Article(id=1154037270924485401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.280, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1639584000000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-16, revisedDate=1648656000000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-31, acceptedDate=1650729600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-24, onlineDate=1753073526364, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073526364, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073526364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073526364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=280, endPage=291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037271360693019, articleId=1154037270924485401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Active Gate Control Technology for Improving Switching Overshoots of IGBTs, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wide applications of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) pose high requirements for their switching performance. However, the conventional gate drive(CGD) has limited regulation effect on voltage and current overshoots in the switching process of IGBTs, because it always sacrifices the switching time and switching loss while reducing overshoots. A novel active gate drive(AGD) control method is proposed to suppress the current and voltage overshoots generated in the switching process of IGBTs, i.e., the driving voltage at the high di/dt and dv/dt stages of IGBTs is adjusted to reduce the changing rates of current and voltage, so as to suppress the current and voltage overshoots. Experimental results show that compared with the conventional driving methods, the proposed method can significantly reduce the current and voltage overshoots in the switching processes of IGBTs without reducing the switching speed or increasing the switching loss.

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绝缘栅双极型晶体管 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)的广泛应用对其开关性能提出了很高的要求,传统的栅极驱动CGD(conventional gate drive)对 IGBT 开关过程中的电压和电流过冲调节效果有限,主要因其降低过冲总是以牺牲开关时间和开关损耗为代价。基于此,提出1种新的主动栅极驱动 AGD(active gate drive)控制方法,用于抑制 IGBT 开关过程中产生的电流和电压过冲,其原理是在IGBT 高di/dt 和dv/dt 阶段主动调节驱动电压,减小电流和电压的变化率,从而抑制电流和电压过冲。实验结果表明,相比传统驱动方法,所提方法可在基本不降低开关速度和不增加开关损耗的同时,显著降低IGBT 开关过程中的电流和电压过冲。

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谢海超(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件的主动栅极控制方法。E-mail: hcxie2016@163.com。

王学梅(1972-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子变流器的可靠性及控制方法。E-mail:epxmwang@scut.edu.cn。

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谢海超(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件的主动栅极控制方法。E-mail: hcxie2016@163.com。

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谢海超(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件的主动栅极控制方法。E-mail: hcxie2016@163.com。

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王学梅(1972-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子变流器的可靠性及控制方法。E-mail:epxmwang@scut.edu.cn。

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王学梅(1972-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子变流器的可靠性及控制方法。E-mail:epxmwang@scut.edu.cn。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013. 28(1): 573-590., articleTitle=Characterization and experimental assessment of the effects of parasitic elements on the MOSFET switching performance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154048251994035129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, awardId=51577074, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577074), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154048252082115515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, awardId=51577074, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577074), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154048246398833345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048246407221955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, companyId=1154048246398833345, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048246902149847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, companyId=1154048246398833345, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154048249615864672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic of active gate drive, figureFileSmall=+jdf9D0RODYpRJORSqo+pg==, figureFileBig=eeTkY+49C/HXIzXWHXyuvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048249687167844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图1, 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ArticleFig(id=1154048249930437489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图3, caption=关断过程波形, figureFileSmall=svSjhaaHsjwsHCUdpFzefQ==, figureFileBig=7A6JTT8K9VkwYv14m2YNaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048249997546355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Active gate drive circuit, figureFileSmall=9UPpAtcvNj+lP9xexS2fjQ==, figureFileBig=sewAL5xqKsM90NDXjgcbWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250064655222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图4, caption=主动栅极驱动电路, figureFileSmall=9UPpAtcvNj+lP9xexS2fjQ==, figureFileBig=sewAL5xqKsM90NDXjgcbWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250148541306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Experimental test device, figureFileSmall=XnW7W+YVs7VfHKRVTxkL6Q==, figureFileBig=Ec/OhD+CSH4IAeo0/ST4Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250219844472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实验测试装置, figureFileSmall=XnW7W+YVs7VfHKRVTxkL6Q==, figureFileBig=Ec/OhD+CSH4IAeo0/ST4Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250316313465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison between IGBT turn-on processes of AGD and CGD under different gate resistances, figureFileSmall=1xBy/NNiGifIfQW6kcEBtw==, figureFileBig=EmBhvu4frpTnxVbOM7RSSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250412782462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同栅极电阻下 AGD 和 CGD 的 IGBT 的开通过程对比, figureFileSmall=1xBy/NNiGifIfQW6kcEBtw==, figureFileBig=EmBhvu4frpTnxVbOM7RSSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250488279937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison between turn-on losses of AGD and CGD under different current overshoots, figureFileSmall=CVZ6QroL+ZFGl6EhJZicWw==, figureFileBig=b32dn3rAb2zZhYmm0HRv8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250555388804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同电流过冲下 $\mathbf{{AGD}}$ 和 $\mathbf{{CGD}}$ 的开通损耗对比, figureFileSmall=CVZ6QroL+ZFGl6EhJZicWw==, figureFileBig=b32dn3rAb2zZhYmm0HRv8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250643469192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparison between turn-on processes of AGD and CGD under different values of load current, 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figureFileBig=L0/yEJkmNz/0bCbrWHQiqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250949653394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison between turn-off losses of AGD and CGD under different voltage overshoots, figureFileSmall=TtwonCArjLIh7ZEfQzCkyw==, figureFileBig=cfR8rZqjQjNWGWhGNYHA8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251041928083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同电压过冲下 AGD 和 CGD 关断损耗的对比, figureFileSmall=TtwonCArjLIh7ZEfQzCkyw==, figureFileBig=cfR8rZqjQjNWGWhGNYHA8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251113231255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Comparsion between IGBT turn-off processes of AGD and CGD under different values of load current, figureFileSmall=1BeJ2vOrilHPP7PX6akWMQ==, figureFileBig=R0XBSI4M2tkx2SGL6fEzXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251218088857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同负载电流下 AGD 和 CGD 的 IGBT 的关断过程对比, figureFileSmall=1BeJ2vOrilHPP7PX6akWMQ==, figureFileBig=R0XBSI4M2tkx2SGL6fEzXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251276809116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Comparsion between IGBT switching processes of AGD and CGD at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=wxjCTc9gbnIXClKp9BTi9Q==, figureFileBig=4QK66ZcrY52i4hLYgsUCGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251339723680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同温度下 AGD 和 CGD 的 IGBT 的开关过程对比, figureFileSmall=wxjCTc9gbnIXClKp9BTi9Q==, figureFileBig=4QK66ZcrY52i4hLYgsUCGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251436192675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Comparison between AGD and CGD in terms of spectra of ${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and ${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$, figureFileSmall=mdlr9ahuiJH6oWYlJe9FdQ==, figureFileBig=iyAHNgJz7J/artI6tb94Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251490718631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=图13, caption=AGD 和 CGD 的 IGBT 的电流和电压频谱对比, figureFileSmall=mdlr9ahuiJH6oWYlJe9FdQ==, figureFileBig=iyAHNgJz7J/artI6tb94Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251566216104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison between current overshoot and turn-on losses of AGD and CGD under different gate resistances, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${R}_{\mathrm{g}}/\Omega$ CGD AGD
${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}/\mathrm{A}$ ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ ${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}/\mathrm{A}$ ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$
30 8.6 0.759 6.4 0.846
50 7.2 1.361 4.8 1.433
75 6.6 1.511 4.2 1.638
100 5.6 2.202 3.8 2.346
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251629130667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同栅极电阻下 AGD 和 CGD 电流过冲和开通损耗的对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${R}_{\mathrm{g}}/\Omega$ CGD AGD
${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}/\mathrm{A}$ ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ ${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}/\mathrm{A}$ ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$
30 8.6 0.759 6.4 0.846
50 7.2 1.361 4.8 1.433
75 6.6 1.511 4.2 1.638
100 5.6 2.202 3.8 2.346
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251704628143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison between voltage overshoots and turn-off losses of AGD and CGD under different gate resistances, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${R}_{\mathrm{g}}/\Omega$ CGD AGD
${V}_{\text{os/V }}$ ${E}_{\text{off }}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ ${V}_{\text{os/V }}$ ${E}_{\text{off }}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$
30 298 1.398 230 1.491
50 256 1.505 206 1.549
75 222 1.810 162 1.890
100 202 2.295 154 2.354
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251788514228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270924485401, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同栅极电阻下 AGD 和 CGD 电压过冲和关断损耗的对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${R}_{\mathrm{g}}/\Omega$ CGD AGD
${V}_{\text{os/V }}$ ${E}_{\text{off }}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ ${V}_{\text{os/V }}$ ${E}_{\text{off }}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$
30 298 1.398 230 1.491
50 256 1.505 206 1.549
75 222 1.810 162 1.890
100 202 2.295 154 2.354
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一种用于改善IGBT开关过冲的主动栅极控制技术
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谢海超 , 王学梅
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024,22(4): 280-291
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024, 22(4): 280-291
一种用于改善IGBT开关过冲的主动栅极控制技术
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谢海超 , 王学梅
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640
  • 谢海超(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件的主动栅极控制方法。E-mail: hcxie2016@163.com。

    王学梅(1972-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子变流器的可靠性及控制方法。E-mail:epxmwang@scut.edu.cn。

Active Gate Control Technology for Improving Switching Overshoots of IGBTs
Haichao XIE , Xuemei WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.280
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绝缘栅双极型晶体管 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)的广泛应用对其开关性能提出了很高的要求,传统的栅极驱动CGD(conventional gate drive)对 IGBT 开关过程中的电压和电流过冲调节效果有限,主要因其降低过冲总是以牺牲开关时间和开关损耗为代价。基于此,提出1种新的主动栅极驱动 AGD(active gate drive)控制方法,用于抑制 IGBT 开关过程中产生的电流和电压过冲,其原理是在IGBT 高di/dt 和dv/dt 阶段主动调节驱动电压,减小电流和电压的变化率,从而抑制电流和电压过冲。实验结果表明,相比传统驱动方法,所提方法可在基本不降低开关速度和不增加开关损耗的同时,显著降低IGBT 开关过程中的电流和电压过冲。

绝缘栅双极型晶体管  /  主动栅极驱动  /  电压和电流过冲

The wide applications of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) pose high requirements for their switching performance. However, the conventional gate drive(CGD) has limited regulation effect on voltage and current overshoots in the switching process of IGBTs, because it always sacrifices the switching time and switching loss while reducing overshoots. A novel active gate drive(AGD) control method is proposed to suppress the current and voltage overshoots generated in the switching process of IGBTs, i.e., the driving voltage at the high di/dt and dv/dt stages of IGBTs is adjusted to reduce the changing rates of current and voltage, so as to suppress the current and voltage overshoots. Experimental results show that compared with the conventional driving methods, the proposed method can significantly reduce the current and voltage overshoots in the switching processes of IGBTs without reducing the switching speed or increasing the switching loss.

insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)  /  active gate drive(AGD)  /  voltage and current overshoots
谢海超, 王学梅. 一种用于改善IGBT开关过冲的主动栅极控制技术. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 280 -291 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.280
Haichao XIE, Xuemei WANG. Active Gate Control Technology for Improving Switching Overshoots of IGBTs[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 280 -291 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.280
IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)的栅极驱动对其开关性能, 如开关时间、开关损耗和电流/ 电压过冲等均有重要的影响[1-3]。传统的栅极驱动 CGD(conventional gate drive)一般采用固定的栅极电阻和驱动电压, 在器件高频工作时容易产生严重的电流和电压过冲[4]。高$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$ 除了会产生高频噪声, 还可能与米勒电容相互作用导致器件误开通,造成严重短路;高$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 与回路中的寄生电感作用产生严重的电压过冲和栅极振荡, 也可能导致自开通现象[5]。虽然增大驱动电阻、增加缓冲电路等 CGD 方法可以有效减小过冲, 但其开关时间会明显延长,开关损耗也会相应升高[6-7],难以达到各性能间的平衡。
为实现更好的 IGBT 开关特性, 近年来, 各种主动栅极驱动 AGD(active gate drive)技术被不断提出[3,8-17]。与 CGD 不同, AGD 是在开关过程中的某些时段主动调节栅极驱动信号, 从而动态改变驱动电压或电流的大小, 以实现开关速度、开关损耗和电流/电压过冲之间的有效均衡[18-19]。按照是否具有反馈, 可以将 AGD 方法分为开环驱动方法和闭环驱动方法。开环驱动方法按照预设的驱动方式,对 IGBT 的开关行为进行调节[8-9],但由于没有反馈电路, 对开关行为的调节效果有限, 而且往往无法随着实际的工况进行调整, 适用范围较小。闭环驱动方法大多利用反馈电路来判断 IGBT 在开关过程所处的具体阶段, 以采取相应的控制策略。文献[10-11]提出了 1 种采用辅助电流源的主动栅极控制方式, 通过检测发射极电流和集射极电压判断 IGBT 的开关状态, 在特定阶段向栅极注入或抽取电流, 在不影响开关速度的前提下抑制电流、电压过冲, 但硬件电路复杂, 难以应用于实际; 文献[12]采用复杂可编程逻辑器件 CPLD(complex programmable logic device), 在器件开关过程的不同阶段采用不同的驱动电压以实现对电流、电压过冲的抑制。该方法控制灵活, 但是需要针对不同应用场景进行编程, 无法大规模应用;文献[13]利用数字驱动 IC 精确调节驱动信号和优化驱动波形来提升功率器件的开关性能, 可以在降低总开关损耗的同时抑制浪涌电压, 但是数字化控制方法需要使用高速模数转换器 ADC(analog-to-digital converter)对开关变量进行采样, 成本高, 还需要高性能控制器对采样数据进行处理。此外, A/D 转换和数据处理过程造成的高延迟也会影响控制效果的准确性; 文献[14]提出在器件开关的特定阶段同时改变栅极电阻及向栅极注入电流, 以达到控制电流、电压过冲和振荡的目的。该方法要同时调整 2 个变量, 控制复杂, 实现困难, 且实验结果表明开关损耗增加较大。
为克服以上 AGD 方法的不足, 本文提出一种新的主动栅极驱动电路, 其主要原理: 在开关过程中的高$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 和高$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$ 阶段,减小栅极驱动电压,从而减小电流和电压的变化率, 旨在有效抑制电流和电压过冲。
本文提出的 AGD 原理如图1所示, 图中 IGBT 的模型包含了结电容$\left({{C}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right)$ 和寄生电感[20] $\left({{L}_{\mathrm{E}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{e}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$。AGD 电路的驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 由运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 的输出端产生并经过互补电路进行功率放大; IGBT 的栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 通过比例电路接入运算放大器的反相输入端; 采样的发射极电流${i}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 信号和集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 信号分别接入高速比较器${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 的输入端,比较器的输出控制着开关$\mathrm{S}$ 的通断,即控制驱动信号${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 的接入。
开通过程的波形如图2所示, 可以分为开通延时、电流上升、电压下降和饱和导通 4 个阶段。
${t}_{1}$ 时刻 PWM 波变为高电平,此时开关$\mathrm{S}$ 处于导通状态,${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 接入运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 输入端,运算放大器输出正饱和电压,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 达到最大值${V}_{\mathrm{{Gon}}\circ }{V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 经过栅极电阻${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 给电容${C}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 充电,栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 由负电压开始上升,直到${t}_{2}$ 时刻上升至阈值电压${V}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$。此时 IGBT 尚未导通,集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 和集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 均未发生变化。
在这个阶段,反馈控制电路开始发挥作用。${t}_{2}$ 时刻后,${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}> {V}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$,器件开始导通,集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 上升,发射极电流${i}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 也随之增大,在发射极开尔文电感${L}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 上产生电压${v}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}$,其大小为
${v}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}= -{L}_{\mathrm{E}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{e}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
采样电压${k}_{2}{v}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}$ 随之上升,同时由于发射极寄生电感${L}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 和集电极寄生电感${L}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的存在,集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 开始下降,其大小为
${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- \left({{L}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流端电压。
${t}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}$ 时刻后,${k}_{2}{v}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}> {V}_{\text{refl }},{V}_{\text{refl }}$ 为参考电压, 比较器输出${V}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}$ 发生改变,开关$\mathrm{S}$ 断开,切断了外加 PWM 信号,这时运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 仅有栅极采样电压${k}_{1}{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 输入,其输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 开始下降。设计反馈系数${k}_{1}$,使${k}_{1}= - R/{R}_{\mathrm{f}}, R$${R}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为由${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 构成的反向加法电路的外接电阻,则有${V}_{\mathrm{G}}\approx {v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$,因此在这个短暂过程中,${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 将持续下降,直到接近于栅极电压${v}_{\text{geo }}$
${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 下降过程中,其大小满足
${V}_{\mathrm{G}}= {R}_{\mathrm{g}}{i}_{\mathrm{g}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{e}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式中,${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为栅极驱动电流,同时也是 IGBT 输入电容${C}_{\text{iss }}$ 的充电电流,可得
${i}_{\mathrm{g}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{iss}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
此时, IGBT 工作在线性区,有${i}_{\mathrm{c}}= {g}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{th}}}}\right)$, 其中${g}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为 IGBT 的跨导,则集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的变化率$\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {g}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$,结合式(3)和式(4)可推导出
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{G}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{th}}}- \frac{{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{g}_{\mathrm{m}}}}{\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{g}}{C}_{\mathrm{{iss}}}}{{g}_{\mathrm{m}}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{e}}}$
显然,${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 的减小会使$\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 减小。
在开通过程中,由于反并联二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 存在反向恢复过程,集电极电流会出现过冲${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}{}^{\left\lbrack {21}\right\rbrack }$,其大小为
${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}= \sqrt{\frac{{\left. 2{Q}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t\right|}_{{i}_{\mathrm{c}}= {i}_{L}}}{S + 1}}$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$$S$ 分别为二极管的反向恢复电荷和软度因子;${i}_{L}$ 为流过电感$L$ 的电流。因此,$\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 的减小会降低 IGBT 的集电极电流过冲,即在开通过程中,电流得以软化。
随着电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 上升速率减缓,$\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{e}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 不断减小, 采样电压${k}_{2}{v}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}$ 快速下降,在${t}_{2\mathrm{\;B}}$ 时刻后${k}_{2}{v}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}< {V}_{\text{refl }}$, 比较器${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$ 的输出${V}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}$ 改变,开关$\mathrm{S}$ 导通,${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 输入重新接入,运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 输出正饱和电压,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 回到最大值,控制结束。
由于控制策略只是改变了${t}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}\sim {t}_{2\mathrm{\;B}}$ 期间的电流变化率,因此整个${t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}$ 阶段的持续时间变化并不大, 器件的开通速度仅有略微的降低。
${t}_{3}$ 时刻,电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 上升至峰值,之后下降至负载电流${I}_{\mathrm{L}}$,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 保持为最大值${V}_{\mathrm{{Gon}}},{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 到达米勒平台电压并保持不变,${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 快速大幅下降。
集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 保持${I}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 不变,集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 缓慢下降,栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 继续上升,直到${t}_{5}$ 时刻${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 上升至驱动正电压${V}_{\text{Gon }}$,器件完全导通。
关断过程的波形如图3所示, 可分为关断延迟、 电压上升、电流下降和关断结束 4 个阶段。
${t}_{7}$ 时刻, PWM 波变为低电平,此时开关$\mathrm{S}$ 处于导通状态,${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 接入运算放大器输入端,运算放大器输出负饱和电压,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{Goff}}}$,经过栅极电阻${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 给电容${C}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 放电,栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{Gon}}}$ 开始下降,直到${t}_{8}$ 时刻下降至米勒平台电压${V}_{\text{Miller }}$
${t}_{8}$ 时刻后,集电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 仍为负载电流${I}_{\mathrm{L}}$,栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 保持为${V}_{\text{Miller }}$ 不变,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 满足
${V}_{\mathrm{G}}= {V}_{\text{Miller }}- {R}_{\mathrm{g}}{i}_{\mathrm{g}}$
此时,集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 开始快速上升,在 IGBT 寄生电容${C}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}$ 上产生位移电流,电流主要通过栅极驱动回路流出,其大小等于栅极驱动电流${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$,有
${i}_{\mathrm{g}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
结合式(7)和式(8)可得${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 的上升速率为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{{V}_{\text{miller }}- {V}_{\mathrm{G}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{g}}{C}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}}$
采样电压${k}_{3}\cdot \mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 也随之上升。在${t}_{8\mathrm{\;A}}$ 时刻后,${k}_{3}\cdot \mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t >{V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$,比较器输出${V}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}}$ 发生改变,开关$\mathrm{S}$ 断开, 切断了外加 PWM 信号, 这时运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 仅有栅极采样电压${k}_{1}{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 输入,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}\approx {v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$,${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 朝着接近于栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 的方向变化。
集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$${t}_{9}$ 时刻上升至直流端电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,续流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 正向导通,集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 开始下降, 此时集电极电流的下降速率同样满足式(5)。 在${t}_{8\mathrm{\;A}}$ 时刻后,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 开始上升,由式 (5)可知驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 的变化会使$\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 减小,而由于寄生电感的存在,出现的电压过冲${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}$ 的大小为
${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}= \left({{L}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
$\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 的减小会降低 IGBT 的电压过冲。这样在关断过程中,电压过冲得以抑制。
随着电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 上升速率减缓,$\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 开始减小, 在${t}_{9\mathrm{\;A}}$ 时刻后,电压${k}_{3}\cdot \mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t <{V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$,比较器${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 输出${V}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}}$ 改变,开关$\mathrm{S}$ 导通,${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 输入重新接入,运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 输出负饱和电压,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 恢复至最小值${V}_{\text{Goff }\circ }$
(4)${t}_{10}\sim {t}_{11}$ 关断结束阶段
${t}_{10}$ 时刻,栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 下降至阈值电压${V}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 以下, IGBT 进入截止区,集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 下降至趋近于 0,电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 约等于直流端电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,栅极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 继续下降,直到${t}_{11}$ 时刻下降至${V}_{\text{Goff }}$,器件完全关断。
为实现第 1 节提出的主动栅极控制驱动电路, 本文设计的具体的驱动电路由 PWM 波控制电路、 栅极电压采样电路、栅极驱动电路和${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 采样电路 4 部分组成, 如图4所示。其中 PWM 波控制电路是将 PWM 波通过 NMOS 管${\mathrm{M}}_{1}$${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ 接入运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{3}$ 的反相输入端,高速比较器${\mathrm{C}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 输出的${V}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}\text{、}{V}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}}$ 分别控制${\mathrm{M}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ 的开关。
栅极电压采样电路功能主要由运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ 实现,运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ 的反向输入端通过大电阻连接到栅极,${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$ 的输出端电压为${k}_{1}{v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$,可以看出${k}_{1}= - R/{R}_{\mathrm{f}}$,由此实现了第 1 节所述的设置。
对于${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 采样电路,利用了发射极开尔文电感上的电压${V}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}$,经过晶体管${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 接入高速比较器${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$ 正相输入端,正相输入端电压${V}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 的大小为
${V}_{\mathrm{T}}= 5 -\frac{{R}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}}{{R}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}}}\left({{L}_{\mathrm{E}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}- {V}_{\mathrm{{BE}}}}\right)$
式中:${R}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}$${R}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}}$ 分别为${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 的集电极和发射极电阻;${V}_{\mathrm{{BE}}}$ 为晶体管发射结压降。而在${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$ 的反相输入端接参考电压${V}_{\text{refl }}$,其取值为
$ 5 -\frac{{R}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}}{{R}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}}}\left\lbrack {{L}_{\mathrm{E}}{\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}\right)}_{\max }- {V}_{\mathrm{{BE}}}}\right\rbrack <{V}_{\mathrm{{refl}}}< 5 $
式中,${\left(\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\max }$ 为集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 上升时的最大上升速率。
参考电压${V}_{\text{refl }}$ 的大小直接决定了 IGBT 开通过程中驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 的切换时刻,而元器件的延时会使驱动电压的切换滞后。为了精准控制, 元器件的延时应控制在电流上升时间段的 1/20 以内。本电路采用的电压比较器型号为 TL3016, 延时为${7.6}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$,运算放大器型号为 THS3091,延时为${5.0}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$。 此外,选取参考电压时,适当增大${V}_{\text{refl }}$ 可以使反馈控制提前动作, 抵消元器件的延时, 从而消除延时带来的影响。
对于${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 采样电路,先利用$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 分压电路取得${0.1}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$,再经$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 电路提取电压${V}_{\mathrm{{RC}}}$,其大小为${V}_{\mathrm{{RC}}}=$ ${0.1}{R}_{\mathrm{v}}{C}_{\mathrm{v}}\cdot \mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t$,接入比较器${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 反相输入端。而在${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 的正相输入端接参考电压${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$,其取值为
$ 0 <{V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}< {0.1}{R}_{\mathrm{v}}{C}_{\mathrm{v}}{\left(\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\max }$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{v}}$${C}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 构成一阶高通滤波器;${\left(\mathrm{d}{v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}/\mathrm{d}t\right)}_{\max }$ 为电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 上升时的最大上升速率。
参考电压${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$ 的大小直接决定了 IGBT 关断过程中驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 的切换时刻,元器件的延时会影响精准控制。要将元器件延迟控制在电压上升时间段的 1/20 以内,适当减小${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}2}$ 可以消除延时带来的影响。
栅极驱动电路由运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 和互补功率放大电路构成,${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 的输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{A}1}\approx {V}_{\mathrm{G}}$,反相输入端接入的${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 的大小影响着${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 的大小,设运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 的饱和输出正、负电压分别为${V}_{\mathrm{{Al}}+ }$${V}_{\mathrm{{Al}}- }$, 则${V}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 的大小为
${V}_{\mathrm{G}}= \left\{\begin{array}{lll}{V}_{\mathrm{A}1 +} &\text{ PWM高电平,}& {V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}< 0 \\{V}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}& \text{ NMOS断开,}& {V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}= 0 \\{V}_{\mathrm{A}1 -} &\text{ PWM低电平,}& {V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}> 0 \end{array}\right.$
为验证本文所提主动栅极控制方法的有效性, 采用 SEMIKRON 公司的 IGBT 模块(SKM100GB128D) 进行双脉冲实验, 根据图4的主动栅极驱动电路, 搭建了实际硬件电路, 如图5所示。
图6$\mathrm{{AGD}}$$\mathrm{{CGD}}$ 在不同栅极电阻${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 下开通过程的对比,图中直流端电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,负载电流为${24}\mathrm{\;A}$,栅极电阻的阻值分别为${30}\text{、}{50}\text{、}{75}$${100\Omega }$,可以看出: ①控制前、后的${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 波形基本一致,控制后的${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 会有少许抖动现象,主要是运算放大器${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ 输出变化过程中的寄生振荡造成的,但这些抖动不影响器件的开通过程; ②在不同的栅极电阻下, AGD 的集电极电流${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的过冲明显低于 CGD, 并且几乎没有延长开通时间; ③控制后的${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 下降过程变缓,甚至短暂上升,这是由于控制后的集电极电流上升速率减小,$\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 减小,在图2${t}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}\sim {t}_{2\mathrm{\;B}}$ 时间内,由式 (2) 可知${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 下降过程会变缓, 甚至短暂上升。
不同栅极电阻下 AGD 和 CGD 在开通过程中电流过冲${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 和开通损耗${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 的对比如表1所示。其中,相比 CGD, AGD 的电流过冲${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 平均下降 32%, 而相应地, 开通损耗平均增加 7%, 说明本方法可以在略微增加开通损耗的情况下, 大幅降低电流过冲。
图7$\mathrm{{AGD}}$$\mathrm{{CGD}}$ 在不同电流过冲${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 下开通损耗的对比。可以看出; 随着电流过冲${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 逐渐增加,开通损耗${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 逐渐减小; 在相近的电流过冲${I}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 下, AGD 的开通损耗${E}_{\text{on }}$ 明显低于$\mathrm{{CGD}}$,说明当 AGD 和 CGD 的电流过冲一致时, AGD 可以降低开通损耗。
不同负载电流下, AGD 与 CGD 开通过程的对比如图8所示。实验中直流端电压均为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,测试了负载电流为 15、24、32 A 下 AGD 与 CGD 的开通特性。可以看出:在不同负载电流下,相比 CGD, AGD 均具有良好的抑制电流过冲的效果, 并且几乎不降低开通速度、延长开通时间。
图9为 AGD 和 CGD 在不同栅极电阻${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 下关断过程的对比。图中直流端电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,负载电流为${24}\mathrm{\;A}$,栅极电阻的阻值分别为${30}\text{、}{50}\text{、}{75}$${100\Omega }$。可以看出:① 控制前、后${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 波形基本一致, 控制后的${v}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 也有抖动现象,出现的原因与开通过程一致, 对器件关断过程无影响; ②在不同的栅极电阻下, AGD 集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 的过冲明显低于 CGD,并且几乎没有延长关断时间;③ 控制后,集电极电流下降时间略有滞后, 这是由于在集电极电流下降前, 栅极电压的变化使集射极电压延后到达直流端电压。
不同栅极电阻下 AGD 和 CGD 在开通过程中电压过冲${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}$ 和关断损耗${E}_{\mathrm{{off}}}$ 的对比如表2所示,其中,相比$\mathrm{{CGD}},\mathrm{{AGD}}$ 在开通过程中电压过冲${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}$ 平均下降 23%,而相应地,关断损耗平均仅增加略微增加关断损耗的情况下,可大幅降低电压过冲, 这非常有利于保证 IGBT 模块的稳定可靠运行。
4%,说明这种 AGD 方法在几乎不增加关断时间、
为了更好地展现在关断过程中 AGD 相比 CGD 的优势,图10展示了 AGD 和 CGD 在不同电压过冲${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}$ 下的关断损耗。可见: 随着电压过冲${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}$ 的逐渐增加,关断损耗${E}_{\text{off }}$ 逐渐减小。而在相近的电压过冲${V}_{\mathrm{{os}}}$ 下, AGD 的关断损耗${E}_{\mathrm{{off}}}$ 明显低于 CGD, 说明当 AGD 和 CGD 的电压过冲一致时, 相比 CGD, AGD 可以降低关断损耗。
不同负载电流下, AGD 与 CGD 关断过程的对比如图11所示。实验中直流端电压均为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,栅极电阻均为${50\Omega }$,测试了负载电流为${18}\text{、}{25}\text{、}{34}\mathrm{\;A}$ 下 AGD 与 CGD 的关断特性。可以看出, 在不同负载电流下, 相比 CGD, AGD 均可有效抑制电压过冲且关断速度基本不变, 说明 AGD 可以应用于不同的负载电流条件。
温度会影响 IGBT 的开关过程, 需要实验验证温度对 AGD 驱动效果的影响。图12为 AGD 和 CGD 在不同温度下 IGBT 开关过程的对比, 其中直流端电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,负载电流为${25}\mathrm{\;A}$,栅极电阻的阻值为${50\Omega }$。可以看出: 在 IGBT 开通过程中,温度变化对 AGD 抑制电流过冲的效果几乎没有影响; 在关断过程中, 随着温度升高, 集电极电流下降时刻略微滞后, 这是由关断延时增加导致的, AGD 仍可有效抑制电压过冲, 控制效果仍然较好。
在 IGBT 实际应用中,高$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 和高$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$ 是造成 EMI 问题的关键因素。为了分析使用 AGD 的 IGBT 的 EMI 情况,对使用 AGD 和 CGD 的 IGBT 集电极电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和集射极电压${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 进行快速傅里叶变换分析 FFT(fast Fourier transform),如图13所示。 可以看出, 相比 CGD, 本文提出的 AGD 并不会对 EMI 产生不良影响,而且在$1 \sim {10}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频率范围内, AGD 能有效改善 EMI。这是因为 AGD 能抑制 IGBT 开关过程电流和电压的尖峰, 而这些尖峰是产生 EMI 的主要因素。
综合以上实验可以证明, 本文提出的 AGD 方法应用于 IGBT 模块的开关过程, 具有较好的效果; 相比传统驱动电路, 可以在几乎不降低开关速度、 略微增加开关损耗的情况下, 显著降低开关过程中的电流、电压过冲; 而在电流、电压过冲相当的情况下, 也可以同时降低开通和关断损耗。并且这种 AGD 在不同栅极电阻、不同负载电流和不同温度条件下均能有效抑制 IGBT 开关过程中的电流和电压过冲, 且不会对 EMI 产生不良影响。
本文提出了一种新的 AGD 控制方法, 可以在 IGBT 开关过程的高$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 和高$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$ 阶段减小电流和电压的变化率, 在几乎不影响开关速度的情况下有效抑制电流、电压过冲。通过理论分析及实验得出以下主要结论。
(1)相比传统驱动电路,本文提出的主动栅极驱动电路能在基本不增加开关时间、略微增加开关损耗(4%~7%)的情况下,显著抑制开关过程中的电流、电压过冲,抑制幅度可达 20%~36%;而在电流、电压过冲相当的情况下, 主动栅极驱动电路的开关损耗明显低于传统驱动电路。
(2)本文提出的主动栅极驱动电路在不同栅极电阻、不同负载电流和不同温度条件下, 对 IGBT 开关过程中的电流和电压过冲均具有较好的抑制效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577074)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.280
  • 接收时间:2021-12-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-16
  • 修回日期:2022-03-31
  • 录用日期:2022-04-24
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577074)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577074)
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    华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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