Article(id=1154037269750080274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.318, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1632758400000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-28, revisedDate=1635782400000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-02, acceptedDate=1639929600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-20, onlineDate=1753073526083, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073526083, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073526083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073526083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=318, endPage=326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037270165316373, articleId=1154037269750080274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Model Predictive Control Strategy for Five-phase Induction Motor with Variable Sampling Period, columnId=1152281495567168372, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Electric Machine System and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the high harmonic content of a model predictive controller (MPC) without modulation modules, a novel model-based variable sampling period MPC strategy is proposed and applied to a five-phase induction motor drive system. The problem caused by the fixed-discretization of time in the MPC is analyzed, but the introduction of modulation or modulation substitution to solve this problem will increase the complexity of the control system. Therefore, a simpler and more natural idea is adopted. Specifically, the sampling interval is changed based on the pursuit algorithm, and the optimal control action and implementation time are determined by combining with the MPC, thus realizing the variable sampling period MPC strategy. Experiments were carried out using the five-phase induction motor drive system, and experimental results verified the excellent reference tracking and current harmonic performance of the novel variable sampling period MPC.

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针对无调制模块的模型预测控制器 MPC(model predictive controller)存在的谐波含量高问题,提出1种新型基于模型的变采样周期 MPC 策略,并将其应用于五相感应电机驱动系统。分析了 MPC 对时间固定离散化所带来的问题,而引入调制或调制替代来解决此问题将使控制系统复杂度增加,故遵循更简单、自然的思路,基于追击算法来改变采样间隔,结合MPC确定最优控制动作和实施时间,实现变采样周期MPC方案。利用五相感应电机驱动系统开展实验,实验结果验证了新型变采样周期MPC优良的参考跟踪和电流谐波性能。

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陈会鸽(1983-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与智能控制。E-mail: chenhuig2183@126.com。

王双岭(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术。E-mail: wangshl2181@126.com。

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陈会鸽(1983-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与智能控制。E-mail: chenhuig2183@126.com。

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陈会鸽(1983-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与智能控制。E-mail: chenhuig2183@126.com。

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王双岭(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术。E-mail: wangshl2181@126.com。

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王双岭(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术。E-mail: wangshl2181@126.com。

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caption=Parameters of five-phase induction motor, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
定子电阻${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 19.45 额定转速${\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}/\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1000
转子电阻${R}_{\mathrm{r}}/\Omega$ 6.77 额定转矩${T}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 4.7
定子漏感${L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 100.7 额定电流${I}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{A}$ 2.5
转子漏感${L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 38.6 极对数$P$ 3
励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 656.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154048247812317500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269750080274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=五相感应电机参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
定子电阻${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 19.45 额定转速${\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}/\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1000
转子电阻${R}_{\mathrm{r}}/\Omega$ 6.77 额定转矩${T}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 4.7
定子漏感${L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 100.7 额定电流${I}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{A}$ 2.5
转子漏感${L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 38.6 极对数$P$ 3
励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 656.5
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五相感应电机变采样周期模型预测控制策略
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陈会鸽 1 , 王双岭 2
电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2024,22(4): 318-326
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电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2024, 22(4): 318-326
五相感应电机变采样周期模型预测控制策略
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陈会鸽1 , 王双岭2
作者信息
  • 1 黄河科技学院 工学部 郑州 450001
  • 2 郑州经贸学院 智慧制造学院 郑州 451191
  • 陈会鸽(1983-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与智能控制。E-mail: chenhuig2183@126.com。

    王双岭(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术。E-mail: wangshl2181@126.com。

Model Predictive Control Strategy for Five-phase Induction Motor with Variable Sampling Period
Huige CHEN1 , Shuangling WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Engineering Huanghe Science and Technology College Zhengzhou 450001 China
  • 2 Smart Manufacturing Institute Zhengzhou University of Economics and Business Zhengzhou 451191 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.318
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针对无调制模块的模型预测控制器 MPC(model predictive controller)存在的谐波含量高问题,提出1种新型基于模型的变采样周期 MPC 策略,并将其应用于五相感应电机驱动系统。分析了 MPC 对时间固定离散化所带来的问题,而引入调制或调制替代来解决此问题将使控制系统复杂度增加,故遵循更简单、自然的思路,基于追击算法来改变采样间隔,结合MPC确定最优控制动作和实施时间,实现变采样周期MPC方案。利用五相感应电机驱动系统开展实验,实验结果验证了新型变采样周期MPC优良的参考跟踪和电流谐波性能。

模型预测控制器  /  数字控制系统  /  变采样周期  /  追击算法  /  五相感应电机

Aimed at the high harmonic content of a model predictive controller (MPC) without modulation modules, a novel model-based variable sampling period MPC strategy is proposed and applied to a five-phase induction motor drive system. The problem caused by the fixed-discretization of time in the MPC is analyzed, but the introduction of modulation or modulation substitution to solve this problem will increase the complexity of the control system. Therefore, a simpler and more natural idea is adopted. Specifically, the sampling interval is changed based on the pursuit algorithm, and the optimal control action and implementation time are determined by combining with the MPC, thus realizing the variable sampling period MPC strategy. Experiments were carried out using the five-phase induction motor drive system, and experimental results verified the excellent reference tracking and current harmonic performance of the novel variable sampling period MPC.

Model predictive controller (MPC)  /  digital control system  /  variable sampling period  /  pursuit algorithm  /  five-phase induction motor
陈会鸽, 王双岭. 五相感应电机变采样周期模型预测控制策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 318 -326 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.318
Huige CHEN, Shuangling WANG. Model Predictive Control Strategy for Five-phase Induction Motor with Variable Sampling Period[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 318 -326 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.318
电能变换通常基于电力电子设备实现, 而控制系统则多使用脉宽调制PWM(pulse width modulation) 算法。但近年来, 避开调制而直接由控制系统生成控制脉冲来驱动电力电子装置的有限集模型预测控制器 MPC(model predictive controller)得到了越来越多的关注和研究[1-3]。有限集 MPC 构建了离散性时间、控制动作与电力电子系统间的桥梁, 获取了处理各类系统约束、多控制目标和系统非线性的能力,免去调制的同时提高了动态响应[4-6]。然而, 有限集 MPC 输出的谐波含量过高仍是明显缺点, 因为控制器在固定采样周期内施加最优的开关状态, 开关频率不固定, 最小开关频率甚至达到采样频率, 尤其是在大功率电力电子设备中, 开关频率受限于损耗,故有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 将输出大量低次谐波。 对此, 文献[7]针对 Vienna 整流器, 在 1 个采样周期内输出多个实矢量构成虚拟矢量, 从而固定开关频率,提高有限集 MPC 的谐波性能,属于引入了 PWM 替代, 复杂度高且固定后的开关频率较高, 损耗也将增大; 文献[8]则抓住单相 T 型逆变器的特点, 构造虚拟正交分量实现功率预测, 但最后结合特定开关序列输出固定频率的 PWM 控制信号;文献[9]设计了应用于固态变压器的固定开关频率有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$,其选取双非零矢量和零矢量进行预测, 是 1 种将调制糅合进 MPC 的方案, 避免了过高的采样频率,但具有对象的特定性, 无法推广。 上述调制或调制替代来解决高谐波问题或多或少地影响了有限集MPC 的性能, 而文献[10]首次提出了在直接数字控制中引入可变采样周期的思路, 其最大优点是与调制无关, 保留了有限集 MPC 的所有优点, 将有限集 MPC 的采样周期划分为多个子间隔, 传统的 MPC 优化问题扩展到所有可能的开关状态和所有预定义的子间隔, 然后控制器选择开关状态及其施加的子间隔的最优组合, 以优化成本函数。但这将导致更大的计算密集度, 且子间隔的划分不能任意定义以避免更多计算负担。因此, 与使用调制或调制替代的方案相比, 开关时刻仍被粗略地量化。
综上, 本文提出 1 种新型的变采样周期 MPC 策略, 并应用于五相感应电机驱动系统。变采样周期 MPC 遵循更简单、自然的设计思路, 基于追击算法[11-13] 来改变采样间隔,从而将系统状态优化与施加时间优化互相解耦, 且 2 类优化均基于系统模型。因此, 变采样周期 MPC 施加开关动作的时间不会像传统有限集 MPC 那样受限于固定的时间序列, 从而优化了谐波性能。五相感应电机是 1 种有发展前景的多相电机[14-19],五相感应电机驱动系统复杂性高, 具有大量有效的开关状态, 对控制器要求高, 计算量大, 因此本文将在此系统上验证所提新型变采样周期 MPC 策略具有通用性, 可推广应用至一般的电力电子系统。
图1为包含直接数字控制器的电力电子系统框图, 系统主要包括: ①采样模块, 可对系统的电气和机械变量$y\left( k\right)$ 进行数字采集; ②计算模块,实现控制算法并确定要施加控制动作$u\left( k\right)$ 的计算; ③电力电子变换器; ④后级电气子系统。
固定采样周期直接数字控制器使用循环架构控制算法的功能模块, 即等待、采样、计算和执行均在采样周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 内顺序执行。$u\left( k\right)$ 为每个步长$k$ 所施加的控制动作, 其决定了变换器的开关状态,$y\left( t\right)$ 为系统随时间变化的输出状态。控制器选择该开关状态是为了使系统行为符合预期,如某个电气量(电压或电流等)或机械量(转速等)跟踪外部参考$r\left( k\right)$。传统有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 即属于 1 种固定采样周期直接数字控制器, 其基于当前步长的采样数据和系统数学模型来预测每种可能的控制动作所引起系统变量的演变, 并根据预先定义的控制目标选择最优控制动作输出。同时,所选开关状态将在整个采样周期内保持不变, 直至下 1 个采样周期重复上述过程, 实现循环。值得注意的是, 电力电子变换器的有效开关状态是有限的, 同时有效开关状态均可产生变换器的 1 个特定输出,该输出在${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 内是恒定的。有限集 MPC 需选择最优开关状态使得系统受控变量$y\left( k\right)$ (如定子电流或磁链)的轨迹最接近参考值。在实际应用中, 该过程根据给定的参考值指令来计算施加的开关序列, 并需依靠系统构建的低通滤波特性来控制系统低频分量(包括基频分量${y}_{1}\left( k\right))$,以减小对噪声的影响,抑制高次谐波[17]
改变直接数字控制器采样周期恒定的规则, 可缓解一些由固定离散时间带来的问题, 如电气量中的高次谐波。
考虑图1所示的电力电子系统,将状态空间表示的系统状态定义为$\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)$,将参考轨迹定义为$r$,则$t$ 时刻所期望的系统参考状态可定义为${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathbf{r}}\left( t\right)$。由于系统状态演变取决于所做出的控制动作选择, 故在任意给定时刻, 控制器均须根据参考状态决定接下来要使用何种控制动作。图2为系统在施加控制信号后系统状态的演化示例,图中实线为$\mathbf{x}\left( t\right),{t}_{0}$ 时刻的系统状态为$\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)$; 虚线为期望系统参考状态${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathbf{r}}\left( t\right)$ 轨迹,${t}_{0}$ 时刻的目标系统状态为${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$; 从$\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 出发的点划线为施加控制动作后获得的系统演化轨迹,其中轨迹包含 2 个状态点${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({{t}_{0}+ {T}_{1}}\right)$${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({{t}_{0}+ }\right.$ ${T}_{2}$ ),分别代表${T}_{1}$${T}_{2}$ 时刻应用相同控制动作产生的系统状态$\left({{T}_{2}> {T}_{1}}\right)$。控制器可选择最优的控制动作和最优的施加时间, 以尽可能达到系统参考状态, 但由于控制动作和施加时间均属于有限集,故无法精确地达到目标状态${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$
为了更为接近${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$,一种思路是扩充控制动作有限集, 但在电力电子系统中, 控制动作对应开关状态, 众所周知, 开关状态数量是固定、有限的, 扩充开关状态往往就是变更硬件,代价大、风险高;另一种可行方案是增加施加控制动作时间点的数量,即扩充控制时间有限集,以实现对${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 更紧密地跟踪。以图2为例,考虑增设时间点${T}_{i}$,其位于区间$\left({{T}_{1},{T}_{2}}\right)$,通过在${T}_{i}$ 处施加控制动作,可使某条状态轨迹非常逼近${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$。这便是变采样周期直接数字控制器的基本原理, 即对采样周期进行进一步的划分, 引入更短的时间间隔, 然后选择最优时间点施加最优控制动作, 这意味着更复杂的优化程序,计算负担也较重。
追击算法由飞行器战斗战术中使用的追踪概念推导得到, 并已应用于自主导航系统和其他参考跟踪问题。追击算法的基本思想是击中移动的目标需要一定的提前预期,因为控制动作需花费一定量时间才会对系统产生影响, 在此期间目标会改变其位置,如图3所示,图中目标状态为$\gamma \left( t\right)$,其轨迹随虚线变化,并在${t}_{0}$ 时刻位于$\gamma \left({t}_{0}\right)$,而追踪状态$\zeta \left( t\right)$$\zeta \left({t}_{0}\right)$ 出发,必须确定最优运动方向。追踪算法中,$\zeta \left({t}_{0}\right)$ 不指向$\gamma \left({t}_{0}\right)$,而是以预期时间${t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}$ 后的状态$\gamma \left({{t}_{0}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}}\right)$ 为目标状态。在诸多工程系统中,$\gamma \left({{t}_{0}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}}\right)$ 是已知的, 例如由给定的电压、电流参考产生, 或者可在足够的精度范围内进行估计, 即可从系统历史状态轨迹中观测。
根据追击算法原理,本文设计了 1 种新型的变采样周期有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$,用于电力电子系统。首先, 重新定义电力电子系统目标状态为${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)= {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathbf{r}}\left({{t}_{0}+ }\right.$ ${t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}$ ),其中${t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}$ 为控制器中预期时间参数。控制器必须选择开关状态${S}_{\mathrm{a}}\in S$,并于${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 时刻作用于系统, 其中$S =\left\{{S}_{i}\right\}, i = 1,2,\cdots, N(N$ 为开关状态总数)。控制分为 2 个阶段实施: ①基于追击算法和系统连续时间域模型提取一些信息用于计算${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$;②使用后级电气子系统模型计算最优${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$,以最小化某些误差函数,误差函数由实际状态$\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 和目标状态${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 定义。然后,控制器使用滚动时域策略,在${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 应用${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$,之后重复整个过程。${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的选择依据是使未来轨迹在${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 方向上的投影最大化,${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 是以$\mathbf{x}\left({{t}_{0}+ {T}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)$${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 的最小距离计算的。由于$\mathbf{x}\left({{t}_{0}+ {T}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)$ 是未来状态,故由系统模型预测,即将$\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 作为初始条件,${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 作为输入信号,得到预测状态$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({{t}_{0}+ {T}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)$
变采样周期有限集 MPC 相对于传统有限集 MPC 方法的优势:
(1)控制动作的施加时间不固定,由优化算法得到, 这也构成了 1 种新的控制自由度, 同时, 优化算法不同于传统的变采样周期直接数字控制器, 计算负担小;
(2)求解${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 对控制算法的计算量影响较小,同时避免了大多数有限集 MPC 方案中使用的两步预测法[18],故实际上计算时间更为优化。
应用变采样周期有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 时,电力电子系统需建模为状态空间形式的微分方程组,即
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}}{\mathrm{d}t}= f\left({\mathbf{x},{S}_{i}}\right)$
式中:$\mathbf{x}$ 为系统状态;${S}_{i}$ 为开关状态。变采样周期有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 执行的第 1 阶段就是选择开关状态${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$, 以实现系统轨迹的最优运动方向,即对${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 进行追击,这是在已知$\mathbf{x}$ 的变化方向由$f\left({\mathbf{x},{S}_{i}}\right)$ 给出的情况下完成的。对${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 而言,当使$f\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right),{S}_{i}}\right\rbrack$${\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)-$ $\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)$ 之间夹角的余弦最大时,将产生与直线偏差最小的追击路径,基于此,${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 可通过标量积的定义获得
${S}_{\mathrm{a}}= \underset{{S}_{i}\in S}{\arg \max }\frac{\left\lbrack {{\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)- \mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)}\right\rbrack f\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right),{S}_{i}}\right\rbrack }{\begin{Vmatrix}{{\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)- \mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right)}\end{Vmatrix}\parallel f\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right),{S}_{i}}\right\rbrack \parallel }$
式中,$\parallel \cdot \parallel$ 为欧几里得范数。
式(2)所描述的优化问题,可通过穷举搜索法求解。变采样周期有限集 MPC 执行的第 2 阶段就是选择${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的施加时间${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$,以使状态终点与参考轨迹的偏差最小, 可表示为
${T}_{\mathrm{a}}= \underset{T}{\arg \max }\begin{Vmatrix}{{\mathbf{x}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({{t}_{0}+ T \mid {t}_{0}}\right)}\end{Vmatrix}$
式中,$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left({{t}_{0}+ T \mid {t}_{0}}\right)$${t}_{0}$ 时刻预测的${t}_{0}+ T$ 时刻的系统状态,该状态可基于${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 和电力电子系统数学模型生成。
将所设计的变采样周期有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 应用于五相感应电机驱动系统中, 其中五相感应电机具有对称绕组分布,气隙均匀,且每相相移相等$\left({\theta ={2\pi }/5}\right)$, 由五相两电平逆变器驱动。图4为五相感应电机驱动系统及变采样周期有限集$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 框图,图中逆变器五相桥臂开关状态分别定义为${S}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{D}}$${S}_{\mathrm{E}}$
变采样周期有限集 MPC 在实施时需采集系统状态变量, 即五相感应电机定子电流, 并需要系统模型进行运算。假设电机磁动势正弦分布, 并忽略磁饱和和铁芯损耗,则根据矢量空间分解,${\alpha \beta }$ 子空间(电磁转矩相关分量被映射在此空间)和${xy}$ 子空间(与电磁转矩无关分量被映射在此空间)的电压方程可表示为
${\mathbf{u}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}= \left({{R}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}}\right){\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
$ 0 ={R}_{\mathrm{s}}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{r}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{d}t}- \mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}\left({{L}_{\mathrm{m}}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{r}}}\right)$
${\mathbf{u}}_{xy}= \left({{R}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}}\right){\mathbf{i}}_{xy}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{u}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{u}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}}& {u}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}},\;{\mathbf{u}}_{{xy}\mathrm{\;s}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{u}_{x\mathrm{\;s}}& {u}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{s}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{i}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}}& {i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}},\;{\mathbf{i}}_{{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{r}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{i}_{\alpha \mathrm{r}}& {i}_{\beta \mathrm{r}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\{\mathbf{i}}_{xy}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{i}_{x}& {i}_{y}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为定子电阻;${L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为定、转子漏感和励磁电感;${\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为转子电角速度;${i}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}}$${i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}$${i}_{x\mathrm{\;s}}$${i}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}$$\alpha$$\beta$ 轴和$x$$y$ 轴定子电流;${i}_{\alpha \mathrm{r}}$${i}_{\beta \mathrm{r}}$$\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 轴转子电流;${u}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}}\text{、}{u}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}$${u}_{x\mathrm{\;s}}\text{、}{u}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}$$\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 轴和$x\text{、}y$ 轴定子电压。令系统状态$\mathbf{x}= \left\lbrack {{i}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}},{i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}},{i}_{x\mathrm{\;s}},{i}_{y\mathrm{\;s}},{i}_{\alpha \mathrm{r}}}\right.$,${\left.{i}_{\beta \mathrm{r}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,定子电压矢量作为输入${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\left\lbrack {u}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}},{u}_{\beta \mathrm{s}},{u}_{x\mathrm{\;s}},{u}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$, 定子电流矢量作为输出${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\left\lbrack {i}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}},{i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}},{i}_{x\mathrm{\;s}},{i}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,则系统状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)= \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{B}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( t\right)\\{\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( t\right)= \mathbf{C}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,$\mathbf{A}\text{、}\mathbf{B}\text{、}\mathbf{C}$ 分别为状态矩阵、输入矩阵、输出矩阵。
${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 与逆变器模型、开关状态有关,为了加快控制算法中的优化过程, 可选择最为简单的数学模型。 设计门极控制矢量$\mathbf{u}= {\left\lbrack {S}_{\mathrm{A}},{S}_{\mathrm{B}},{S}_{\mathrm{C}},{S}_{\mathrm{D}},{S}_{\mathrm{E}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,则定子电压为
${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( t\right)= \frac{1}{5}{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\mathbf{M}{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{n}}\mathbf{u}\left( t\right)$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流母线电压;$\mathbf{M}$ 为考虑了电机绕组空间分布的坐标变换矩阵;${C}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为逆变器门极控制信号矩阵。式(9)表明,系统中构建了$1 \times {2}^{5}$ 种开关状态组合。联立式 (8) 和式 (9), 定子电流的变化可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( t\right)= \overline{\mathbf{A}}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)+ \overline{\mathbf{B}}\mathbf{u}\left( t\right)\\\overline{\mathbf{A}}= \mathbf{{CA}}\\\overline{\mathbf{B}}= \frac{1}{5}{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\mathbf{{CBM}}{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathrm{n}}\end{array}\right.$
图4中控制系统框图包含转速外环和电流内环,其中速度外环基于$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 调节器调节$q$ 轴定子参考电流${i}_{q\mathrm{\;s}}^{* }$$d$ 轴参考电流${i}_{d\mathrm{\;s}}^{* }$ 为恒定值,以对电机励磁。${i}_{qs}^{* }$${i}_{ds}^{* }$ 通过逆 Park 变换后得到${\alpha \beta }$ 轴参考电流${i}_{\alpha s}^{* }$${i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}^{* }$,其中逆 Park 变换矩阵${\mathbf{D}}^{-1}$
${\mathbf{D}}^{-1}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{rr}\cos \theta &- \sin \theta \\\sin \theta &\cos \theta \end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,$\theta$ 为旋转参考系的角度,可由测得的转速和估计的滑差转速计算得到。
${i}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}}^{* }$${i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}^{* }$$x$$y$ 轴参考电流${i}_{x\mathrm{\;s}}^{* }$${i}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}^{* }$ 送入到所设计的变采样周期有限集 MPC 中, 并根据算法流程,将这些量映射到${t}_{0}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}$ 时刻以定义所需状态${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathbf{s}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)$,即
${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)= {\left.\left(\begin{array}{llll}{i}_{\alpha \mathrm{s}}^{* }& {i}_{\beta \mathrm{s}}^{* }& {i}_{x\mathrm{\;s}}^{* }& {i}_{y\mathrm{\;s}}^{* }\end{array}\right)\right|}_{{t}_{0}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}}$
在映射过程中需要估计转子角$\theta$${t}_{0}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}$ 时刻的值$\theta \left({{t}_{0}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}}\right)$。一旦计算出所需的参考值并测量了实际系统状态${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({t}_{0}\right)$,就可以通过求解式 (2)选择开关状态${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$,且${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}$$f\left({\mathbf{x},\mathbf{u}}\right)= \overline{\mathbf{A}}\mathbf{x}+ \overline{\mathbf{B}}\mathbf{u}$ 的方向变化; 然后,通过求解式(3)来选择${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 施加的时间${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$。针对${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$,对系统模型使用前向欧拉离散后可预测在选定轨迹上系统的未来输出, 即
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{t}_{0}+ {\left. T\right|}_{{t}_{0}}}\right)= {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({t}_{0}\right)+ {Tf}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right),{S}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right\rbrack $
为降低未来计算负担,可替代式(3)进行${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 求解, 即
${T}_{\mathrm{a}}= {\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\left({t}_{0}\right)- {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({t}_{0}\right)\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\frac{f\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right),{S}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right\rbrack }{{\begin{Vmatrix}f\left\lbrack \mathbf{x}\left({t}_{0}\right),{S}_{\mathrm{a}}\right\rbrack \end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}$
值得注意的是,$\mathbf{x}$ 由定、转子电流组成,故必须对其进行估算, 这可由基于龙伯格增益矩阵的转子电流观测器[20] 完成,其相对于传统的降阶转子电流估计器精度较高, 但计算增量可忽略。观测器由式(4)所述系统模型和龙伯格增益矩阵$\mathbf{L}$ 生成,估计状态$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}$ 和 1 个与估计误差成正比的校正项为
$\widehat{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}= \mathbf{A}\widehat{\mathbf{x}}+ \mathbf{{Bu}}- \mathbf{L}\left({\mathbf{C}\widehat{\mathbf{x}}- {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
式中,$\mathbf{u}$ 为门极控制矢量。观测器的设计主要在于选择合适的$\mathbf{A}- \mathbf{{LC}}$ 的特征值,因为这些特征值决定了观测误差的收敛特性。一种设计思路是将观测器的特征值放置在巴特沃斯多项式的根的位置, 这对应1个具有快速收敛且不影响稳定性的阻尼动态[20]。 针对本文研究对象, 选择四阶多项式, 因为系统具有 2 个实数极点, 这 2 个极点在观测器的设计中保持不变。四阶多项式可表示为
${B}_{4}\left( s\right)= {\chi }^{4}{s}^{4}+ {2.6131}{\chi }^{3}{s}^{3}+ \\{3.4142}{\chi }^{2}{s}^{2}+ {2.6131\chi s}+ 1 $
式中,$\chi$ 为响应速度设计参数,$\chi$ 与响应速度成反比, 一旦选择了所需的闭环观测器极点, 就可使用 Kautsky-Nichols 算法[21] 来推导$\mathbf{L}$
参照图4中的五相感应电机驱动系统在 MATLAB 平台构建仿真模型, 其中感应电机参数与实际一致, 见表1
仿真前, 有必要配置变采样周期有限集 MPC 的参数,首先是式(16)中的参数$\chi$,其用于设计转子电流观测器。值得注意的是,矩阵$\mathbf{A}$ 取决于转子转速${\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}$,故须针对不同转速处理前述极点配置问题。换言之,必须为不同转速计算观测器矩阵$\mathbf{L}$。 因此,选取典型${\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}$,执行若干次仿真程序后得到了使转子电流观测误差最小(即估计转子电流与仿真计算电流之间的差值)的$\chi$ 值,如图5所示。可见, 对于典型${\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}$,存在最小观测误差区,据此,同时考虑仿真系统与实验系统间的偏差,选择$\chi ={0.001}\mathrm{s}$ 来设计观测器。
尽管施加所选开关状态的时间${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 是变采样周期有限集 MPC 的输出, 但其值必须存在上、下限${T}_{\max }$${T}_{\min }$,以符合实际系统中的限制。${T}_{\min }$ 取决于微处理器计算时间和电力电子变换器的最大允许开关频率, 考虑实际的实验系统配置, 选择${T}_{\min }= {100\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 可兼顾上述 2 个方面。对于${T}_{\max }$,必须合理选择以避免长采样周期降低系统性能。为了整定参数${T}_{\max }$,再次针对不同转速${\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 和不同负载转矩${T}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 进行了若干仿真分析,并绘制不同情况下控制器选择${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的最大值,如图6所示。其中,${T}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为额定转矩的百分比。可见,在大多数情况下,${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 不超过${200\mu }\mathrm{s}$,故设置${T}_{\max }= {300\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 较为合理,以增加控制器的灵活性, 同时也避免了采样时间过长影响到系统性能。
整定变采样周期有限集 MPC 的参数后, 设置参考转速${\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}^{* }= {500}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}, d$ 轴电流参考${i}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{* }= {0.57}\mathrm{\;A}$, 转矩${T}_{\mathrm{L}}= {60}\%$,预期时间${t}_{\mathrm{{LP}}}= {100\mu }\mathrm{s}$,仿真结果如图7所示。图7(a)为定子电流波形,各相电流均能实现对参考的平滑跟踪,且谐波较小;图7(b)${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 取值变化,均在${T}_{\min }$${T}_{\max }$ 限定范围内;图7(c)$\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 子空间和$x\text{、}y$ 子空间中特定采样时刻${S}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的选择过程及电流状态轨迹的变化,图中矢量${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }$ 为预期变化,矢量$3\text{、}4\text{、}8\text{、}{15}\text{、}{19}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{24}\text{、}{27}\text{、}{31}$ 为不同开关状态时电流矢量的变化, 矢量 7 为最优输出。为了表述清楚, 仅绘制了求解式(2)得到的正值开关状态施加后电流矢量的变化, 因为负值意味着定子电流矢量将背离参考值。
搭建五相感应电机驱动系统测试平台对本文所设计的变采样周期 MPC 进行动、静态测试, 实验平台如图8所示, 其中五相感应电机参数与仿真实验一致, 见表1。电机由 2 组 Semikron 三相逆变器驱动,直流母线电压为${300}\mathrm{\;V}$,控制算法基于$\mathrm{{TI}}$ 公司高性能 TMS320C28x 系列 32 位浮点 DSP 处理器 TM320F28335 实现。同时, 使用独立控制的直流电机生成外部可编程的负载扭矩, 并配置了编码器 GHM510296R/2500 来测量转子转速。
首先, 使用与仿真一致的工况进行测试, 结果如图9所示, 其中图9(a)为定子电流波形,图9(b)为转速波形,图9(c)为每个采样周期选择的控制动作输出最优时间${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$。可见,受控变量实现了良好跟踪性能, 电流纹波较低, 与仿真基本一致, 同时值得强调的是实现了可变采样周期。
图10为动态实验结果,在$t ={0.4}\mathrm{s}$,转速参考从${500}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 阶跃至$-{500}\mathrm{r}/{\mathrm{{min}}}_{\circ }$ 图10(a)中的定子电流波形验证了电流跟踪动态性能优良且纹波低。由图10(b)可以看出, 转速调节响应较快, 上升时间为${0.9}\mathrm{\;s}$
最后, 设置 3 种典型工况开展性能量化测试, 不同工况下的转速和转矩为工况$1 :{\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}= {300}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$,${T}_{\mathrm{L}}= {40}\%$; 工况$2 :{\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}= {700}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}},{T}_{\mathrm{L}}= {60}\%$; 工况 3:${\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}= {700}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}},{T}_{\mathrm{L}}= {70}\%$。测试采用对比方式进行, 即与传统固定采样周期 MPC 方案对比 2 项指标, 分别为定子相电流有效值与其参考值之间的均方根误差${\mathrm{{RMS}}}_{\mathrm{I}}$ 与定子电流总谐波失真$\mathrm{{THD}}$,对比结果如图11所示。可见,本文所提变采样周期MPC 较传统 MPC 在电流跟踪性能和谐波性能上均具有更优的表现,即具有较低的电流跟踪误差和谐波含量, 验证了本文所提方案的有效性。
围绕电力电子变换器的有限集 MPC 的性能提升, 设计了 1 种基于追击算法的变采样周期 MPC 方案, 并在五相感应电机驱动系统中进行了验证, 结论如下。
(1)有限集 MPC 不使用调制模块,而时间的固定离散化将使谐波含量高, 现有的几种解决方案均会不同程度地引入调制相关因素, 从而增加了控制器的复杂度。
(2)引入可变采样周期是较为简便的 MPC 优化方案, 故基于追击算法设计了可变采样周期有限集 MPC,其可适当改变最优控制动作的最优作用时间。
(3)以五相感应电机驱动系统为实例的测试结果表明, 与传统有限集 MPC 相比, 本文所提控制器在跟踪性能和谐波失真方面具有更优的特性, 可推广至其他拓扑和结构的电力电子变换器系统。
  • 河南省教育厅资助项目(21B413007)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.318
  • 接收时间:2021-09-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-28
  • 修回日期:2021-11-02
  • 录用日期:2021-12-20
基金
Henan Provincial Department of Education Project(21B413007)
河南省教育厅资助项目(21B413007)
作者信息
    1 黄河科技学院 工学部 郑州 450001
    2 郑州经贸学院 智慧制造学院 郑州 451191
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