Article(id=1154037278587474739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.173, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1639324800000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-13, revisedDate=1651680000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-05, acceptedDate=1653321600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-24, onlineDate=1753073528191, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073528191, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073528191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073528191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=173, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037279216620341, articleId=1154037278587474739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Fault Ride-through Control of Grid-forming Converter in Different Fault States, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The grid-forming(GFM) converter is one of the main components of high-permeability power electronic equipment, and its fault ride-through(FRT) capability is an important basis for ensuring the stable operation of a power system with a high degree of power electronics. On this basis, an FRT strategy for GFM converter is proposed, which not only considers the hardware constraints(i.e., current constraints) of the converter, but also can keep it running in protected mode under symmetric and asymmetric faults. First, the FRT-related problem of the GFM converter is analyzed in detail. Then, an appropriate FRT model and the corresponding control method are established. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by power-hardware-in-the-loop simulation and experiment. Results show that compared with a grid-following converter, the proposed control method can guarantee the instantaneous injection of reactive current when the GFM converter fails to prevent the overcurrent problem, and the GFM converter can still operate fault-tolerant under serious fault conditions.

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电网形成 GFM(grid-forming converter)变换器作为高渗透率电力电子设备电力系统的主要元件之一,其故障穿越 FRT(fault-ride through)能力是保证高度电力电子化电力系统稳定运行的重要基础。基于此,提出1种适用于 GFM 变换器的 FRT 策略,既考虑了变换器的硬件约束(即电流约束),又可在发生对称和非对称故障时使GFM 在保护模式下运行。首先,详细分析了 GFM变换器的 FRT 相关问题;然后,建立了1种适当的FRT 模型及控制方法;最后,通过功率硬件在环仿真与实验验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明,与电网跟随变换器相比,所提控制方法可保障 GFM 变换器在故障时瞬时注入无功电流,以防止变换器出现过流问题,并最终实现GFM 变换器在严重故障条件下仍可容错运行。

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陶军(1968-),男,通信作者,本科,正高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail: 378541126@qq.com。

钟鸣(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化调度。E-mail: 603955871@qq.com。

阿敏夫(1990-),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化运行。E-mail: 556211784@qq.com。

孙弘毅(1991-),男,本科,中级工程师。研究方向:故障穿越控制技术。E-mail: 337899414@qq.com。

莫瑞(1974-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: yuanwei131538@126.com。

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陶军(1968-),男,通信作者,本科,正高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail: 378541126@qq.com。

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陶军(1968-),男,通信作者,本科,正高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail: 378541126@qq.com。

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钟鸣(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化调度。E-mail: 603955871@qq.com。

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钟鸣(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化调度。E-mail: 603955871@qq.com。

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阿敏夫(1990-),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化运行。E-mail: 556211784@qq.com。

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阿敏夫(1990-),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化运行。E-mail: 556211784@qq.com。

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孙弘毅(1991-),男,本科,中级工程师。研究方向:故障穿越控制技术。E-mail: 337899414@qq.com。

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莫瑞(1974-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: yuanwei131538@126.com。

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莫瑞(1974-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: yuanwei131538@126.com。

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Method 2), figureFileSmall=dQECBK9yZnyCCwaVIPRvzA==, figureFileBig=awVzWF+p14TSxT4LCiq7ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048224340992838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037278587474739, language=CN, label=图7, caption=参考电流产生(采用方法 2), figureFileSmall=dQECBK9yZnyCCwaVIPRvzA==, figureFileBig=awVzWF+p14TSxT4LCiq7ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048224399713096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037278587474739, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Scheme and photo of laboratory setup, figureFileSmall=A3iJcDwlFL0Gcghd4wBAxg==, figureFileBig=1nJ+X8jmzEmVcC2Zxp+g+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048224462627658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037278587474739, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实验室设置方案和实图, figureFileSmall=A3iJcDwlFL0Gcghd4wBAxg==, figureFileBig=1nJ+X8jmzEmVcC2Zxp+g+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048224529736525, 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label=图10, caption=非对称故障的实验结果, figureFileSmall=CdYycwNp2TwgGkX30O3V/g==, figureFileBig=cfWOCT8Sje5JrUalS7HAfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048224785589075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037278587474739, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=A1 Parameters of test system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
逆变器额定容量${S}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{kVA}}$ 1.55
电网相间电压${V}_{\mathrm{{LL}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 400
电网额定频率${f}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
滤波器电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.15
滤波器电阻${R}_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.015
虚拟滤波器电感${L}_{\mathrm{v}\mathrm{n}}$ (p.u.) 0.26
虚拟滤波器电阻${R}_{\mathrm{v}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{p}\text{.u.}}\right)$ 0.01
比例增益校正${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 30
积分增益校正${K}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 1000
虚拟转动惯量$J$ $4 \times {10}^{-4}$
$Q$ 环逆积分器增益$K$ 800
$P$ 下垂系数${D}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.8
$Q$ 下垂系数${D}_{0}$ 90
噪声协方差因子(电流)${Q}_{01}$ 0.5
测量协方差因子(电流)${R}_{01}$ 1
噪声协方差因子(电压)${Q}_{0\mathrm{V}}$ ${0.5}\times {10}^{-3}$
测量协方差因子(电压)${R}_{0\mathrm{V}}$ 1
DSOGI 比例因子${k}_{\text{SOGI }}$ 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154048224852697940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037278587474739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=测试系统相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
逆变器额定容量${S}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{kVA}}$ 1.55
电网相间电压${V}_{\mathrm{{LL}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 400
电网额定频率${f}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
滤波器电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.15
滤波器电阻${R}_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.015
虚拟滤波器电感${L}_{\mathrm{v}\mathrm{n}}$ (p.u.) 0.26
虚拟滤波器电阻${R}_{\mathrm{v}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{p}\text{.u.}}\right)$ 0.01
比例增益校正${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 30
积分增益校正${K}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 1000
虚拟转动惯量$J$ $4 \times {10}^{-4}$
$Q$ 环逆积分器增益$K$ 800
$P$ 下垂系数${D}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.8
$Q$ 下垂系数${D}_{0}$ 90
噪声协方差因子(电流)${Q}_{01}$ 0.5
测量协方差因子(电流)${R}_{01}$ 1
噪声协方差因子(电压)${Q}_{0\mathrm{V}}$ ${0.5}\times {10}^{-3}$
测量协方差因子(电压)${R}_{0\mathrm{V}}$ 1
DSOGI 比例因子${k}_{\text{SOGI }}$ 2
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不同故障状态下电网形成变换器的故障穿越控制
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陶军 1 , 钟鸣 1 , 阿敏夫 1 , 孙弘毅 2 , 莫瑞 3
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(4): 173-181
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(4): 173-181
不同故障状态下电网形成变换器的故障穿越控制
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陶军1 , 钟鸣1 , 阿敏夫1 , 孙弘毅2 , 莫瑞3
作者信息
  • 1 內蒙古电力科学研究院 呼和浩特 010020
  • 2 武汉凯默电气有限公司 武汉 430074
  • 3 广西大学电气工程学院 南宁 530004
  • 陶军(1968-),男,通信作者,本科,正高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail: 378541126@qq.com。

    钟鸣(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化调度。E-mail: 603955871@qq.com。

    阿敏夫(1990-),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力系统的优化运行。E-mail: 556211784@qq.com。

    孙弘毅(1991-),男,本科,中级工程师。研究方向:故障穿越控制技术。E-mail: 337899414@qq.com。

    莫瑞(1974-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: yuanwei131538@126.com。

Fault Ride-through Control of Grid-forming Converter in Different Fault States
Jun TAO1 , Ming ZHONG1 , Minfu A1 , Hongyi SUN2 , Rui MO3
Affiliations
  • 1 Inner Mongolia Electric Power Research Institute Hohhot 010020 China
  • 2 Wuhan Kemo Electric Co., Ltd Wuhan 430074 China
  • 3 School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.173
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电网形成 GFM(grid-forming converter)变换器作为高渗透率电力电子设备电力系统的主要元件之一,其故障穿越 FRT(fault-ride through)能力是保证高度电力电子化电力系统稳定运行的重要基础。基于此,提出1种适用于 GFM 变换器的 FRT 策略,既考虑了变换器的硬件约束(即电流约束),又可在发生对称和非对称故障时使GFM 在保护模式下运行。首先,详细分析了 GFM变换器的 FRT 相关问题;然后,建立了1种适当的FRT 模型及控制方法;最后,通过功率硬件在环仿真与实验验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明,与电网跟随变换器相比,所提控制方法可保障 GFM 变换器在故障时瞬时注入无功电流,以防止变换器出现过流问题,并最终实现GFM 变换器在严重故障条件下仍可容错运行。

电网形成变换器  /  电流限制  /  故障穿越  /  硬件在环

The grid-forming(GFM) converter is one of the main components of high-permeability power electronic equipment, and its fault ride-through(FRT) capability is an important basis for ensuring the stable operation of a power system with a high degree of power electronics. On this basis, an FRT strategy for GFM converter is proposed, which not only considers the hardware constraints(i.e., current constraints) of the converter, but also can keep it running in protected mode under symmetric and asymmetric faults. First, the FRT-related problem of the GFM converter is analyzed in detail. Then, an appropriate FRT model and the corresponding control method are established. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by power-hardware-in-the-loop simulation and experiment. Results show that compared with a grid-following converter, the proposed control method can guarantee the instantaneous injection of reactive current when the GFM converter fails to prevent the overcurrent problem, and the GFM converter can still operate fault-tolerant under serious fault conditions.

Grid-forming(GFM) converter  /  current constraint  /  fault ride-through(FRT)  /  hardware-in-the-loop
陶军, 钟鸣, 阿敏夫, 孙弘毅, 莫瑞. 不同故障状态下电网形成变换器的故障穿越控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 173 -181 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.173
Jun TAO, Ming ZHONG, Minfu A, Hongyi SUN, Rui MO. Fault Ride-through Control of Grid-forming Converter in Different Fault States[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 173 -181 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.173
电网跟随 GFL(grid-following)变换器作为可控电流源, 通过控制有功和无功电流来调节有功和无功功率输出, 与之相比, 电网形成 GFM (grid-forming)变换器呈现阻抗电压特性, 因此, 通过控制内部电压矢量的幅值和相位, 可实现注入功率的调节[1-3]。从电网角度看,此运行特性有利于变换器在任何电网事件下做出及时暂态反应, 然后注入无功电流以支持电网电压[4]。尽管这种快速反应能力使 GFM 变换器在某些方面优于 GFL 变换器,但仍需解决$\mathrm{{GFM}}$ 变换器的过电流问题[5]。针对此问题,文献[6-10]提出了 GFM 变换器的故障穿越 FRT(fault ride-through)控制方法, 大多仅考虑了对称故障的条件或所提控制方法为由 GFM 模式切换到标准矢量电流控制模式, 虽能控制故障期间的正、负序电流并符合现有的电网准则, 但 GFM 变换器在关键运行条件下的潜力未被充分利用[8-9]
除了电流限制, GFM 变换器还涉及暂态角稳定、内外循环之间的相互作用及由孤岛向并网模式过渡等相关问题。在已有文献中可找到各种用于 GFM 变换器的 FRT 策略, 然而这些研究缺乏对 GFM 变换器在故障期间运行特性的深入分析, 主要集中于限制变换器电流, 以防止不稳定问题。如文献[10-11]采用的解决方案是在检测到电网故障后立即切换到矢量控制模式, 然而此情况下通常采用级联控制回路的 PI 控制器来实现适当的电流限制, 因此应采用适当的技术来避免此工况下的闭锁现象。此解决方案的替代方案是使用虚拟阻抗, 即根据虚拟可变阻抗限制变换器参考电压, 以避免产生过大的电流控制参考值[12-13]。虚拟同步机 VSM (virtual synchronous machine)FRT 策略的早期研究已在文献[14]中提出。文献[15]分析了同步器采用非线性控制技术控制状态的局限性, 但未解决变换器的过流问题, 仅保证频率和电压的有界性, 不需要饱和单元; 文献[16-17]根据控制参数对对称和非对称电网故障引起的同步器励磁涌流进行了全面解析计算; 文献[18]提出一旦检测到故障状态, 立即激活内部电流控制环, 通过滞后电流控制器实现控制, 然后通过虚阻抗计算变换器参考电流, 并设置有功和无功功率设定值, 以实现电网规范, 但此类方法需要检测电网电压角; 文献[19]研究了非对称电网故障下 GFM 变换器的 FRT 和电流限制, 在不对称故障发生时, 引入了负序分量的辅助控制, 包括 1 个用于电网电压正序和负序估计的专用单元, 然而其仅考虑了正序列注入, 不符合电网准则, 即在不对称故障期间需要注入负序列电流。
本文重点关注电网故障期间变换器的电流限制问题, 提出了 1 种适用于 GFM 变换器的 FRT 控制策略。该方法允许在故障前、中、后期均实现阻抗电压所需的特性, 并防止控制不稳定性问题, 同时将变换器电流限制在硬件额定阈值以下。
GFM 变换器和 GFL 变换器在电网故障时的运行特性有较大差别,如图1所示。图中:$\mathbf{I}$ 为电流向量;${Z}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为变流器阻抗;${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为变流器输出电流;${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为变流器电压;${Z}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为相阻抗;${V}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为相电压;${I}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为相电流。
GFL 变换器在正常运行时, 通过控制有功和无功电流来调节注入电网的有功和无功功率, 因此需要 1 个专用单元来计算变换器注入电流与 PCC 测得的电网电压之间的相位差。图1(c)中的相量显示了 GFL 变换器对电压变化的典型反应特性, 由于其固有的电流源特性,试图保持电流相量${I}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 的幅度和相位不变, 同步环和外功率环根据电网准则计算注入所需无功功率的新的参考电流幅值和相位, 根据电网准则,在故障检测后${30}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 内注入无功功率。 相反, 由于 GFM 变换器固有的阻抗电压特性, 其反应是保持内部电压相量$E$ 为常数,引起电流暂态变化的相量如图1(d)所示。
所提 FRT 控制策略框图如图2所示。图中:${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为瞬时电流;$P$$Q$ 分别为有功和无功功率;${V}_{\mathrm{{ma}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{mb}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}$ 分别为$\mathrm{a}$ 相、$\mathrm{b}$ 相、$\mathrm{c}$ 相的最大电压;$\theta$ 为相角;${i}^{** }\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{I}_{\text{corr }}$ 分别为参考电流、最大电流、校正电流;${P}_{\text{set }}$${Q}_{\text{set }}$ 分别为设定有功和无功功率;${D}_{\mathrm{p}}$${D}_{\mathrm{q}}$ 分别为$p$$q$ 下垂系数;${T}_{\mathrm{m}}$${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为时间常数;$J$$K$ 为控制器参数;$\omega$ 为参考角频率。
图2中的外控制环由虚拟同步机 VSM 实现, 称为同步器, 但其可能被其他 GFM 控制结构取代。 专用的 PCC 电压幅值估计单元通过分别考虑各相位来检测故障状态, 当三相中的最低值低于规定阈值时,控制器激活外环开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$,即${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 切换到位置 2,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 打开。参考反电动势电压${e}^{* }$ 的大小和频率计算的外环预故障值均为锁闭的。预故障值的频率${\omega }_{\text{pre-fault }}$ 可通过锁频环 FLL(frequency locked loop) 获得,或通过内部量$\omega$ 适当反馈。
内控制回路采用可变虚拟导纳, 根据工况动态修改其电感和电阻分量${L}_{\mathrm{v}}$${R}_{\mathrm{v}}$。虚拟导纳可修改 GFM 变换器的输出阻抗而不需对测量电流求导, 是普遍采用的解决方案。通过比较 PCC 处测量电压的瞬时值${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$ 和外环计算的虚拟反电动势电压${e}^{* }$,直接计算出独立单相电流${i}^{* }$,即
${i}^{* }= \frac{{e}^{* }- {v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{v}}+ s{L}_{\mathrm{v}}}$
式中,$s$ 为时域变量。
当变换器被阻感元件的理想三相电压源取代时, 这些电流相当于流入电网的电流。在正常运行时,将${L}_{\mathrm{v}}$${R}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 设置为标称值${L}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{n}}$${R}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{n}}$,阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$ 根据单相电压最低${V}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}\_ \mathrm{{amp}}}$ 在外层循环的 3 个阶段测量。根据式(1),不超过变流器电流${I}_{\max }$ 的最大允许振幅, 计算过程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}= \left({{E}_{\mathrm{p}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}\_ \text{amp }}}\right)/{I}_{\text{max }}+ \Delta {V}_{\text{corr }}\\{R}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}= {Z}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}/\sqrt{{X}_{\text{ratio }}^{2}+ 1}\\{L}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}= \left({{X}_{\text{ratio }}\cdot {R}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}}\right)/{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${E}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为电压的振幅;${V}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}\_ \text{amp }}$ 为单相电压;$\Delta {V}_{\text{corr }}$ 为校正电压;${L}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$${R}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$ 分别为阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$ 的电感和电阻分量;${X}_{\text{ratio }}$ 为阻抗比,${X}_{\text{ratio }}= X/R;{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为标称电网频率。
一旦检测到故障状态,${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 是闭合的,将标称量${L}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{n}}$${R}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{n}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$${R}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$ 之间的最大值转发给虚拟导纳子系统, 从而将变换器的输出参考电流限制在最大允许幅值。然而,由于计算的虚拟阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{v}\_ \mathrm{f}}$ 仅将${E}_{\mathrm{p}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}\_ \text{amp }}$ 考虑在内,缺乏确切信息,无法计算电压相位差得到校正电压$\Delta {V}_{\text{corr }}$ 并通过$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制器实现。虚拟导纳的离散值可表示为
${Y}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( z\right)= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{z{L}_{\mathrm{v}}- \left({{L}_{\mathrm{v}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{v}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)} $
式中:$z$ 为频率变量;${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为样本时间。故障期间等效输出阻抗的变化并不影响变换器的工作原理, 在此工作条件下,变换器仍保持其 GFM 特性。
参考电流的生成模块负责产生内控回路参考电流${i}^{** }$ 的子系统,应允许在正常运行时再现由虚拟导纳计算出的电流${i}^{* }$,同时限制其幅度,保持其相位不变。当计算出的振幅超过幅值限制时, 该方法不需估计故障发生, 可缩短计算时间。为此, 本文提出了 2 种控制方法, 如图3所示。
方法 1 如图3(a)所示,正、负序电流分别用${i}^{*+ }$${i}^{* }$ 表示,该方案采用二阶广义积分器 DSOGI (dual second-order generalized integrator)结构计算正、负序列分量, 并进行调整。然后, 计算三相电流中的最大幅值为${L}_{\mathrm{m}}= \max \left\{{{I}_{\mathrm{{ma}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{mb}}},{I}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}}\right\}$,其中
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{{ma}}}= \sqrt{{\left({I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }\right)}^{2}+ {\left({I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }\right)}^{2}+ 2{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }\cos \gamma }\\{I}_{\mathrm{{mb}}}= \sqrt{{\left({I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }\right)}^{2}+ {\left({I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }\right)}^{2}+ 2{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }\cos \left({\gamma -\frac{2}{3}\pi }\right)} \\{I}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}= \sqrt{{\left({I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }\right)}^{2}+ {\left({I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }\right)}^{2}+ 2{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }\cos \left({\gamma +\frac{2}{3}\pi }\right)} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }$ 分别为正、负序最大电流幅值;$\gamma =$ ${\phi }_{1}^{+ }- {\phi }_{1}^{- },{\phi }_{1}^{+ }$${\phi }_{1}^{- }$ 分别为正序向量和负序向量的相位。
通过${I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }$${I}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }$ 分别乘以因子${k}_{1}$ 计算出${\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{m}}^{+ }$${\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{m}}^{- }$, 以将三相最高电流限制在最大阈值${I}_{\max }$ 以下,其中${k}_{1}$
${k}_{1}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{{I}_{\max }}{{I}_{\mathrm{m}}}& {I}_{\mathrm{m}}> {I}_{\max }\\ 1 &{I}_{\mathrm{m}}\leq {I}_{\max }\end{array}\right.$
方法 2 如图3(b)所示, 卡尔曼滤波器在内部控制中实现循环,估计每个单相电流的大小${I}_{\mathrm{m}X}$ 和相位${\phi }_{\mathrm{L}X}, X =\{\mathrm{a},\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}\}$。因此,电流限制过程不是如方法 1 那样通过控制估计的正、负序列分量的振幅来实现, 而是直接作用于每个单相电流。卡尔曼滤波器的估计过程可以分为预测和校正 2 个阶段。第 1 阶段对当前状态进行预测, 以获得对下一步的先验估计; 第 2 阶段涉及过程中的测量, 并为接下来的时间校正估计。系统模型为
$ x\left({n + 1}\right)= \phi \left( n\right) x\left( n\right)+ \omega \left( n\right)$
式中:$\phi \left( n\right)$ 为状态转移矩阵;$\mathbf{x}\left( n\right)$ 为状态向量;$\mathbf{\omega }\left( n\right)$ 为模型向量。
$\phi \left( n\right)$ 可表示为
$\phi \left( n\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{rr}\cos \left({\omega {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)& -\sin \left({\omega {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\\\sin \left({\omega {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)& \cos \left({\omega {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,$\omega$ 为输入信号的频率。
观测模型被假定为
$ z\left( n\right)= \mathbf{H}\left( n\right)\mathbf{x}\left( n\right)+ \mathbf{v}\left( n\right)$
式中:$\mathbf{H}\left( n\right)$ 为测量矩阵;$\mathbf{v}\left( n\right)$ 为测量向量。均假设为白色序列,协方差矩阵$\mathbf{Q}\left( n\right)= {Q}_{0}\mathbf{I},\mathbf{R}\left( n\right)= {R}_{0}\mathbf{I},\mathbf{I}$ 为单位矩阵,${Q}_{0}$ 为单位无功功率,${R}_{0}$ 为单位电阻。
该滤波器可表示为
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}^{- }\left( n\right)= \phi \left({n - 1}\right)\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({n - 1}\right)$
${\mathbf{P}}^{- }\left( n\right)= \mathbf{\phi }\left({n - 1}\right)\mathbf{P}\left({n - 1}\right){\mathbf{\phi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({n - 1}\right)+ \mathbf{Q}\left( n\right)$
$ K\left( n\right)= {\mathbf{P}}^{- }\left( n\right){\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( n\right){\left\lbrack \mathbf{H}\left( n\right){\mathbf{P}}^{- }\left( n\right){\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( n\right)+ \mathbf{R}\left( n\right)\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( n\right)= {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}^{- }\left( n\right)+ K\left( n\right)\left\lbrack {z\left( n\right)- \mathbf{H}\left( n\right){\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}^{- }\left( n\right)}\right\rbrack $
$\mathbf{P}\left( n\right)= \left\lbrack {I - K\left( n\right)\mathbf{H}\left( n\right)}\right\rbrack {\mathbf{P}}^{-1}\left( n\right)$
式中:$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( n\right)$$\mathbf{x}\left( n\right)$ 的估计;$\mathbf{P}\left( n\right)$ 为估计误差的协方差矩阵;$K\left( n\right)$ 为卡尔曼增益;${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}^{- }\left( n\right)$${\mathbf{P}}^{- }\left( n\right)$ 为在$n - 1$ 瞬间使用信息的估计。参考电流$i$ 转发到最内部的电流控制环, 计算重构 3 个单相信号的信息, 即各自的幅度和相位。首先通过饱和单元, 每个电流被限制在${I}_{\max }$ 以下,然后计算三相信号的正、负序列分量, 即
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{I}^{*+ }\\{I}^{*- }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\frac{1}{3}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 &\alpha &{\alpha }^{2}\\ 1 &{\alpha }^{2}& \alpha \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{{ma}}}^{* }{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\phi }_{\mathrm{{la}}}}\\{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{{mb}}}^{* }{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\phi }_{\mathrm{{lb}}}}\\{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}^{* }{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\phi }_{\mathrm{{lc}}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:$\alpha$ 为 Fortescue 算子,$\alpha ={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}2/{3\pi }};{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{m}X}^{* }$ 为各自单相电流的饱和幅值,$X =\{ a, b, c\}$。正、负序电流分量的计算通过代数方程进行,不涉及任何计算时滞。
根据控制带宽要求, 必须进行极快的电流控制。事实上,为了在要求的$1\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 频率范围内实现期望特性, 内层电流控制回路的带宽应是此范围的 2~3 倍,考虑一阶系统的上升时间与带宽的关系, 可以计算出电流控制内环的时间常数为
${t}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{\operatorname{In}9}{\mathrm{{BW}}}$
式中:${t}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为上升时间;$\mathrm{{BW}}$ 为控制带宽。
根据式(15),内部电流控制回路的上升时间应小于$1\mathrm{\;{ms}}$。为了减少电流控制回路的时延,可以采用不同的解决方案。基于模型预测控制的方法, 如无差拍控制, 是很好的候选方法。然而, 由于模型预测控制器易受滤波器和电网参数影响, 通过 FPGA 板实现自适应滞后电流控制。该解决方案允许实现极高的带宽,并确保变换器电流不会克服硬件组件施加的限制, 前提是其参考值是正确产生的。需要指出的是, 根据式(1)计算的参考电流, 由于并网变换器一般采用星型$\mathrm{Y}$ /三角型$\Delta$ 接线的隔离变压,因此仅能包含正、负序分量。为防止在测量的${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}$ 中存在零序列组件, 即使是标准的三相无中性点连接的变换器, 也始终根据所提策略结果来控制变换器电流。
本文采用硬件在环 HIL(hardware-in-the-loop) 测试平台进行仿真分析, FPGA 板产生 IGBT 的脉冲,以便根据参考信号${i}^{** }$ 控制变换器的输出电流。 测试系统参数见表1图4图5分别为在对称和非对称故障条件下采用 2 种检测策略产生参考电流的控制效果。图中给出了故障发生时有功功率和无功功率的注入情况。一旦检测到故障状态开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 激活,将其初始位置在正常情况下恢复, 以便变换器再同步瞬态阶段。对比图4图5可见, 无论是在故障发生时,还是在重新同步过程中,方法 2 的控制效果均更好, 这些影响可与电流限制方法的优越性能联系起来。
图6图7分别为在模拟故障条件下, 采用上述 2 种方法计算的变换器参考电流。可见, 方法 2 的结果可以更有效地消除短路电流的直流成分, 这并不利于有功或无功功率注入, 但会使变压器饱和。事实上, 锁相环和类似的滤波器结构在估计存在直流偏置三相系统的序列分量方面存在一定的局限性, 其是以更高的复杂度和动态性能的下降为代价。
图8(a)和(b)分别为实验拓扑和装置。1 个额定功率为${1.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的两电平变换器,配有输出滤波器和隔离变压器。
图9为对称故障时变换器的运行特性, 将变换器的工作点设置为${P}_{\text{set }}= 1\mathrm{{kW}}$,无无功注入,以模拟故障发生时变换器可注入额定电流的 1.5 p.u.。 电网仿真器的电压突然降低至 0.7 p.u., 由图9(a)可以看出注入无功功率的迅速反应, 其中突出显示故障发生后$5\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 内的响应。电流设定值和测量电流如图9(d)所示。图9(g)为故障前和故障后电压和电流之间的位移, 负责注入无功功率。这会造成虚拟导纳和虚拟电压源之间的相位偏移变大, 因此, 根据电压的大小抑制不同类型故障是无法实现的。
图10为非对称故障时变换器的运行特性。由于两相故障是通过 2 个串联的三角型$\Delta$ /星型$\mathrm{Y}$ 连接到地的传播造成的, 除了所有 3 个阶段的电压幅度不同程度的减小外, 这种类型的故障特征是两相的相角差。图10(a)为变换器注入无功功率的反应,图10(d)为故障期间注入的电流,图10(g)为变换器电流相对于故障前状态的相角差。
针对电网故障期间变换器的电流限制问题, 本文提出了一种适用于 GFM 变换器的 FRT 控制策略。通过 HIL 仿真与实验, 验证了所提方法的有效性与优越性, 并得到如下结论。
(1)与 GFL 变换器相比,所提方法可在故障时瞬时注入无功电流, 防止变换器出现过流问题, 最终保障 GFM 变换器在严重故障条件下仍可容错运行。
(2)所提方法充分考虑了变换器的硬件约束条件(即电流约束),可在极端故障条件下保障变换器具有无功功率注入反应和确保电流限制的能力。
(3)所提方法可保障变换器在故障前、中、后期均具备阻抗电压特性, 此外还可将变换器电流限制在硬件额定阈值以下。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技攻关资助项目(2019GG373)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.173
  • 接收时间:2021-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-13
  • 修回日期:2022-05-05
  • 录用日期:2022-05-24
基金
Science and Technology Research Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2019GG373)
内蒙古自治区科技攻关资助项目(2019GG373)
作者信息
    1 內蒙古电力科学研究院 呼和浩特 010020
    2 武汉凯默电气有限公司 武汉 430074
    3 广西大学电气工程学院 南宁 530004
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