Article(id=1154037273524949796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.200, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1637424000000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-21, revisedDate=1647273600000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-15, acceptedDate=1649606400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-11, onlineDate=1753073526983, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073526983, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073526983, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073526983, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=200, endPage=208, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037274166678310, articleId=1154037273524949796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Improved DSOGI Synchronization Scheme for Flexible DC Transmission System Connected to Non-ideal Power Grid, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional phase-locked loops (PLLs) in a VSC-HVDC system such as a synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL) and a dual second-order generalized integrator PLL (DSOGI-PLL) cannot accurately track the positive-sequence voltage phase of grid fundamental wave under non-ideal power grid, which will cause different degrees of phase-locked error, affect the control performance of VSC and reduce the system stability. To solve this problem, an improved DSOGI-PLL scheme is proposed. First, the attenuation characteristics of SOGI-QSG at different frequencies are analyzed according to the Bode diagram, and the limitations of DSOGI-PLL applications are obtained. Then, based on the voltage of harmonic grid, the internal model of repetitive control is introduced on the basis of DSOGI to realize the real-time tracking and regulation of harmonic signals, thus suppressing the harmonic voltage interference. At the same time, considering the DC bias and voltage frequency fluctuation of power grid, a method of DC bias elimination and frequency adaptation is proposed to realize the adaptive phase tracking of power grid. Finally, the superiority of the proposed strategy was verified through a comparison between the simulation and experimental results.

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针对非理想电网下 VSC-HVDC 系统中同步旋转坐标系锁相环 SRF-PLL(synchroncus reference frame phase-locked loop)、双二阶广义积分器锁相环 DSOGI-PLL(dual second-order generalized integrator phase-locked loop)等传统锁相环无法准确追踪电网基波正序电压相位,致使不同程度的锁相误差影响 VSC 控制性能,降低系统稳定性等问题,提出了改进型DSOGI-PLL 方案。首先,根据SOGI-QSG的Bode 图分析其对不同频率的衰减特性,得出DSOGI-PLL 的适用局限性;然后,基于谐波电网电压,在DSOGI基础上引入重复控制内模,实现对谐波信号的实时跟踪调节,以抑制谐波电压干扰。同时考虑到直流偏置与电网电压频率波动,提出直流偏置消除与频率自适应方法,实现对电网相位的自适应跟踪;最后,通过仿真及实验结果对比,验证了所提策略的优越性。

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薛云涛(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: 2466740451@qq.com。

任百群(1988-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护及安全控制策略。E-mail: renbq@nrec.com。

谢剑翔(1986-),男,硕士。研究方向:风电系统并网同步跟踪控制策略。E-mail: 316331795@qq.com。

陈宇昇(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 1134754671@qq.com。

鄞庆佳(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电系统稳定性控制策略。E-mail:2593616579@qq.com。

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薛云涛(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: 2466740451@qq.com。

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薛云涛(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: 2466740451@qq.com。

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任百群(1988-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护及安全控制策略。E-mail: renbq@nrec.com。

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任百群(1988-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护及安全控制策略。E-mail: renbq@nrec.com。

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谢剑翔(1986-),男,硕士。研究方向:风电系统并网同步跟踪控制策略。E-mail: 316331795@qq.com。

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谢剑翔(1986-),男,硕士。研究方向:风电系统并网同步跟踪控制策略。E-mail: 316331795@qq.com。

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陈宇昇(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 1134754671@qq.com。

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陈宇昇(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 1134754671@qq.com。

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鄞庆佳(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电系统稳定性控制策略。E-mail:2593616579@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

鄞庆佳(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电系统稳定性控制策略。E-mail:2593616579@qq.com。

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柔性直流输电系统接入非理想电网的改进 DSOGI 同步方案
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薛云涛 1 , 任百群 2 , 谢剑翔 1 , 陈宇昇 1 , 鄞庆佳 1
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(4): 200-208
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(4): 200-208
柔性直流输电系统接入非理想电网的改进 DSOGI 同步方案
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薛云涛1 , 任百群2 , 谢剑翔1 , 陈宇昇1 , 鄞庆佳1
作者信息
  • 1 广东电网有限责任公司 广州供电局 广州 510630
  • 2 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 南京 211102
  • 薛云涛(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail: 2466740451@qq.com。

    任百群(1988-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护及安全控制策略。E-mail: renbq@nrec.com。

    谢剑翔(1986-),男,硕士。研究方向:风电系统并网同步跟踪控制策略。E-mail: 316331795@qq.com。

    陈宇昇(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 1134754671@qq.com。

    鄞庆佳(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电系统稳定性控制策略。E-mail:2593616579@qq.com。

Improved DSOGI Synchronization Scheme for Flexible DC Transmission System Connected to Non-ideal Power Grid
Yuntao XUE1 , Baiqun REN2 , Jianxiang XIE1 , Yusheng CHEN1 , Qingjia YIN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510630 China
  • 2 Nanjing Nanrui Jibao Electric Co., Ltd Nanjing 211102 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.200
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针对非理想电网下 VSC-HVDC 系统中同步旋转坐标系锁相环 SRF-PLL(synchroncus reference frame phase-locked loop)、双二阶广义积分器锁相环 DSOGI-PLL(dual second-order generalized integrator phase-locked loop)等传统锁相环无法准确追踪电网基波正序电压相位,致使不同程度的锁相误差影响 VSC 控制性能,降低系统稳定性等问题,提出了改进型DSOGI-PLL 方案。首先,根据SOGI-QSG的Bode 图分析其对不同频率的衰减特性,得出DSOGI-PLL 的适用局限性;然后,基于谐波电网电压,在DSOGI基础上引入重复控制内模,实现对谐波信号的实时跟踪调节,以抑制谐波电压干扰。同时考虑到直流偏置与电网电压频率波动,提出直流偏置消除与频率自适应方法,实现对电网相位的自适应跟踪;最后,通过仿真及实验结果对比,验证了所提策略的优越性。

柔性直流输电  /  锁相环  /  不平衡  /  谐波  /  直流偏置  /  频率自适应

The traditional phase-locked loops (PLLs) in a VSC-HVDC system such as a synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL) and a dual second-order generalized integrator PLL (DSOGI-PLL) cannot accurately track the positive-sequence voltage phase of grid fundamental wave under non-ideal power grid, which will cause different degrees of phase-locked error, affect the control performance of VSC and reduce the system stability. To solve this problem, an improved DSOGI-PLL scheme is proposed. First, the attenuation characteristics of SOGI-QSG at different frequencies are analyzed according to the Bode diagram, and the limitations of DSOGI-PLL applications are obtained. Then, based on the voltage of harmonic grid, the internal model of repetitive control is introduced on the basis of DSOGI to realize the real-time tracking and regulation of harmonic signals, thus suppressing the harmonic voltage interference. At the same time, considering the DC bias and voltage frequency fluctuation of power grid, a method of DC bias elimination and frequency adaptation is proposed to realize the adaptive phase tracking of power grid. Finally, the superiority of the proposed strategy was verified through a comparison between the simulation and experimental results.

Flexible DC transmission  /  phase-locked loop (PLL)  /  imbalance  /  harmonic  /  DC bias  /  frequency adaptation
薛云涛, 任百群, 谢剑翔, 陈宇昇, 鄞庆佳. 柔性直流输电系统接入非理想电网的改进 DSOGI 同步方案. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 200 -208 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.200
Yuntao XUE, Baiqun REN, Jianxiang XIE, Yusheng CHEN, Qingjia YIN. Improved DSOGI Synchronization Scheme for Flexible DC Transmission System Connected to Non-ideal Power Grid[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 200 -208 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.200
能源是经济发展的基础, 传统能源如煤、石油等储量有限且使用过程中会引起环境污染, 因此清洁、可再生能源在国内外得到大力发展[1-3]。 受环境因素限制, 清洁能源通常远离负荷中心, 装机容量较小, 距主网较远, 此情况下高压直流输电较交流输电在经济、技术等方面更具优势[4-5]。 VSC-HVDC 输电系统并网侧 VSC 的电流控制可分为同步方案、内环电流控制两大核心内容, 其中同步方案需准确锁定电网电压相位, 是控制的前提。使用最广泛的是同步旋转坐标系锁相环[6-8] SRF-PLL(synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop), 其结构简单, 在理想电网下可准确锁相, 但实际电网常呈非理想特性, 表现为不平衡、谐波、直流偏置与频率波动等[9],此时 SRF-PLL 在获取相位角的过程中受电网电压干扰, 会导致较大的相位偏移误差, 降低控制系统性能。因此, 在非理想电网下准确追踪电网电压相位信息尤为重要。
许多学者对不平衡电网情况下的锁相方法进行了研究。文献[10]提出一种双同步坐标系解耦锁相环 DDSRF-PLL(decoupled double synchronous reference frame PLL)来实现电压信号的正、负序分离,但其使用了双${dq}$,引入滤波器数量较多,计算较复杂,致使暂态响应时间较长;文献[11-12] 采用双二阶广义积分器锁相环 DSOGI-PLL(dual second-order generalized integrator PLL), 在 SRF-PLL 基础上引入正交信号发生器 QSG(quadrature signal generator)与正、负序分量 PNSC(positive-and negative-sequence component)计算模块, 提取电网电压的正序分量作为 SRF-PLL 的输入信号, 进行相位角锁定, 效果较佳; 为提高锁相速度, 文献[13] 提出一种瞬时序分量提取方案,省略了闭环检测中的参数设置等过程, 仅通过电网电压与虚拟正交信号求得瞬时电压序分量, 计算精度较高。针对谐波电网下的锁相问题,传统方法是改进 PLL 环路滤波器与鉴相器的设计。前者引入滤波环节如陷波器[14] 、滑动平均滤波器[15] 的方法对谐波电压的抑制效果不理想。后者采用多二阶广义积分器锁相环[16] MSOGI-PLL(multiple second-order generalized integrator phase-locked loop)与延时信号消除法[17],利用构造的正交信号提取基波正序电压, 可有效降低谐波电压的影响, 但 MSOGI-PLL 结构繁琐, 算法复杂; 延时信号消除算法存在误差、鲁棒性差。文献[18]将重复控制内模引入交叉解耦复数滤波器 PLL, 该算法简单且在锁相过程中能够完全消除谐波。上述方法各有优缺点, 为扩宽 PLL 适用范围, 需进一步研究能够在不同电网条件下精准捕获相位信息的锁相方案。
综上所述, 本文将针对多种非理想电网, 即不平衡、谐波、直流偏置及频率波动情况下的锁相方案进行研究,提出一种改进型 DSOGI-PLL 策略。 首先, 在原有锁相环的基础上嵌入重复控制内模, 利用其在基波及各次谐波频率处产生谐振尖峰这一特性提取基波与谐波分量, 同时引入陷波器滤除基波, 将谐波信号负反馈至输入端, 进而消除全频段谐波电压。然后, 在 SOGI-QSG 中引入输入电压误差信号的低通滤波环节, 以抵消正交信号中的直流分量。最后,将 SRF-PLL 环节求得的电网角频率替换 SOGI-QSG 中原设定的固定谐振频率,实现频率的自适应调节。
图1为 SRF-PLL 结构, 其中虚线框内为鉴相器,$1/s$ 为压控振荡器,对采集的电网电压信息进行坐标变换,转换为${dq}$ 坐标系下的${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}$,输给$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 调节器, 将得到的输出量与频率给定值进行比较, 对差值进行积分即可得到相位信息$\widehat{\theta }$
SRF-PLL 算法简单, 在理想电网下可精准锁定相位信息, 但实际工作中, 由于非线性负载、不对称故障等,常导致电网存在不平衡电压、谐波等, 呈现非理想状态。基波电压转换到${dq}$ 坐标系下表现为直流量, 奇次谐波电压表现为交流量, 致使求得的${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}$ 中存在交流干扰。不平衡及谐波电网电压数学模型可表示为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{{ga}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{gb}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack ={u}_{\mathrm{g}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \theta \\\cos \left({\theta -\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\\\cos \left({\theta +\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \left({-\theta }\right)\\\cos \left({-\theta -\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\\\cos \left({-\theta +\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +$
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n \neq \pm 1}}^{{+\infty }}a{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \left({n\theta }\right)\\\cos \left({{n\theta }- \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\\\cos \left({{n\theta }+ \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:${u}_{\mathrm{{ga}}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{{gb}}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}$ 分别为基波正、负序与各奇次谐波的电压分量;${u}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为基波电压幅值;$\theta$ 为基波正序电压的相位角;$n$ 为奇数;$a$ 为电压幅值系数。
利用坐标变换对式 (1) 进行处理,得到${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}$ 表达式为
${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}= {u}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \left({\theta -\widehat{\theta }}\right)- {u}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \left({\theta +\widehat{\theta }}\right)+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{\substack{{-\infty }\\{n \neq \pm 1}}}^{{+\infty }}a{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \left\lbrack {\left({n - 1}\right)\widehat{\theta }}\right\rbrack $
式中,$\widehat{\theta }$ 为锁相环检测到的相位角,实际$\widehat{\theta }$$\theta$ 会存在一定偏差, 若假设偏差为 0, 则式(2)可变换为
${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}= -{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \left({2\widehat{\theta }}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{\substack{{-\infty }\\{n \neq \pm 1}}}^{{+\infty }}a{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \left\lbrack {\left({n - 1}\right)\widehat{\theta }}\right\rbrack $
仅当${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}= 0$ 时检测到的相位信息才准确,观察式(3)发现,基波负序电压给${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}$ 引入了 2 倍频的波动分量,$n$ 次谐波电压给${u}_{\mathrm{g}q}$ 引入了$n - 1$ 倍频的波动分量,致使锁定的相位角存在误差。
由锁相原理知,准确锁相的前提是获取${\alpha \beta }$ 坐标系下的电压正序分量, 由对称分量法求得
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{u}_{\mathrm{g}{\alpha \beta }+ }= \left\lbrack {T}_{\alpha \beta }\right\rbrack {u}_{\mathrm{g}{abc}+ }= \left\lbrack {T}_{\alpha \beta }\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {T}_{+ }\right\rbrack {u}_{\mathrm{{gabc}}}= \\\frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 &- q \\ q & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack {u}_{\mathrm{g}{\alpha \beta }}\\{u}_{\mathrm{g}{\alpha \beta }- }= \left\lbrack {T}_{\alpha \beta }\right\rbrack {u}_{\mathrm{g}{abc}- }= \left\lbrack {T}_{\alpha \beta }\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {T}_{- }\right\rbrack {u}_{\mathrm{{gabc}}}= \\\frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & q \\- q & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack {u}_{\mathrm{g}{\alpha \beta }}\end{matrix}\right.$
式中:$\left\lbrack {T}_{+ }\right\rbrack =\frac{1}{3}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & a &{a}^{2}\\{a}^{2}& 1 & a \\ a &{a}^{2}& 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\left\lbrack {T}_{- }\right\rbrack =\frac{1}{3}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 &{a}^{2}& a \\ a & 1 &{a}^{2}\\{a}^{2}& a & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack$;
$\left\lbrack {T}_{\alpha \beta }\right\rbrack$ 为 Clark 变换矩阵;$q ={\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\pi /2}$ 表示${90}^{\circ }$ 时的相位偏移。
根据式(4),电压正序分量在${\alpha \beta }$ 轴下可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha +} =\frac{1}{2}\left({{u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha }- q{u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }}\right)\\{u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta +} =\frac{1}{2}\left({q{u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha }+ {u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }}\right)\end{array}\right.$
分析式(5)可知,需对${u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha }$${u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }$ 进行${90}^{\circ }$ 的移相,二阶广义积分器[19] 可实现此功能,图2为其原理框图。
SOGI-QSG 传递函数可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} D\left( s\right)= \frac{{u}^{\prime }\left( s\right)}{u\left( s\right)} =\frac{k{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}s}{{s}_{2}+ k{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}s +{w}_{\mathrm{g}}^{2}}\\ Q\left( s\right)= \frac{q{u}^{\prime }\left( s\right)}{u\left( s\right)} =\frac{k{w}_{\mathrm{g}}^{2}}{{s}_{2}+ k{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为谐振角频率;$k$ 为增益系数。
当仅有$\omega ={\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$,此时$D\left( s\right)= 1, Q\left( s\right)= 1$$\angle {90}^{\circ }$, 即当输入 QSG 环节的信号角频率等于谐振角频率时,可产生幅值相等的正交信号。图3(a)(b)分别为不同$k$ 值下$D\left( s\right)\text{、}Q\left( s\right)$ 的波特图,其中$D\left( s\right)$ 表现为带通滤波器,$Q\left( s\right)$ 表现为低通滤波器。观察可知, 两者在谐振频率点处的幅值增益均为 0, 因此可对输入的基波分量实现无静差跟踪。由图3(a)发现,$D\left( s\right)$ 滤波器的带宽受$k$ 影响,$k$ 值越小,带宽越窄, 对其他频率处信号的衰减程度越大; 观察图3(b)中的幅频特性曲线可知, 在谐振频率达到${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 后,增益以$-{40}\mathrm{\;{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 衰减,但$Q\left( s\right)$ 对低频信号的衰减能力较弱; 对于小于${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的信号,衰减度随$k$ 值的增大而减小。
需要注意的是,$D\left( s\right)\text{、}Q\left( s\right)$ 对低频谐波的衰减能力均较弱, 在电网含有较多低频谐波分量的情况下, DSOGI 并不能完全滤除谐波, 电压信号提取过程中会存在谐波干扰, 导致锁相误差。此外, 虽然$D\left( s\right)$ 滤波器可将直流分量基本滤除,但因$Q\left( s\right)$ 的低通特性, 其对直流表现出较弱的衰减性能, 致使输出中含有直流分量。直流信号输出量大小与$k$ 相关: 当$k < 1$ 时,直流输出量有所衰减; 当$k = 1$ 时, 无损失地输出直流信号; 当$k > 1$ 时,直流分量有所提高。因此,当电网存在直流偏置时,DSOGI-PLL无法准确锁定相位信息。
为抑制谐波电压干扰, 提高锁相环在谐波电网下的锁相精度, 在传统 DSOGI-PLL 外环上引入重复控制内模。根据重复控制原理,内模控制可在基波与谐波信号频率处产生谐振增益, 实现对各次谐波信号的实时跟踪调节, 随着周期性调节, 进而达到零误差跟踪。其表达式为
$ G\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}}$
式中,$T$ 为外部信号周期。对式 (7)做$z$ 变换,根据变换原理:$z ={\mathrm{e}}^{-{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}$,得到离散域下的表达式
$ G\left( z\right)= \frac{1}{1 -{z}^{-A}}$
式中,$A ={f}_{\mathrm{s}}/f, f$ 为基波信号频率,${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为采样频率。
谐波电网中 5、7、11 等奇次谐波电压含量最高, 对锁相环干扰最大, 因此仅对奇次谐波电压进行抑制即可。为提高系统响应性能, 文献[20]提出一种改进型奇次谐波发生器的内模结构, 可降低半个延迟周期, 其表达式为
$ G\left( z\right)= \frac{1}{1 + C\left( z\right){z}^{-A/2}}$
式中,$C\left( z\right)$ 为低通滤波器或小于 1 的常数,可削弱干扰信号, 提高系统鲁棒性。奇次谐波发生器内模结构见图5
内模结构对应的幅频特性如图6所示。分析可知, 其在基波及各次谐波处均会产生幅值增益, 因此能够跟踪、调节全频段谐波分量,将其筛选出来。
分析图3可知,$D\left( s\right)\text{、}Q\left( s\right)$ 对直流分量的衰减特性不同,在发生直流偏置情况下,${u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha }^{\prime }\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }^{\prime }$ 基本不存在直流成分,但因$Q\left( s\right)$ 滤波器的低通特性,$q{u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha }^{\prime }$$q{u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }^{\prime }$ 中含有大量的直流成分,且直流偏置的大小与$k$ 相关,为$k{u}_{\mathrm{{gDC}}}$。以$\beta$ 轴电压为例,误差信号$\varepsilon$ 可表示为$\varepsilon ={u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }- {u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }^{\prime }= {u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta \mathrm{{DC}}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta \mathrm{n}}$,其中${u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }^{\prime }$ 为 QSG 环节输出的电压。直流偏置消除原理如图7所示,先将误差信号放大$k$ 倍,然后经过低通滤波器处理即可得到$k{u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta \mathrm{{DC}}}$,以此抵消$q{u}_{\mathrm{g}\beta }^{\prime }$ 中的直流偏置, 获得无直流分量的正交信号,$\alpha$ 轴电压${u}_{\mathrm{g}\alpha }$ 情况与之相同。
现实中的电网电压频率并不能始终稳定在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,电网等级不同,允许存在的偏差范围不同, 当系统容量$>{300}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 时,允许值为$\pm {0.2}\mathrm{{Hz}}$,当容量$<{300}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 时,允许值为$\pm {0.5}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。有标准规定: 在风电系统中,当电网频率偏差为$\pm 3\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时,要求风机不脱网运行, 因此需保证 DSOGI-PLL 在电网频率波动时仍能精准锁定相位。
根据 1.2 小节分析可知, 仅当输入 SOGI-QSG 环节的信号频率与设定的${\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 相等时,会输出理想的正交信号, 否则输出信号的相位与输入存在偏差。频率自适应原理框图如图8所示, 将图4中 DSOGI-PLL 检测到的频率$\omega {}_{\mathrm{{lg}}}$ 输入 SOGI-QSG,对谐振频率进行实时调节, 使其与电网实际频率保持一致,以实现频率自适应。
改进 DSOGI-PLL 结构见图9, 其嵌入了重复控制内模外环,加入了${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 陷波器[21],用以滤除基波分量, 从而得到全频段谐波信号, 再将其负反馈至锁相环输入端以抵消输入电压信号中的谐波电压;同时,引入了直流偏置消除与频率自适应策略, 从而保证改进型 DSOGI-PLL 在不平衡、谐波、直流偏置及频率波动下的准确锁相。
利用 Simulink 平台搭建系统仿真模型, 在非理想电网下对 SRF-PLL、传统 DSOGI-PLL、 改进型 DSOGI-PLL 同步方案进行仿真对比, 设定电网电压频率为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,系统采样频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
为对比 SRF-PLL 与传统 DSOGI-PLL 在不平衡电网下的锁相性能,在${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 向电网注入${30}\%$ 的负序电压,同时相角突变${20}^{\circ }$,仿真结果见图10所示。对比发现, SRF-PLL 的锁相误差为$\pm {0.15}$、呈 2 倍频波动的正弦波,而 DSOGI-PLL 可抑制不平衡电压干扰,锁相误差稳定在 0。
${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时向电网注入${30}\%$ 的负序 5 次谐波, 同时相角突变${50}^{\circ }$,如图11(a)所示;而图11(b)为传统 DSOGI 与改进 DSOGI 方案在 5 次谐波电网下输出的锁相误差波形。鉴于 SOGI 环节对高频信号呈衰减特性, 在一定程度上降低了谐波干扰, 但为追求更精准的相位信息, 谐波污染仍不可忽视。观察可知, 传统 DSOGI-PLL 的锁相误差表现为小范围的 6 倍频波动,波动幅度为$\pm {0.03}$,而改进 DSOGI-PLL 能完全消除谐波影响, 可在谐波电网下准确追踪电网相位信息。
为验证改进DSOGI-PLL在电网存在直流偏置情况下的锁相优越性,在${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时向电网$\mathrm{C}$ 相电压注入 15%的直流分量,如图12(a)所示。观察图12(b)的锁相误差波形发现, 传统 DSOGI-PLL 的误差信号表现为在$\pm {0.08}$ 范围波动的正弦波,波动频率为基频, 此时捕获的相位存在低频振荡现象, 振荡幅度约为 2.5%。相比之下,改进 DSOGI-PLL 方案在直流分量注入时刻出现锁相误差, 不再为 0, 但经过快速调节后又再次稳定为 0,验证了其在直流偏置电网下高精度的锁相性能。
${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时将电网电压频率从${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 跳变至${43}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,检验 2 种锁相环在电网频率波动下的锁相精度, 对比图13(b)输出的锁相误差波形发现, 传统 DSOGI-PLL 在频率变化后无法准确锁定电网电压相位信息, 锁相误差波形呈周期性规律变化, 波动幅度范围为$\pm {6.28}$,而改进 DSOGI-PLL 在短时间调节后仍可准确锁定相位信息。
为进一步验证所提改进 DSOGI-PLL 同步方案的有效性, 搭建了实验平台, 使用了高性能数字信号控制器 TMX320C6747ZKB3, 并应用 CCS5.3 软件编程实现电力信号同步相位的快速捕获,通过外加$\mathrm{D}/\mathrm{A}$ 转换器将相位信息输出转化为模拟量输出, 以便于通过示波器观察实验结果。实验中, 设置了 5 次谐波电网(在${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时向电网注入${30}\%$ 的负序电压,同时相角突变${20}^{\circ }$ ),实验结果如图14所示。其中,图14(b)(c)分别为传统 DSOGI-PLL、改进 DSOGI-PLL 下的锁相误差,对比可知: 在传统 DSOGI-PLL 条件下, 锁相误差波形呈正弦波, 频率为 6 倍基频, 波动幅度相对较大,波动幅度范围约在$\pm {0.03}$; 而在采用改进 DSOGI-PLL 进行相位锁定时, 误差波动幅度降低了 83%,波动幅度范围缩短至 ±0.005,锁相精度更高, 结果与仿真时得到的结果一致。
文中提出了一种改进 DSOGI-PLL 的 VSC-HVDC 同步方案, 针对谐波电网情况, 在原有 DSOGI 结构基础上增加了重复控制内模外环, 针对电网存在直流偏置与频率波动情况, 引入了直流偏置消除与频率自适应策略, 并分别在几种非理想电网条件下对传统 DSOGI 与改进型 DSOGI 锁相方法的锁相精度进行了仿真对比。结果表明, 改进型 DSOGI-PLL 在不平衡、 谐波、直流偏置及频率波动电网下均可准确锁相,仿真验证了其在非理想电网下的锁相优越性。同时,构建了实验平台, 进行谐波电网条件下的锁相实验, 进一步证实了所提改进DSOGI-PLL同步方案的有效性。
  • 广东电网直流背靠背广州工程大湾区中通道直流背靠背工程资助项目(080099WS24200001)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.200
  • 接收时间:2021-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-21
  • 修回日期:2022-03-15
  • 录用日期:2022-04-11
基金
DC Back-to-back Guangzhou Project of Guangdong Power Grid DC Back-to-back Project of Middle Channel in Dawan District(080099WS24200001)
广东电网直流背靠背广州工程大湾区中通道直流背靠背工程资助项目(080099WS24200001)
作者信息
    1 广东电网有限责任公司 广州供电局 广州 510630
    2 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 南京 211102
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