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In the application of wide output voltage range, some problems exist in an LLC resonant converter under the traditional frequency control, such as a wide switching frequency regulation range, a large circulation current and difficulty in high-efficiency operation. To solve these problems, a dual-full-bridge LLC resonant converter under a fixed-frequency phase-shift and fixed-frequency PWM hybrid control strategy is proposed, which is suitable for the wide range of output voltage. This converter is composed of two full-bridge LLC resonant converters sharing one bridge arm, and the output voltage is modulated by the hybrid control, so that a quadruple voltage gain and a wider output voltage range of the resonant converter can be realized. Meanwhile, the problems that the large circulation current exists under the traditional frequency control and the soft switching cannot be realized at a small phase shift angle are solved, thus improving the system efficiency. The switching frequency of the converter is always equal to the resonance frequency, and the voltage gain is independent of load, which is helpful for the design of the magnetic element. At the same time, the soft switching can be realized in the full load range. Finally, a detailed analysis of the circuit principle was given, which was further verified by simulations. An experimental platform was also established to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter.

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针对宽输出电压范围应用中传统频率控制的LLC型谐振变换器存在开关频率调节范围宽、循环电流大及难实现高效运行等问题,提出1种具有定频移相-定频PWM混合控制策略的双全桥LLC型谐振变换器,以适用于较宽输出电压范围。其由2个全桥LLC型谐振变换器共用1个桥臂组合而成,输出电压通过定频移相-定频PWM混合控制进行调节,使该谐振变换器实现4倍电压增益范围以获得较宽输出电压,同时解决传统频率控制中循环电流过大及在移相控制移相角小时的软开关不能实现问题,提升系统效率。该转换器开关频率工作在谐振频率点,电压增益与负载无关且有助于磁性元件设计,在全负载范围内实现软开关。最后给出详细的电路工作原理分析并通过仿真进行验证,搭建实验平台验证了所提变换器的可行性和有效性。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:特种电源、光伏发电技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: jpan@163.com。

石迪(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器、开关电源、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 2497940296@qq.com。

刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机、智能控制。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

宋豪杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:特种电源、光伏发电技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: jpan@163.com。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:特种电源、光伏发电技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: jpan@163.com。

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石迪(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器、开关电源、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 2497940296@qq.com。

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石迪(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器、开关电源、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 2497940296@qq.com。

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刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

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刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

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熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机、智能控制。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

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熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机、智能控制。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

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宋豪杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

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宋豪杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

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articleId=1154037272639955745, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Hybrid control drive signal of resonant converter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驱动 状态 ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ ${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 ${V}_{\text{in }}+ {V}_{\text{in }}$
2 1 0 1 0 0 1 $0 +{V}_{\text{in }}$
3 0 1 1 0 0 1 $-{V}_{\text{in }}+ 0$
4 0 1 1 0 1 0 $-{V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{\text{in }}$
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 $0 -{V}_{\text{in }}$
6 0 1 0 1 0 1 $0 + 0$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048243781591232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037272639955745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=谐振变换器的混合控制驱动信号, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驱动 状态 ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ ${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 ${V}_{\text{in }}+ {V}_{\text{in }}$
2 1 0 1 0 0 1 $0 +{V}_{\text{in }}$
3 0 1 1 0 0 1 $-{V}_{\text{in }}+ 0$
4 0 1 1 0 1 0 $-{V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{\text{in }}$
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 $0 -{V}_{\text{in }}$
6 0 1 0 1 0 1 $0 + 0$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048243873865921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037272639955745, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameter design of hybrid dual-full-bridge LLC resonant converter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 160
输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 100~400
额定功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 1
变压器变比${N}_{1}\text{、}{N}_{2}$ 0.8
谐振频率${f}_{\mathrm{r}}$、开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100
谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 17
谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 150
励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 80
负载电阻/Ω 40
), ArticleFig(id=1154048243978723527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037272639955745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=混合双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器的设计参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 160
输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 100~400
额定功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 1
变压器变比${N}_{1}\text{、}{N}_{2}$ 0.8
谐振频率${f}_{\mathrm{r}}$、开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100
谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 17
谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 150
励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 80
负载电阻/Ω 40
), ArticleFig(id=1154048244066803913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037272639955745, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Comparison of performance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 开关管二极管变压器 调制方法 增益 范围
数量 数量 数量
文献[5] 8 6 2 变频+移相控制 1~3.33
文献[7] 6 6 2 PWM 控制 1~1.91
文献[8] 6 4 2 PFM 控制+PWM 控制 1~3
文献[11] 8 8 2 PFM 控制 1~2.44
本文方案 6 4 2 定频移相+ 定频 PWM 控制 1~4
), ArticleFig(id=1154048244163272909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037272639955745, language=CN, label=表3, caption=性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 开关管二极管变压器 调制方法 增益 范围
数量 数量 数量
文献[5] 8 6 2 变频+移相控制 1~3.33
文献[7] 6 6 2 PWM 控制 1~1.91
文献[8] 6 4 2 PFM 控制+PWM 控制 1~3
文献[11] 8 8 2 PFM 控制 1~2.44
本文方案 6 4 2 定频移相+ 定频 PWM 控制 1~4
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具有混合控制策略的宽输出双全桥LLC谐振变换器
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潘健 , 石迪 , 刘松林 , 熊嘉鑫 , 宋豪杰
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(4): 40-52
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(4): 40-52
具有混合控制策略的宽输出双全桥LLC谐振变换器
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潘健 , 石迪 , 刘松林 , 熊嘉鑫 , 宋豪杰
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
  • 潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:特种电源、光伏发电技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: jpan@163.com。

    石迪(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器、开关电源、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 2497940296@qq.com。

    刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

    熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机、智能控制。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

    宋豪杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

Wide Output Dual-full-bridge LLC Resonant Converter with Hybrid Control Strategy
Jian PAN , Di SHI , Songlin LIU , Jiaxin XIONG , Haojie SONG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.40
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针对宽输出电压范围应用中传统频率控制的LLC型谐振变换器存在开关频率调节范围宽、循环电流大及难实现高效运行等问题,提出1种具有定频移相-定频PWM混合控制策略的双全桥LLC型谐振变换器,以适用于较宽输出电压范围。其由2个全桥LLC型谐振变换器共用1个桥臂组合而成,输出电压通过定频移相-定频PWM混合控制进行调节,使该谐振变换器实现4倍电压增益范围以获得较宽输出电压,同时解决传统频率控制中循环电流过大及在移相控制移相角小时的软开关不能实现问题,提升系统效率。该转换器开关频率工作在谐振频率点,电压增益与负载无关且有助于磁性元件设计,在全负载范围内实现软开关。最后给出详细的电路工作原理分析并通过仿真进行验证,搭建实验平台验证了所提变换器的可行性和有效性。

双全桥LLC谐振变换器  /  定频移相-定频PWM混合控制  /  宽输出范围  /  零电压开关  /  零电流关断

In the application of wide output voltage range, some problems exist in an LLC resonant converter under the traditional frequency control, such as a wide switching frequency regulation range, a large circulation current and difficulty in high-efficiency operation. To solve these problems, a dual-full-bridge LLC resonant converter under a fixed-frequency phase-shift and fixed-frequency PWM hybrid control strategy is proposed, which is suitable for the wide range of output voltage. This converter is composed of two full-bridge LLC resonant converters sharing one bridge arm, and the output voltage is modulated by the hybrid control, so that a quadruple voltage gain and a wider output voltage range of the resonant converter can be realized. Meanwhile, the problems that the large circulation current exists under the traditional frequency control and the soft switching cannot be realized at a small phase shift angle are solved, thus improving the system efficiency. The switching frequency of the converter is always equal to the resonance frequency, and the voltage gain is independent of load, which is helpful for the design of the magnetic element. At the same time, the soft switching can be realized in the full load range. Finally, a detailed analysis of the circuit principle was given, which was further verified by simulations. An experimental platform was also established to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter.

Dual-full-bridge LLC resonant converter  /  fixed-frequency phase-shift and fixed-frequency PWM hybrid control  /  wide output range  /  zero voltage switch  /  zero current switching
潘健, 石迪, 刘松林, 熊嘉鑫, 宋豪杰. 具有混合控制策略的宽输出双全桥LLC谐振变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 40 -52 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.40
Jian PAN, Di SHI, Songlin LIU, Jiaxin XIONG, Haojie SONG. Wide Output Dual-full-bridge LLC Resonant Converter with Hybrid Control Strategy[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 40 -52 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.40
具有宽输出电压范围的隔离式 DC-DC 转换器在工业应用中吸引了越来越多的关注, 一方面其将有效促进电动汽车、航天电源和不间断电源等众多领域的发展, 拓宽输出电压范围; 另一方面也将有效促进太阳能、燃料电池等新能源的使用, 实现节能减排,减少环境污染。LLC 谐振式结构因其零电压开关 ZVS(zero voltage switch)、高效高功率密度、低电磁干扰 EMI(electromagnetic interference) 等独特性能优势被广泛应用于宽电压范围隔离式 DC-DC 转换器[1-3]
脉冲频率调制 PFM(pulse frequency modulation) 由于其良好的调频能力常被用于LLC谐振变换器。 然而, 对于宽电压范围的应用而言, 为了获得较宽的电压增益范围, LLC 谐振变换器需要工作在较宽的开关频率范围, 这意味着开关频率需要偏离谐振频率: 当开关频率增大至谐振频率之上时, 会导致二次侧整流二极管零电流关断 ZCS (zero current switching)丢失, 增加损耗; 当开关频率降低至谐振频率之下时, 会导致一次侧循环电流增大, 循环损耗急剧增加。这使得磁性元件和栅极驱动电路的设计和优化更具挑战性。为了使常规 LLC 拓扑获得较宽的输出电压范围, 常需要设计较小的励磁电感, 这会导致较大的循环电流, 产生较高的循环损耗和传导损耗, 同时 EMI 性能也会降低[4-5]
为了解决上述控制策略带来的问题并实现宽输出电压范围, 国内外研究学者提出多种 LLC 谐振变换器的控制策略和改进的拓扑结构。文献[6] 在拓扑结构上进行改进, 在二次侧增加 1 个开关管和 1 个输出电容, 通过脉宽控制辅助开关管的通断来实现全桥整流和倍压整流工作方式的切换, 实现宽输出电压范围, 然而这种工作方式仅实现了 2 倍的电压增益范围, 电压调节能力有限; 文献[7] 提出 1 种交错二次侧调制定频 LLC 谐振变换器, 该结构实现了 2 倍的电压增益且独立于负载, 所有有源器件实现了全范围软开关, 然而这种二次侧交错结构负载增加了较多有源、无源器件, 控制策略复杂且不利于整机体积的优化设计; 文献[8] 提出 1 种可重构的混合电压倍增 LLC 谐振变换器, 通过不同配置间动态转换可实现 3 倍电压增益, 每种配置开关频率范围均较窄, 使性能得到了提升, 然而当需要更宽的电压范围时, 需要增加 1 个支路, 控制策略较为复杂, 且难以保证多模式下工作状态的平滑切换; 文献[9-10]从控制策略上进行优化, 在脉冲频率调制中引入移相调制策略, 采用混合控制拓宽电压增益范围, 而当移相角较小时会产生较大的循环电流, 导致严重的环流损耗, 且在轻负载条件下, 移相控制滞后臂难以实现软开关;文献[11-13]研究了多电平 LLC 谐振式结构, 通过改变谐振槽输入电压来拓宽电压增益范围, 但是这种结构使用了 8 个开关管, 电路结构及其控制方式复杂, 不利于整机设计; 文献 [14-15]从谐振槽结构上进行改进, 增加 1 个辅助 LC 谐振电路, 可以改变 LLC 谐振变换器的增益, 获得更宽的电压调节范围, 但是额外的谐振元件会增加系统参数设计的复杂度, 并增加硬件预算和功率损耗。
综上所述, 本文提出 1 种适用于宽输出电压范围的定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制的双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器, 该拓扑共用一桥臂组成三桥臂六开关结构, 并采用双谐振槽、双变压器。双变压器一次侧单独工作, 二次侧串联接入全桥整流模块。在 1个开关周期通过定频移相-定频PWM控制各开关管的通断来调节输出电压。该变换器采用定频方式, 开关频率等于谐振频率, 有利于磁元件的设计。 本文还介绍了电路的控制策略及其关键波形, 并对整个工作模式及增益表达式进行了详细分析, 最后通过仿真和实验进行了验证。
图1(a)为混合控制双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器拓扑结构,由 MOSFET 型开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 组成一次侧混合全桥逆变单元,其中${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 为两全桥结构共用开关管,${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 分别为 2 个谐振槽的谐振电流、 励磁电流、谐振电感、谐振电容、励磁电感和变压器,变压器电压比均为$n : 1,2$ 个谐振槽参数相同。 二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 和输出滤波电容${C}_{0}$ 构成二次侧全桥整流单元,${V}_{\text{in }}$ 为直流输入电压,${V}_{0}$ 为输出电压,$R$ 为负载。
图1(b)为混合双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器在定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制的驱动波形及电路工作波形,其中${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 为谐振槽 1 输入电压,${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 为谐振槽 2 输入电压。图1(c)为系统控制框图, 整个工作过程开关频率等于谐振频率。开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 在固定占空比 0.5 下交替工作,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 采用定频移相控制交替工作,并和开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 构成移相全桥逆变单元,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 采用定频 PWM 控制交替工作,并共用开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 构成另一全桥单元。设开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 的占空比为${D}_{1}$、开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 的占空比为$1 -{D}_{1}$,移相控制下通过移相角$\theta$ 得到开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 同时开通的有效占空比为${D}_{2}$,占空比${D}_{1}$ 的调节范围为$\left\lbrack {0,{0.5}}\right\rbrack$,占空比${D}_{2}$ 的调节范围为$(0,{0.5}\rbrack$。整个动态过程开关管的驱动状态如表1所示, 1 个开关周期包含 6 种驱动状态, 通过各开关管工作状态的切换可获得 2 个谐振槽不同的输入电压, 进而拓宽电压增益, 获得宽输出电压范围。
详细分析定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制时双全桥谐振变换器的工作原理,其主要工作波形如图1(b)所示,1 个开关周期共包含 14 种工作模式, 由于正、负周期工作模式不对称, 因此分析整个周期工作阶段, 每个阶段对应的等效电路如图2所示。
工作模式$1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{0}$ 时刻之前,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 导通,二次侧所有二极管关断。在${t}_{0}$ 时刻, 开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 关断,变换器进入死区时间,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{t1}}$${i}_{{L}_{t2}}$ 同时为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的结电容放电和充电。在死区时间结束前,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 结电容放电完毕,其体二极管导通,为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${t}_{1}$ 时刻零电压开通做准备。
工作模式$2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{1}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 实现零电压开通。在${t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}$ 时段,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 导通,此时谐振槽 1 中的谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}1}$ 与谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}$ 谐振,谐振槽 2 中谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 与谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 谐振, 2 个谐振槽励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 不参与谐振,两端电压和被输出电压钳位为$n{V}_{0}$,流过励磁电感的电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}$${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}$ 线性增加,二次侧整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 正向导通,一次侧向二次侧传递能量。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= {V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= {V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
式中,${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}1}}$${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}$ 分别为谐振槽 1 和谐振槽 2 中的谐振电容电压。
工作模式$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{2}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 关断, 开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 继续导通。开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 进入死区时间,正向电流${i}_{{L}_{r1}}$ 给开关管${Q}_{3}\text{、}{Q}_{4}$ 的结电容放电和充电。在死区时间结束前,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 结电容放电完毕,其体二极管导通,为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${t}_{3}$ 时刻零电压开通做准备。此过程励磁电感被输出电压钳位不参与谐振,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 正向导通,一次侧向二次侧传递能量。
工作模式$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{3}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 实现零电压开通,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 继续导通。此时谐振槽 1 输入电压为 0,谐振槽 2 输入电压为${V}_{\text{in }}$。谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}$ 开始下降,由于共桥臂和双变压器的影响, 谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{12}}$ 同时下降,两励磁电感继续被输出电压钳位,励磁电流继续增加,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 继续导通, 一次侧向二次侧传递能量。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= {V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
工作模式$5\left\lbrack {{t}_{4},{t}_{5}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{4}$ 时刻,${i}_{{L}_{t1}}= {i}_{{L}_{m1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{t2}}= {i}_{{L}_{m2}}$, 励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 分别参与谐振,实现三元件谐振。此时段, 无电流流经 2 个变压器的一次侧, 变压器的原边侧绕组处于开路状态, 不向二次侧传递能量,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 实现零电流关断,负载由输出电容供电。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= {V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)= {i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)\\{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)= {i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
工作模式$6\left\lbrack {{t}_{5},{t}_{6}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{5}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 关断, 开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 继续导通。开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 进入死区时段,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{r1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{r2}}$ 分别对开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的结电容进行充电和放电,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 结电容放电完毕, 其体二极管导通,为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$${t}_{6}$ 时刻零电压开通做准备, 这个时段几乎不向二次侧传递能量。
工作模式$7\left\lbrack {{t}_{6},{t}_{7}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{6}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 零电压开通,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 继续导通。此时谐振槽 1 的输入电压为$-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,谐振槽 2 的输入电压为 0,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 导通,励磁电感被输出电压钳位为$- n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$,励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}$ 线性降低,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}$${i}_{{L}_{12}}$ 开始反向增加。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{m1}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= - n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
工作模式$8\left\lbrack {{t}_{7},{t}_{8}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{7}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 关断, 开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 继续导通。开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 进入死区时段,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 的结电容放电和充电,为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 的零电压开通准备。
工作模式$9\left\lbrack {{t}_{8},{t}_{9}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{8}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 零电压开通,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 开始在负半周期工作, 谐振槽 1 和谐振槽 2 的输入电压均为$-{V}_{\text{in }}$,此时谐振槽 1 中的谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}1}$ 与谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}$ 谐振,谐振槽 2 中谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 与谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 谐振,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 导通,励磁电感端电压和被输出电压钳位为$- n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}$ 和励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}$ 均反向增加, 一次侧向二次侧传递能量。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -{V}_{\text{in }}$
${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= - n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
工作模式${10}\left\lbrack {{t}_{9},{t}_{10}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{9}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 关断,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 进入死区时段,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}$ 为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 的结电容充电和放电,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 的结电容放电完毕, 其体二极管导通, 为开关管零电压开通做准备。其他工作状态同工作模式 9。
工作模式${11}\left\lbrack {{t}_{10},{t}_{11}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{10}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 零电压开通,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 继续导通,谐振槽 1 输入电压为 0,谐振槽 2 输入电压为$-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{t1}}$${i}_{{L}_{t2}}$ 开始减小,励磁电感被输出电压钳位, 使得励磁电流继续增加,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 继续导通,一次侧向二次侧传递能量。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -{V}_{\text{in }}$
${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= - n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
工作模式${12}\left\lbrack {{t}_{11},{t}_{12}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{11}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 关断,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 进入死区时段,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{12}}$ 为开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 的结电容充电和放电,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 结电容放电完毕, 其体二极管导通, 为下一阶段实现零电压开通做准备, 其他工作状态同工作模式 11。
工作模式${13}\left\lbrack {{t}_{12},{t}_{13}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{12}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 实现零电压开通,此时开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 导通, 谐振槽 1 和谐振槽 2 的输入电压均为 0,谐振电流快速下降, 由于励磁电感继续被输出电压钳位, 励磁电流继续增加, 一次侧继续向二次侧传递能量, 直到谐振槽的谐振电流等于励磁电流。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= - n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$
工作模式 14$\left\lbrack {{t}_{13},{t}_{14}}\right\rbrack$ : 在${t}_{13}$ 时刻,谐振槽 1 和谐振槽 2 的谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}$ 等于励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}$${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}$,变压器的原边侧绕组处于开路状态,不向二次侧传递能量,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 实现零电流关断, 负载由输出电容供电。根据 KVL 和 KCL 可得
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
${V}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)+ {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}1}}\left( t\right)= {i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}}\left( t\right)\\{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\left( t\right)= {i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
基于上述工作原理分析可知, 在 1 个开关周期, 通过定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制策略可改变不同开关管的导通状态, 改变 2 个谐振槽的输入电压, 调节输出电压大小, 且 2 个谐振槽中谐振电感与谐振电容处于串联谐振状态, 同时向负载侧传递能量。此外, 开关频率始终等于谐振频率, 所有开关管均处于感性工作区, 保证了软开关的实现, 且在混合控制下,2 个谐振槽通过变压器相互作用,有效降低了移相控制中移相角过小带来的较大循环电流问题, 并保证滞后臂开关管在整个移相过程中实现全软开关, 可使谐振变换器一次侧的开关损耗及传导损耗降至最低。
采用定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制的双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器, 谐振槽 1 通过定频移相控制方式可改变谐振槽输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 的大小,谐振槽 2 通过定频 PWM 控制方式可改变谐振槽输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 大小, 通过 2 个谐振槽输入电压的变化来拓宽电压增益范围。由于开关工作频率始终等于谐振频率, 采用基波分析法能够有效简化分析过程。
在谐振槽 1 中,随着移相角$\theta$ 越来越大,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 同时开通的有效占空比${D}_{2}$ 的变化范围为$(0,{0.5}\rbrack$,谐振槽 1 输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 呈现出由三电平向两电平状态过渡, 且谐振槽等效输入电压增加。根据基波分析法, 定频移相控制时的电压增益简化表达式为
${G}_{\mathrm{{PS}}}= \frac{2\sin \left({\theta /2}\right)}{n}{G}_{\text{full }}= \frac{2\sin \left({\pi {D}_{2}}\right)}{n}{G}_{\text{full }}\;0 <{D}_{2}\leq {0.5}$
式中:${G}_{\mathrm{{PS}}}$ 为定频移相控制电压增益;${G}_{\text{full }}$ 为全桥电压增益。
在谐振槽 2 中, 由于采用定频 PWM 控制策略来实现半桥向全桥转变的过程,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 的占空比为${D}_{1}$、开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 的占空比为$1 -{D}_{1}$,谐振槽输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 存在半桥两电平、三电平、全桥两电平这 3 种状态。根据基波分析法, 定频 PWM 控制下的电压增益表达式为
${G}_{\text{full }}= \frac{n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{V}_{\text{in }}}= \frac{\sqrt{{10}- 6\cos \left({{2\pi }{D}_{1}}\right)}}{4}\;0 \leq {D}_{1}\leq {0.5}$
由于本文结构含有双变压器, 且变压器一次侧相互独立, 二次侧串联, 因此 2 个谐振槽输出电压经由变压器后叠加输出, 整个系统的电压增益为 2 个谐振槽电压增益和,其增益表达式为
$ G ={G}_{\mathrm{{PS}}}+ {G}_{\text{full }}$
通过绘图软件可得到该谐振变换器的电压增益曲线与移相角$\theta$、占空比${D}_{1}$ 之间的变化关系,如图3所示。
由式(27)和图3可以得出, 在定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制策略下, 该混合双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器的电压增益仅与移相角$\theta$、占空比${D}_{1}$ 有关,与负载及其他磁性元件无关, 可以简化参数设计。由图3还可以看出, 当移相角和占空比同为最小值, 即$\theta ={10}^{\circ }\text{、}{D}_{1}= 0$ 时,电压增益为 0.62 ; 当移相角和占空比同为最大值,即$\theta ={180}^{\circ }\text{、}{D}_{1}= {0.5}$ 时,电压增益为 2.43。因此采用混合控制策略时最大可实现约 4 倍的电压增益, 从而实现较宽的输出电压调节范围,且采用开关频率等于谐振频率的方式利于优化变压器的设计, 解决频率调制过程中循环电流大、 损耗高等问题。
为了验证所提混合控制策略及相关拓扑结构工作原理、电路特性的可行性及有效性, 搭建了混合双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器样机进行测试, 其主要设计参数如表2所示。仿真结果如图4~图7所示。图4为输出电压分别为${100}\text{、}{260}\text{、}{390}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时谐振变换器的控制脉冲波形。当输出电压为${100}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,一次侧开关管的移相桥臂控制角$\theta ={10}^{\circ }$, PWM 控制桥臂的占空比${D}_{1}= 0$,此时工作在移相全桥-半桥混合工作状态;当输出电压为${260}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,一次侧开关管移相控制角$\theta$、占空比${D}_{1}$ 逐渐增大,此时谐振变换器工作在移相全桥-全半桥混合工作状态;当输出电压为${390}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,移相角$\theta$ 增大至${180}^{\circ }$, 占空比${D}_{1}$ 增大至 0.5,此时谐振变换器工作在移相全桥-PWM 全桥混合工作状态。
图5为不同输出电压下 2 个谐振槽的输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 波形,输出电压为${100}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 呈现为三电平方波电压, 由于此时移相角过小, 使得高、 低电平电压持续时间过短,${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 为两电平方波电压; 输出电压为${260}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 呈现为三电平方波电压, 此过程中,移相角增大,高、低电平电压持续时间逐渐增长,${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 电压波形随着占空比${D}_{1}$ 的增大向全桥结构过度,增加${V}_{\text{in }}$ 电平呈现为三电平方波电压; 输出电压为${390}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,移相角和占空比增大到最大值,${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 电压波形转变为两电平方波电压$\left({{V}_{\text{in }},- {V}_{\text{in }}}\right)$
图6为不同输出电压下的谐振电流和励磁电流波形, 整个变化过程 2 个谐振槽谐振电流和励磁电流均呈现周期变化且循环电流较小, 有效降低了环流损耗。
图7为一次侧开关管实现 ZVS 波形、二次侧整流管实现 ZCS 波形。由于开关管结构的对称性, 仅列举出开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 的 ZVS 波形。每个开关管在脉冲信号到达前, 开关管的漏源电压便下降到 0, 实现开关管的 ZVS, 有效降低了系统开关损耗。二次侧整流二极管电流在谐振电流等于励磁电流时, 变压器不向二次侧传递能量, 二极管电流周期性降低到 0 实现 ZCS, 有效降低了整流管的反向恢复损耗。
图8为输出电压为${390}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时谐振变换器在定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制与传统 PFM 控制下的稳态性能对比波形。可见: 传统频率控制的谐振变换器存在较大的循环电流和关断电流, 而在定频移相- 定频PWM 混合控制策略下, 该谐振变换器的循环电流和关断电流明显较低。
初级侧开关管在全范围内实现零电压开通,但是各开关管在工作中依然存在传导损耗和关断损耗。根据开关管传导损耗的计算式${P}_{\text{con }}= \left({{I}_{\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}\cdot {R}_{\text{on }}}\right)\times 3$、开关管关断损耗的计算式${P}_{\text{off }}= \left({{I}_{\text{turnoff }}{V}_{\text{in }}{t}_{\text{fall }}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\times 3$ 可知,传导损耗与关断损耗均与系统电流呈现正相关。 其中,${I}_{\mathrm{{rms}}}$ 为均值电流,${R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 为导通电阻,${I}_{\text{turnoff }}$ 为关断电流,${t}_{\text{fall }}$ 为电流下降时间。由图8可以看出,在相同输出电压下, 传统频率控制下的电流均值为${14}\mathrm{\;A}$,而定频移相-定频 PWM 控制下的电流均值为$6\mathrm{\;A}$。由于开关损耗是谐振式开关电源的关键损耗, 根据开关损耗的计算式可得, 本文所提方案的开关损耗比频率控制下的开关损耗降低 3.5 倍。因此本文所提控制策略比传统频率控制具有更好的效率性能。
基于仿真与理论分析的一致性, 搭建实验平台, 进一步验证该结构及其控制策略下谐振变换器的可行性,实验平台如图9所示,实验结果分别如图10~图12所示。
图10为混合双全桥 6 个开关管的脉冲控制波形,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 为固定占空比控制,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 为移相桥臂控制,开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 为定频 PWM 控制。
图11为 2 个谐振槽的输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$${U}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 及谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{r1}}$${i}_{{L}_{r2}}$ 波形。此时在混合控制策略下, 2 个谐振槽输入电压均呈现为三电平方波电压, 且随着移相角和占空比的增大, 三电平方波电压逐渐变为两电平方波电压, 两谐振电流同样以正弦波周期性变化。
图12为开关管的 ZVS 波形及二极管的 ZCS 波形, 可见: 一次侧各开关管的漏源电压降为 0 后开关控制脉冲才到来, 开关管实现 ZVS; 二次侧整流管电流周期性降为 0, 如图12(d)所示, 流过整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 的电流降为 0 后,流经${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 的电流开始爬升, 实现整流管的 ZCS。可见, 实验所得波形均与仿真波形一致, 验证了本文所提方案的有效性。
基于本文所提控制策略及其拓扑结构的性能条件, 与近几年国内外报道的一些宽输出电压范围拓扑结构及其控制从控制策略、元件数目和输出电压范围等方面进行对比分析, 如表3所示。可以得出, 本文所提方案所需开关器件相对较少, 能实现宽范围的增益调节, 可获得更宽的输出电压, 适用于对输出电压范围要求更宽的应用场合, 具有更广泛的应用前景。
本文针对宽输出电压范围的应用, 提出 1 种具有定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制的双全桥 LLC 谐振变换器。详细分析了该方案的工作原理及增益特性, 混合双全桥双谐振槽结构采用定频移相-定频 PWM 混合控制策略, 可以在较宽范围内调节输出电压。此外, 所提变换器始终可以实现一次侧所有开关管的 ZVS 和二次侧整流管的 ZCS, 且开关频率等于谐振频率, 利于系统中磁性器件的优化设计, 并有效降低了一次侧的环流损耗, 提升了系统的转换效率。最后,通过实验样机验证了所提混合控制策略的可行性与有效性, 提升了全桥 LLC 型谐振变换器的输出能力。
  • 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.40
  • 接收时间:2021-08-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-18
  • 修回日期:2021-11-19
  • 录用日期:2021-12-07
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Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System(HBSEES201902)
太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
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    湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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