、谐振补偿电容、回路等效电阻;${L}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为接收端的线圈自感、谐振补偿电容、回路等效电阻;${I}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为发射端和接收端的回路电流;$M$ 为发射线圈与接收线圈的互感;${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为负载电阻;${V}_{\text{in }}\text{、}{V}_{\text{out }}$ 分别为输入电压和输出电压。
根据基尔霍夫电压定律, 可得到电路网孔方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{in }}= \left({{R}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{P}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{P}}}\right){I}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {I}_{\mathrm{S}}M \\{V}_{\text{out }}= \left({{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{S}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{S}}}\right){I}_{\mathrm{S}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {I}_{\mathrm{P}}M \end{array}\right.$
当系统处于谐振状态时, 即当式(2)成立时, 整个回路等效阻抗最小,无线电能传输系统能量传输效率最高。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{P}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{P}}= 0 \\\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{S}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{S}}= 0 \end{array}\right.$
故式(1)可简化为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{in }}= {R}_{\mathrm{P}}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {I}_{\mathrm{S}}M \\{V}_{\text{out }}= {R}_{\mathrm{S}}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {I}_{\mathrm{P}}M \end{array}\right.$
根据式 (3), 可求得发射端回路等效阻抗为
${Z}_{\mathrm{P}}= {R}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}$
进一步地,可求得电流传输比、电压传输比分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}/{I}_{\mathrm{P}}= -\mathrm{j}{\omega M}/\left({{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{V}_{\text{out }}/{V}_{\text{in }}= \mathrm{j}{\omega M}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\left\lbrack {\left({{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{P}}+ {\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
因此, 无线电能传输系统能量传输效率为
$\eta =\frac{{V}_{\text{out }}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{V}_{\text{in }}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}= \frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{P}}{\left({R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)}^{2}+ {M}^{2}{\omega }^{2}\left({{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)} $
对于复杂的载流线圈系统,通常可采用微元法求取其磁场分布。本文 Halbach 效应线圈在空间中任意一点产生的磁感应强度可看作是数条载流导线在该点产生的磁场经矢量叠加求得, 首先考虑图4 中单匝线圈的磁场分布情况。
根据毕奥-萨伐尔定律,导线${AB}$$P$ 处产生的磁场可表示为
${B}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }{\oint }_{{L}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}}\frac{I\mathrm{\;d}{l}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}{\overrightarrow{r}}_{0}}{{r}_{0}^{2}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{{4\pi }{r}_{0}}\left({\cos \alpha -\cos \beta }\right)$
式中:${\mathbf{\mu }}_{0}$ 为真空磁导率;$I$ 为导线中流过的电流;${r}_{0}$$P$ 点到导线${AB}$ 的距离;$\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 分别为${PA}\text{、}{PB}$ 连线与导线${AB}$ 的夹角。由图4 可知,存在几何关系
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{r}_{0}= \sqrt{{\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}\\\cos \alpha =\frac{BR}{BP}= \frac{l - x}{\sqrt{{\left( l - x\right)}^{2}+ {r}_{0}^{2}}}\\\cos \beta =- \frac{AR}{AP}= -\frac{x}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+ {r}_{0}^{2}}}\end{array}\right.$
将式(8)带入式(7),磁感应强度${B}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 表达式为
${B}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{{4\pi }\sqrt{{\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}\left({\frac{x}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+ {\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}+ \frac{l - x}{\sqrt{{\left( l - x\right)}^{2}+ {\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}}\right)$
导线${AB}$$P$ 点产生的磁场${B}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 方向为垂直于$\bigtriangleup {PAB}$ 所在平面,将其沿坐标轴分解得到
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\overrightarrow{B}}_{\mathrm{{ABx}}}= 0 \\{\overrightarrow{B}}_{\mathrm{{ABy}}}= \left\lbrack {\frac{{\mu }_{0}{Iz}}{{4\pi }\left\lbrack {{\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}\right\rbrack }\left({\frac{x}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+ {\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}+ \frac{l - x}{\sqrt{{\left( l - x\right)}^{2}+ {\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack {\overrightarrow{e}}_{y}\\{\overrightarrow{B}}_{\mathrm{{ABz}}}= \left\lbrack {\frac{{\mu }_{0}I\left({l - y}\right)}{{4\pi }\left\lbrack {{\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}\right\rbrack }\left({\frac{x}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+ {\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}+ \frac{l - x}{\sqrt{{\left( l - x\right)}^{2}+ {\left( d - y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack {\overrightarrow{e}}_{y}\end{array}\right.$
同理,可以分别求得导线${OA}\text{、}{OC}\text{、}{BC}$$P$ 点产生的磁场, 再将这条导线产生的磁场进行矢量叠度为
加,可以得到线圈 OABC 在$P$ 点处产生的磁感应强
$\begin{array}{l}= \left\{{\frac{\mu \left( z\right)}{{4\pi }\left({4{z}^{2}+ 2}\right)} +\frac{\mu \left( z\right)}{{\left( 4\pi \left( 4{z}^{2}+ 2\right)\right)}^{2}+ {\left( 2y\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}+ \frac{\mu \left( z\right)}{{\left( 4\pi \left( 4{z}^{2}+ 2\right)\right)}^{2}+ {z}^{2}}+ \frac{\mu \left( z\right)}{{4\pi }\left({4{z}^{2}+ 2}\right)+ {z}^{2}}}\right\}\cdot \\\end{array}$
类似地, 将 Halbach 效应线圈分解为数条载流导线, 并按上述方法求取其在空间中任意一点的磁场表达式, 经矢量叠加, 得到 Halbach 效应线圈在该点的磁场强度为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\overrightarrow{B}}_{x}= \left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{4N}}\frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{{4\pi }{r}_{i}}\left({\cos {\alpha }_{i}- \cos {\beta }_{i}}\right)\cos {\gamma }_{i}}\right\rbrack {\overrightarrow{e}}_{x}\\{\overrightarrow{B}}_{y}= \left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{4N}}\frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{{4\pi }{r}_{i}}\left({\cos {\alpha }_{i}- \cos {\beta }_{i}}\right)\cos {\gamma }_{j}}\right\rbrack {\overrightarrow{e}}_{y}\\{\overrightarrow{B}}_{z}= \left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{4N}}\frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{{4\pi }{r}_{i}}}\right\rbrack \left({\cos {\alpha }_{i}- \cos {\beta }_{i}}\right)\cos {\gamma }_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$N$ 为线圈匝数;${r}_{i}$ 为该点到第$i$ 段导线的距离;${\alpha }_{i}$${\beta }_{i}$ 分别为该点到第$i$ 段导线两端点连线与导线的夹角;${\gamma }_{i}\text{、}{\gamma }_{j}\text{、}{\gamma }_{k}$ 分别为第$i$ 段导线在该点产生的磁场方向与$x\text{、}y\text{、}z$ 轴正方向的夹角。
故与发射端相距$S$ 的平面磁场强度可表示为
${W}_{\mathrm{s}}= \left\{{{B}_{i}\mid {B}_{i}= \sqrt{{B}_{xi}^{2}+ {B}_{yi}^{2}+ {B}_{zi}^{2}}, i \in \left({1, n}\right)}\right\}$
基于串-串谐振式无线电能传输系统原理电路搭建无线电能传输系统实验平台如图5 所示, 验证 Halbach 效应线圈相较 DD 线圈的无线输电性能。 系统由直流电源提供输入, 经全桥逆变电路, 得到高频交流电供给发射线圈, 发射线圈与接收线圈磁耦合共振, 接收线圈中产生同频率的交流电, 再经整流器得到直流电供给电子负载。
按照图1 线圈结构及尺寸参数, 采用线径${0.04}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的利兹线绕制 2 种线圈,线圈层数为 2 层, 每层匝数为 5 匝,整体尺寸均为${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times$ $9\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。参考现有产品${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 功率模块设计参数[14],设置逆变器开关频率为${300}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,并在该频率下匹配谐振电容, 得到相关实验参数如表1 所示。
由式 (6) 可知, 在无线电能传输系统耦合机构相关参数确定的条件下, 系统的能量传输效率与负载电阻值有关。因此, 要得到最大的能量传输效率, 首先需要匹配系统的最优负载。图6 为固定输入电压${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 不变的条件下, Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈能量传输效率随负载电阻变化的曲线。结果表明, Halbach 效应线圈对应的系统最优负载为${10\Omega }$, DD 线圈对应的系统最优负载为${7\Omega }$
图7 为 Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈在各自最优负载条件下, 能量传输功率、效率随输入电压变化的曲线。
图7 可以看出, Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈的能量传输功率随输入电压的增大而增大,且增长趋势基本一致。2 种线圈的能量传输效率随输入电压的增大略微波动, 但整体上也保持着增大的趋势。当输入电压为${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时, Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈的能量传输效率均达到最大值,分别约为 82.85%、82.51%。在该点, Halbach 效应线圈的输出电压和能量传输功率分别为${33.67}\mathrm{\;V}\text{、}{106.35}\mathrm{\;W}$$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈的输出电压和能量传输功率分别为${26.92}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、 101.12 W,均能满足${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 无线家电功率模块的设计要求。
图8 为 Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈分别在$x$$y$$z$ 方向发生偏移时,系统能量传输功率与效率的变化曲线。
可以看出, Halbach 效应线圈在$x$ 方向的抗偏移性能略差于$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈,系统能量传输效率不低于 80%时, Halbach 效应线圈在$x$ 方向允许的最大偏移量约为$\pm {12}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,而$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈在$x$ 方向允许的最大偏移量可达$\pm {16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。当$y$ 方向的偏移量达到$\pm {16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,2 种线圈都能保证系统能量传输效率高于 80%, 但 Halbach 效应线圈能量传输效率降低的幅度低于$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈,在$y$ 方向的抗偏移性能要优于DD 线圈。当发生$z$ 方向的偏移时 (即传输距离改变), 2 种线圈的系统能量传输效率均随耦合距离的增大而减小。当$z$ 方向偏移量小于${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时 (即传输距离小于${21.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ), Halbach 效应线圈的系统能量传输效率高于$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈;当$z$ 方向偏移量大于${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时 (即传输距离大于${21.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ), Hal-bach 效应线圈的系统能量传输效率低于 DD 线圈。由于 2 个辅助线圈竖直放置, 当传输距离较小时, 辅助线圈的耦合程度较大, 可进一步增大系统能量传输效率;而当传输距离较大时,竖直放置的辅助线圈耦合程度相较水平放置的 DD 线圈更低, 因此Halbach 效应线圈的系统能量传输效率要低于 DD 线圈。
为促进各国电磁暴露标准制定的协调化, 国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)规定在$3 \sim {400}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 频段内,公众暴露磁感应强度限值为${27\mu }{\mathrm{T}}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$。本文以该限值为参考, 按照图1 所示 Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈的结构和尺寸参数, 建立 2 种线圈 1:1 的仿真模型,对比分析二者的磁屏蔽效果。
设置励磁电流为$3\mathrm{\;A}$,得到 Halbach 效应线圈和 DD 线圈横截面处的磁场分布情况如图9 所示。
不难看出,在耦合机构外侧的$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 区域,$\mathrm{{Hal}}$ - bach 效应线圈磁场强度明显低于 DD 线圈, 尤其是在正对辅助线圈的上下两侧,磁场削弱程度较大。而在耦合机构内侧, 2 种线圈的磁场耦合程度相当, 因此可保证 2 种线圈的能量传输效率基本一致。
以公众暴露磁场强度限值${27\mu }{\mathrm{T}}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$ 为参考,对比 2 种线圈的磁屏蔽性能。图10 为 2 种线圈在距离接收端平面${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 处的磁场分布情况。在该平面 DD 线圈产生的最大磁场已达公众暴露磁场强度限值${27\mu }\mathrm{T}$,而 Halbach 效应线圈在该平面产生的最大磁场远低于该限值,约为${21.5\mu }\mathrm{T}$,较 DD 线圈减小约 20.37%。Halbach 效应线圈相较 DD 线圈具有更大的安全磁场范围,磁屏蔽效果更优。
无线电能传输系统以高频交变电磁场作为媒介进行无线能量传输,系统工作过程中难免存在电磁泄漏, 危害人体健康。电磁安全问题势必成为无线电能传输技术能否广泛推广应用的关键。本文基于传统 DD 线圈结构, 提出了一种基于 Halbach 效应的磁屏蔽无线输电耦合机构,通过建立耦合机构的简化磁路模型,分析了其磁屏蔽原理。搭建了无线电能传输系统实验平台,对比分析了 Halbach 效应线圈相较 DD 线圈的无线输电性能。实验结果表明,当输入电压为${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时, Halbach 效应线圈与 DD 线圈能量传输效率最大分别可达 82.85%、82.51%, 均能保证无线输电性能。基于有限元分析软件, 仿真了 Halbach 效应线圈与 DD 线圈的磁场分布情况。结果显示, Halbach 效应线圈在耦合机构外侧的磁场强度明显低于$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈,并且相较$\mathrm{{DD}}$ 线圈具有更大的安全磁场范围, 磁屏蔽效果整体上要优于 DD 线圈。
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.352
  • 接收时间:2021-03-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-17
  • 修回日期:2021-05-31
  • 录用日期:2021-06-01
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    武汉理工大学 机电工程学院 武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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