Article(id=1154037269414535951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1630425600000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-01, revisedDate=1635264000000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-27, acceptedDate=1638374400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-02, onlineDate=1753073526004, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073526004, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073526004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073526004, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=192, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037269863326483, articleId=1154037269414535951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Reactive Power Optimization of Wind Power Distribution Network Based on AG-MOPSO, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at uncertainties in the output from grid-connected wind turbine, the scenario analysis method based on probability occurrence is adopted to transform the uncertainty model into a multi-scenario problem with different occurrence probabilities, and a reactive power optimization model with the goal of minimizing the active power loss and voltage deviation is established. In view of the poor diversity of Pareto frontiers obtained using the traditional methods, an adaptive grid multi-objective particle swarm optimization (AG-MOPSO) algorithm is proposed, which uses adaptive grids to obtain the density of particles in external archives, selects the global optimal particles and maintains the scale of the external storage library according to the density information as well as the betting mechanism, thus effectively ensuring the uniformity and diversity of the Pareto frontier distribution. This algorithm is used to perform reactive power optimization calculations on an IEEE 33-bus system with wind power, and it is also compared with the existing NSGA-II algorithm. Results show that the Pareto frontier obtained using this algorithm is better, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed model and algorithm.

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针对风电机组并网出力的不确定性,采用基于概率发生的场景分析法将不确定性模型转换为不同发生概率的多场景问题,建立以有功网损和电压偏差最小为目标的无功优化模型。针对传统方法得到的 Pareto 前沿多样性较差的问题,提出基于自适应网格的多目标粒子群优化 AG-MOPSO(adaptive grid multi-objective particle swarm optimization)算法。该算法采用自适应网格得到外部档案库中粒子的密度,并根据密度信息以轮盘赌机制选取全局最优粒子和维护外部存储库的规模,有效地保证了 Pareto 前沿分布的均匀性和多样性。运用该算法对含风电的 IEEE 33 节点系统进行无功优化计算,并与已有NSGA-II算法进行比较,结果表明所提算法得到的Pareto 前沿较好,验证了该模型和算法的可行性。

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苏福清(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行与控制。E-mail: su_fuqing@163.com。

匡洪海(1972-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:分布式发电技术和配电网停电管理。E-mail:khhzyz@163.com。

钟浩(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制,梯级水电站运行与控制。E-mail: zhonghao022@163.com。

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苏福清(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行与控制。E-mail: su_fuqing@163.com。

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苏福清(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行与控制。E-mail: su_fuqing@163.com。

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匡洪海(1972-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:分布式发电技术和配电网停电管理。E-mail:khhzyz@163.com。

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匡洪海(1972-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:分布式发电技术和配电网停电管理。E-mail:khhzyz@163.com。

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钟浩(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制,梯级水电站运行与控制。E-mail: zhonghao022@163.com。

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钟浩(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制,梯级水电站运行与控制。E-mail: zhonghao022@163.com。

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参数 零输出 欠输出 额定输出
场景概率 0.0610 0.7656 0.1734
场景功率/MW 0 0.5861 1.5000
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213238669937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=CN, label=表1, caption=场景概率及功率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 零输出 欠输出 额定输出
场景概率 0.0610 0.7656 0.1734
场景功率/MW 0 0.5861 1.5000
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213297390194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of results between two algorithms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法名称 有功网损 最小值(p.u.) 电压偏差 最小值(p.u.) 平均计算 时间/s
NSGA- II ${3.8364}\times {10}^{-4}$ ${5.1687}\times {10}^{-4}$ 177.8698
AG-MOPSO ${3.664}\;6 \times {10}^{-4}$ ${7.1338}\times {10}^{-5}$ 121.2145
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213351916147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=CN, label=表2, caption=2种算法的结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法名称 有功网损 最小值(p.u.) 电压偏差 最小值(p.u.) 平均计算 时间/s
NSGA- II ${3.8364}\times {10}^{-4}$ ${5.1687}\times {10}^{-4}$ 177.8698
AG-MOPSO ${3.664}\;6 \times {10}^{-4}$ ${7.1338}\times {10}^{-5}$ 121.2145
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213414830708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Control variable values of reactive power optimization schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 ${Q}_{{C}_{1}}$ ${Q}_{{C}_{2}}$ ${Q}_{{C}_{3}}$ ${Q}_{{C}_{4}}$ ${Q}_{{G}_{1}}$ ${Q}_{{G}_{2}}$
方案 1 4 2 1 3 0.1215 0.6273
方案 2 5 5 2 3 0.6273 0.6273
方案 3 4 4 1 3 0.2172 0.6273
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213481939573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=CN, label=表3, caption=无功优化方案的控制变量取值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 ${Q}_{{C}_{1}}$ ${Q}_{{C}_{2}}$ ${Q}_{{C}_{3}}$ ${Q}_{{C}_{4}}$ ${Q}_{{G}_{1}}$ ${Q}_{{G}_{2}}$
方案 1 4 2 1 3 0.1215 0.6273
方案 2 5 5 2 3 0.6273 0.6273
方案 3 4 4 1 3 0.2172 0.6273
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213540659830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Comparison among reactive power optimization schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 有功 网损(p.u.) 网损减 小率/% 电压 偏差(p.u.) 电压偏 差减小 率/%
初始潮流 ${2.026}\mathrm{\;8}\times {10}^{-3}$ ${1.739}\times {10}^{-1}$
方案 1 ${3.664}\;6 \times {10}^{-4}$ 81.92 ${4.300}\times {10}^{-3}$ 97.53
方案 2 ${7.3326}\times {10}^{-4}$ 63.82 ${7.1338}\times {10}^{-5}$ 99.96
方案 3 ${4.2628}\times {10}^{-4}$ 78.97 ${1.800}\times {10}^{-3}$ 98.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154048213624545911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269414535951, language=CN, label=表4, caption=无功优化方案对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 有功 网损(p.u.) 网损减 小率/% 电压 偏差(p.u.) 电压偏 差减小 率/%
初始潮流 ${2.026}\mathrm{\;8}\times {10}^{-3}$ ${1.739}\times {10}^{-1}$
方案 1 ${3.664}\;6 \times {10}^{-4}$ 81.92 ${4.300}\times {10}^{-3}$ 97.53
方案 2 ${7.3326}\times {10}^{-4}$ 63.82 ${7.1338}\times {10}^{-5}$ 99.96
方案 3 ${4.2628}\times {10}^{-4}$ 78.97 ${1.800}\times {10}^{-3}$ 98.96
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基于AG-MOPSO的含风电配电网无功优化
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苏福清 1 , 匡洪海 1 , 钟浩 2
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(4): 192-199
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(4): 192-199
基于AG-MOPSO的含风电配电网无功优化
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苏福清1 , 匡洪海1 , 钟浩2
作者信息
  • 1 湖南工业大学 电气与信息工程学院 株洲 412007
  • 2 梯级水电站运行与控制湖北省重点实验室 (三峡大学) 宜昌 443002
  • 苏福清(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行与控制。E-mail: su_fuqing@163.com。

    匡洪海(1972-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:分布式发电技术和配电网停电管理。E-mail:khhzyz@163.com。

    钟浩(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制,梯级水电站运行与控制。E-mail: zhonghao022@163.com。

Reactive Power Optimization of Wind Power Distribution Network Based on AG-MOPSO
Fuqing SU1 , Honghai KUANG1 , Hao ZHONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou 412007 China
  • 2 China Three Gorges University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cascaded Hydropower Stations Operation and Control Yichang 443002 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.192
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针对风电机组并网出力的不确定性,采用基于概率发生的场景分析法将不确定性模型转换为不同发生概率的多场景问题,建立以有功网损和电压偏差最小为目标的无功优化模型。针对传统方法得到的 Pareto 前沿多样性较差的问题,提出基于自适应网格的多目标粒子群优化 AG-MOPSO(adaptive grid multi-objective particle swarm optimization)算法。该算法采用自适应网格得到外部档案库中粒子的密度,并根据密度信息以轮盘赌机制选取全局最优粒子和维护外部存储库的规模,有效地保证了 Pareto 前沿分布的均匀性和多样性。运用该算法对含风电的 IEEE 33 节点系统进行无功优化计算,并与已有NSGA-II算法进行比较,结果表明所提算法得到的Pareto 前沿较好,验证了该模型和算法的可行性。

场景分析  /  多目标无功优化  /  自适应网格  /  粒子群优化算法  /  Pareto 前沿

Aimed at uncertainties in the output from grid-connected wind turbine, the scenario analysis method based on probability occurrence is adopted to transform the uncertainty model into a multi-scenario problem with different occurrence probabilities, and a reactive power optimization model with the goal of minimizing the active power loss and voltage deviation is established. In view of the poor diversity of Pareto frontiers obtained using the traditional methods, an adaptive grid multi-objective particle swarm optimization (AG-MOPSO) algorithm is proposed, which uses adaptive grids to obtain the density of particles in external archives, selects the global optimal particles and maintains the scale of the external storage library according to the density information as well as the betting mechanism, thus effectively ensuring the uniformity and diversity of the Pareto frontier distribution. This algorithm is used to perform reactive power optimization calculations on an IEEE 33-bus system with wind power, and it is also compared with the existing NSGA-II algorithm. Results show that the Pareto frontier obtained using this algorithm is better, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed model and algorithm.

Scenario analysis  /  multi-objective reactive power optimization  /  adaptive grid  /  particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO)  /  Pareto frontier
苏福清, 匡洪海, 钟浩. 基于AG-MOPSO的含风电配电网无功优化. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 192 -199 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.192
Fuqing SU, Honghai KUANG, Hao ZHONG. Reactive Power Optimization of Wind Power Distribution Network Based on AG-MOPSO[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 192 -199 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.192
《全球风能报告 2019》数据显示,2019 年全球风电装机总容量为${651}\mathrm{{GW}}$,其中陆上风电装机容量${621}\mathrm{{GW}}$,海上风电装机容量${30}\mathrm{{GW}}$。风能作为一种清洁可再生的能源, 其发电技术得到了快速的发展, 但由于风速的随机性和间歇性, 风电场并网后会改变配电网的潮流分布, 同时影响供电质量和系统的稳定性[1-3]
为了提高系统供电质量并降低有功网损, 国内外学者对含风电场的配电网多目标无功优化问题进行了大量的研究。文献[4]以最佳聚类数为场景数建立场景概率模型, 利用改进回溯搜索算法进行考虑多风电场相关性的无功优化; 文献[5]将风电机组作为间歇性$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 代表,分析不同出力下无功补偿点的最佳补偿容量;文献[6]考虑风电出力的随机性及间歇性, 将风电机组作为连续的无功电源参与电网的无功优化; 文献[7-8]通过风速的概率模型和风电机组输出功率特性, 建立含有风电机组的配电网无功优化模型; 文献[9]以补偿容量最少和节点电压偏差最小为目标, 采用改进的快速非支配排序遗传算法 NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm- II)对海上风电场进行无功优化, 但未考虑风电机组出力的随机性与间歇性。上述研究均是采用不同的方法将多目标优化问题转换为单目标优化问题, 而不少学者开始研究多目标帕累托(Pareto)最优解,它既能够体现各目标之间的联系, 也能根据不同的需求选择相应的优化方案。文献[10]应用拉丁超立方抽样 LHS(Latin hypercube sampling)方法和场景分析法将随机无功优化模型转换为给定场景下的确定性潮流问题, 分析得到的多目标 Pareto 前沿, 但是风机的功率因数设定为 1, 忽略了风机的无功出力; 文献[11-12]对含风电的配电网进行无功优化, 通过 Pareto 最优解集验证算法的有效性, 但未考虑与其他多目标算法的对比。
本文考虑风速与风电机组出力之间的关系, 采用场景分析法划分风电出力, 计算不同场景下的输出功率和概率, 建立以有功网损和电压偏差最小的多目标无功优化模型。提出采用自适应网格多目标粒子群优化 AG-MOPSO(adaptive grid multi-objective particle swarm optimization)算法对模型求解, 该算法结合粒子密度信息与轮盘赌机制选取全局最优粒子,并对外部存储库进行维护,以保证 Pareto 前沿分布的均匀性和多样性。本文对 AG-MOPSO 算法与已有 NSGA-Ⅱ算法在含风电的 IEEE 33 节点系统进行了仿真研究与对比分析, 验证了所提算法的有效性。
风速的大小决定风机的输出功率,图1为风电机组的功率特性曲线。
图1的风电机组的功率特性曲线可以得到输出功率和风速之间的关系[13]
${p}_{\mathrm{w}}= \left\{\begin{matrix} 0 & v <{c}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\\{k}_{1}v +{k}_{2}& {v}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\leq v <{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{p}_{\mathrm{r}}& {v}_{\mathrm{r}}\leq v <{v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\\ 0 & v \geq {v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\end{matrix}\right.$
式中:$v$ 为风速;${c}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}$ 为切入风速;${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为额定风速;${v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 为切出风速;${p}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为风电机组的额定功率;${k}_{1}= {p}_{\mathrm{r}}{\left({v}_{\mathrm{r}}- {v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\right)}^{-1},\;{k}_{2}= -{k}_{1}{v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\circ$
由式(1)可将风电机组的输出功率划分为 3 种典型场景, 分别对应停机状态的零输出场景 1 、功率随风速变化状态的欠额定输出场景 2 和额定功率状态的额定输出场景 3。本文采用两参数 Weibull 分布模型反映风速的实际变化, Weibull 分布的概率密度函数[14]
$ f\left( v\right)= \left(\frac{k}{c}\right){\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^{k - 1}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^{k}}\right\rbrack $
式中,$k$$c$ 分别为 Weibull 分布的形状参数和尺度参数。根据概率密度函数计算各场景发生的概率为
${P}_{1}= P\left\{{v <{v}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}}\right\}+ P\left\{{v \geq {v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}\right\}= \\ 1 -\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{{v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}f\left( v\right)\mathrm{d}v -{\int }_{0}^{{v}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}}f\left( v\right)\mathrm{d}v}\right\rbrack \\{P}_{2}= P\left\{{{v}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\leq v <{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right\}= {\int }_{{v}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}}^{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}f\left( v\right)\mathrm{d}v \\{P}_{3}= P\left\{{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\leq v <{v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}\right\}= {\int }_{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}^{{v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}f\left( v\right)\mathrm{d}v $
式中,$P$ 为风速$v$ 落在某一区间内的概率。
场景 1 和场景 3 对应的风电机组输出功率分别为 0 和${p}_{\mathrm{r}}$,而场景 2 的输出功率近似地由期望输出功率得到, 即输出功率为
${p}_{\mathrm{w}2}= E\left({p}_{\mathrm{w}}\right)= {\int }_{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}^{{v}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}{p}_{\mathrm{w}}f\left( v\right)\mathrm{d}v $
因此得到 3 种典型场景下的场景功率, 即将风电出力的不确定性转换为典型场景下的场景功率。
本文建立的无功优化模型综合考虑了电网运行的经济性和稳定性, 以有功网损和电压偏差最小为目标函数, 并选择无功补偿设备投切组数及风电机组无功出力作为控制变量, 选择负荷节点电压作为状态变量。
(1)系统有功网损
${f}_{1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1, j \in i}}^{N}{G}_{ij}\left({{U}_{i}^{2}+ {U}_{j}^{2}- 2{U}_{i}{U}_{j}\cos {\theta }_{ij}}\right)$
式中:$N$ 为系统节点数;$i$$j$ 为节点标$;{G}_{ij}$ 为节点$i$$j$ 之间的支路导纳;${U}_{i}$${U}_{j}$ 分别为节点$i$$j$ 的电压幅值;${\theta }_{ij}$ 为节点$i$$j$ 电压相位差。
(2)节点电压偏差
${f}_{2}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left(\frac{{U}_{i}- {U}_{i.N}}{{U}_{i.\max }- {U}_{i.\min }}\right)}^{2}$
式中,${U}_{i, N}\text{、}{U}_{i,\max }\text{、}{U}_{i,\min }$ 分别为节点$i$ 的额定电压、节点电压最大值、节点电压最小值。
将式(7)和式(8)的目标函数结合, 得到多目标函数, 即
$ F =\min \left({{f}_{1},{f}_{2}}\right)$
系统节点的有功功率和无功功率平衡约束为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{{G}_{i}}- {P}_{{L}_{i}}= {U}_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{U}_{j}\left({{G}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}+ {B}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}}\right)\\{Q}_{{G}_{i}}- {Q}_{{L}_{i}}+ {Q}_{{C}_{i}}= {U}_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{U}_{j}\left({{G}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}- {B}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}_{{G}_{i}}$${Q}_{{G}_{i}}$ 分别为电源的有功输出和无功输出;${P}_{{L}_{i}}$${Q}_{{L}_{i}}$ 分别为负荷节点的有功功率和无功功率;${Q}_{Ci}$ 为无功补偿容量;${G}_{ij}$${B}_{ij}$ 分别为节点$i$$j$ 之间的电导和电纳。
(2)不等式约束
不等式约束条件包括节点电压约束、电容器容量约束及风力发电机的出力约束,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{i,\min }\leq {U}_{i}\leq {U}_{i,\max }\\{Q}_{{C}_{i,\min }}\leq {Q}_{{C}_{i}}\leq {Q}_{{C}_{i,\max }}\\{P}_{{G}_{i,\min }}\leq {P}_{{G}_{i}}\leq {P}_{{G}_{i,\max }}\\{Q}_{{G}_{i,\min }}\leq {Q}_{{G}_{i}}\leq {Q}_{{G}_{i,\max }}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${U}_{i}\text{、}{Q}_{{C}_{i}}\text{、}{P}_{{G}_{i}}\text{、}{Q}_{{G}_{i}}$ 分别为节点电压幅值、 电容器补偿容量、风机的有功出力、无功出力。
多目标优化问题是在满足约束条件下, 找到使 2 个或 2 个以上目标函数最小或者最大的 1 组解, 即 Pareto 最优解集。
若存在决策向量${\bar{x}}_{1}$${\bar{x}}_{2}$,使得${f}_{1}\left({\bar{x}}_{1}\right)\leq {f}_{1}\left({\bar{x}}_{2}\right)$${f}_{2}\left({\bar{x}}_{1}\right)\leq {f}_{2}\left({\bar{x}}_{2}\right)$,且存在${f}_{1}\left({\bar{x}}_{1}\right)< {f}_{1}\left({\bar{x}}_{2}\right)$${f}_{2}\left({\bar{x}}_{1}\right)< {f}_{2}\left({\bar{x}}_{2}\right)$,则称${\bar{x}}_{1}$ Pareto 支配${\bar{x}}_{2}$,记为${\bar{x}}_{1}\prec {\bar{x}}_{2}$, 即${\bar{x}}_{1}$ 为最优决策向量。
所有最优决策向量组成的集合称为 Pareto 最优解集, 其在目标空间上的映射被称为 Pareto 前沿。
对于$m$ 个目标函数的优化问题,构成的$m$ 维目标空间需要设置${2m}$ 个边界网格。若迭代次数为$k$, 则第$m$ 个目标函数的最大值和最小值分别为$\max {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)$$\min {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)$,则定义第$k$ 次迭代第$m$ 个目标上的网格上、下边界${u}_{m}^{k}$${l}_{m}^{k}{}^{\left\lbrack {15}- {16}\right\rbrack }$ 分别为
${u}_{m}^{k}= \max {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)+ \frac{\max {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)- \min {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)}{1/h}$
${l}_{m}^{k}= \min {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)- \frac{\max {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)- \min {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)}{1/h}$
式中,$h$ 为膨胀系数。由于迭代过程中,$\max {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)$$\min {f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)$ 是不断变化的,因此网格边界能够自适应调整, 更好地反映解的分布情况。本文两目标函数网格示意, 如图2所示。
进一步,得到函数值${f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)$ 对应的网格坐标为
${G}_{m}^{k}\left( x\right)= \left\lbrack \frac{{f}_{m}^{k}\left(\bar{x}\right)- {l}_{m}^{k}}{{d}_{m}}\right\rbrack + 1 $
式中:${d}_{m}$ 为第$k$ 次迭代第$m$ 个目标函数的网格大小,${d}_{m}= \frac{{u}_{m}^{k}- {l}_{m}^{k}}{g + 1}, g$ 为划分的网格数目;$\left\lbrack \cdot \right\rbrack$ 为取整函数。根据式(14)能够计算出每个网格内 Pareto 最优解的个数, 从而反映出网格内粒子的密度信息。
最优粒子的选取主要是对个体最优位置${p}^{\text{best }}$ 和全局最优位置${g}^{\text{best }}$ 的选择,通过判断当前粒子位置与历史个体最优位置的支配关系, 选择非支配的粒子为${p}^{\text{best }}$,若互不支配,则随机选择; 为保证 Pareto 前沿分布的均匀性, 采用粒子的密度信息来选取${g}^{\text{best }}$,第$k$ 次迭代第$i$ 个网格被选择的概率为
${P}_{i}^{k}= \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-2{N}_{i}^{k}}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in G}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-2{N}_{i}^{k}}}$
式中:$G$ 为含有粒子的网格数目;${N}_{i}^{k}$ 为第$k$ 次迭代第$i$ 个网格中的粒子个数。式(15)表示,网格中粒子数越少,${P}_{i}^{k}$ 的值就越大,结合轮盘赌机制,${P}_{i}^{k}$ 越大说明网格被选取的概率越大, 确定网格后随机选取网格内的 1 个粒子作为全局最优位置${g}^{\text{best }}$
为限制存储非支配解的外部档案规模并减少计算复杂度, 设置最大存储数目。首先, 判断新的非支配解与外部档案内解的支配关系, 保留其中的非支配解; 然后, 检查外部档案规模是否超过最大存储数目, 若是, 则采用粒子的密度信息和轮盘赌机制删除非支配解,第$i$ 个网格被选择的概率为
${P}_{i}= \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{2{N}_{i}}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in G}}{\mathrm{e}}^{2{N}_{i}}}$
式(16)表示,网格中粒子数越多,${P}_{i}$ 的值就越大, 被选取的概率越大; 最后, 从选择的网格中随机删除 1 个粒子, 重复选择删除的过程, 直到外部档案库不超过最大的存储数目。
通过 AG-MOPSO 算法对含风电的配电网无功优化模型进行求解, 求解流程如图3所示, 求解步骤如下:
步骤 1 读入电网运行数据, 设置 AG-MOPSO 算法参数,对控制变量进行编码$\bar{x}= \left\lbrack {{Q}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}},{Q}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}},\cdots }\right.$,${Q}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{i}},\cdots \left\lbrack {{Q}_{{\mathrm{G}}_{1}},{Q}_{{\mathrm{G}}_{2}},\cdots {Q}_{{\mathrm{G}}_{i}},\cdots }\right\rbrack$,其中${Q}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{i}}$ 为第$i$ 台电容器组投切组数,${Q}_{{\mathrm{G}}_{i}}$ 为第$i$ 台风电机组的无功出力。
步骤 2 初始化粒子的位置和速度, 潮流计算得出相应的有功网损和电压偏差。
步骤 3 取当前各粒子位置为自身最优${p}^{\text{best }}$, 判断其之间的支配关系, 将非支配解放入外部档案库中,通过全局最优粒子选取原则确定${g}^{\text{best }}$
步骤 4 迭代更新粒子的位置和速度, 潮流计算产生新的解集。
步骤 5 通过个体最优粒子选取原则确定${p}^{\text{best }}$, 同时将其中的非支配解添加到外部档案库中, 利用外部档案库维护原则保持 Pareto 最优解的数量, 再次通过全局最优粒子选取原则确定${g}^{\text{best }}$
步骤 6 若算法达到最大迭代次数或者满足收敛条件, 则输出外部档案库中的 Pareto 最优解, 否则跳转至步骤 4,继续计算。
为了验证本文所提算法的有效性, 采用图4所示含风电的改进 IEEE 33 节点配电系统进行无功优化仿真试验, 在节点 5、17、24、26 处分别安装 4 台可投切并联电容器,容量为${0.15}\mathrm{{Mvar}}$,节点 9、 30 接入${1.5}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 的双馈风电机组,母线出口电压为${690}\mathrm{\;V}$,切入风速为$3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,额定风速为${12}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,切出风速为${25}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,形状参数和尺度参数分别为 2.4 和 9.5, 该系统详细参数见文献[17]。
通过式(3)~式(6)计算得到的场景发生概率和风电输出功率如表1所示, 因此双馈风力发电机的期望输出功率为${0.7088}\mathrm{{MW}}$,无功功率极限为$-{3.5540}\sim {0.6273}{\mathrm{{Mvar}}}^{\left\lbrack {18}\right\rbrack }$
算法最大迭代次数为 200 次, 粒子群规模为 150,外部档案库最大容量为 50,学习因子${c}_{1}=$ ${c}_{2}= 2$,惯性权重$w ={0.9}$,膨胀系数$h ={0.1}$,网格数目$g = 8$
采用已有 NSGA-Ⅱ算法和 AG-MOPSO算法对改进的 IEEE 33 节点配电系统进行无功优化, 2 种算法均运行 20 次, 运行结果如表2所示, Pareto 前沿如图5所示。
表2中可以看出, AG-MOPSO 算法不管是有功网损最小值, 还是有电压偏差最小值, 均优于 NSGA-Ⅱ算法, 且平均计算时间更少。同时, 由图5中可以看出, AG-MOPSO 算法得到的 Pareto 前沿更加靠近原点且分布性更好。选取 AG-MOPSO 算法的 3 种无功优化方案, 分别为有功网损最小、电压偏差最小及位于 Pareto 前沿中间的解, 3 种优化方案对应的控制变量取值分别如表3表4所示。
表3中的 3 种优化方案, 接入节点 30 双馈风力发电机的无功出力均达到了允许的最大值, 说明线路的末端节点电压往往较低, 需要足够的无功功率来提高电压水平。由表4中可以看出, 方案 1 中有功网损由${2.0268}\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{p}$ .u.下降为${3.6646}\times {10}^{-4}$ p.u.,网损减小率达${81.92}\%$;方案 2 则使系统的节点电压偏差达到最小,由${1.739}\times {10}^{-1}\mathrm{p}$ .u. 减小为${7.1338}\times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{p}$ .u.,电压偏差减小率为 99.96%;方案 3 兼顾有功网损最小和电压偏差最小的折衷解, 网损减小率为 78.97%, 电压偏差减小率为 98.96%。
图6为改进 IEEE 33 节点系统优化前、后的节点电压情况。可以看出, 与未优化相比, 3 种方案均使节点电压在 0.94 p.u.以上, 有效地提升了节点电压水平, 并且未出现电压越界, 保证了系统的运行安全,其中方案 2 的系统节点电压更是在 0.98 p.u. 以上, 说明系统的电压稳定性更好。
本文通过服从 Weibull 分布的风速模型, 计算不同场景发生的概率及风电输出功率,并采用所提 AG-MOPSO 算法与已有 NSGA-Ⅱ算法对多目标无功优化模型进行求解对比。以改进的 IEEE 33 节点配电系统为例进行仿真试验, 结论如下。
(1)所提 AG-MOPSO 算法在综合考虑系统经济性和稳定性的配电网多目标无功优化模型基础上, 充分利用双馈风力发电机的无功补偿, 使节点电压保持在 0.94 p.u.以上, 网损减小率达 60%以上。
(2)AG-MOPSO 算法比 NSGA-Ⅱ算法收敛速度快, 平均计算时间短, 并且能够得到分布性更好、结果更优的 Pareto 前沿。此外, Pareto 最优解集是在兼顾系统运行的经济性和配电网的电能质量下得到的, 对系统运行优化方案的选择有一定的指导意义。
(3)本文的无功优化模型及多目标优化算法可适用于其他分布式能源并网的情况, 后期将进一步研究风电-光伏并网运行优化。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977072)
  • 湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2019KJX06)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.192
  • 接收时间:2021-09-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-09-01
  • 修回日期:2021-10-27
  • 录用日期:2021-12-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation(51977072)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977072)
Hubei Key Laboratory Open Fund(2019KJX06)
湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2019KJX06)
作者信息
    1 湖南工业大学 电气与信息工程学院 株洲 412007
    2 梯级水电站运行与控制湖北省重点实验室 (三峡大学) 宜昌 443002
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.192
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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