Article(id=1154037269032854285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.209, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1642521600000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-19, revisedDate=1649260800000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-07, acceptedDate=1649606400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-11, onlineDate=1753073525912, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073525912, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073525912, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073525912, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=209, endPage=218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037269435507472, articleId=1154037269032854285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Sensitivity Optimization Method for Metal Object Detection in Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the metal object detection performance for an electric vehicle wireless charging system, a sensitivity optimization method for the detection coil was proposed. The equivalent electromagnetic model of a rectangular detection coil with a metal object approaching was established. The changing mechanism of the physical parameters of the coil was studied, and a theoretical formula for changes in the parameters of the detection coil which were caused by metal objects of different sizes was obtained. The influence of several configuration parameters on the sensitivity of the detection coil was analyzed, and the configuration of the detection coil was optimized by combining the actual operating conditions of wireless charging. Through the electromagnetic field simulation and experimental verification, the accuracy of the theoretical model was proved. Finally, a metal object detection experiment was carried out in a 3 kW wireless charging system, which verified that the metal object detection system built on the basis of the optimized detection coil can detect metal objects with a size of 25 mm and above. In addition, it had anti-interference capability.

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为提高电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测性能,提出1种检测线圈灵敏度优化方法。首先,建立金属异物介入矩形检测线圈的等效电磁模型,研究线圈的物理参数变化机理,得到不同尺寸金属异物引起的检测线圈参数变化理论公式;其次,分析多个线圈构型参数对检测线圈灵敏度的影响,结合无线充电实际工况优化检测线圈构型,通过电磁场仿真及实验证明了理论模型的准确性;最后,在3kW无线充电系统中进行金属异物检测实验,结果表明:以优化后检测线圈为基础搭建的金属异物检测系统可以准确地检测到25mm及以上尺寸的金属异物,并具有抗干扰能力。

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张彬(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车无线充电及金属检测方法。E-mail:zhangbin1997@sjtu.edu.cn。

朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张彬(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车无线充电及金属检测方法。E-mail:zhangbin1997@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张彬(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车无线充电及金属检测方法。E-mail:zhangbin1997@sjtu.edu.cn。

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朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018. 33(9): 7387-7397., articleTitle=Dual-purpose nonoverlapping coil sets as metal object and vehicle position detections for wireless stationary EV chargers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154048254720331812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=2016 IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Metal object detection circuit with non-overlapped coils for wireless EV chargers[C]// 2016 IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), 2016: 1-6., articleTitle=Metal object detection circuit with non-overlapped coils for wireless EV chargers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154048254800023591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=696, pageEnd=701, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=2020 IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICIBA), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Metal foreign object detection in electric vehicle wireless power transmission[C]// 2020 IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICIBA), 2020: 696-701., articleTitle=Metal foreign object detection in electric vehicle wireless power transmission, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154048253290075113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, awardId=52007119, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52007119), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154048253352989676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=Equivalent model of rectangular metal object, figureFileSmall=scctUlGweNL4L+GOAGtXFw==, figureFileBig=CfkU9g1MYGbtxQDUzUqo+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251054510996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=图5, caption=矩形金属等效模型, figureFileSmall=scctUlGweNL4L+GOAGtXFw==, figureFileBig=CfkU9g1MYGbtxQDUzUqo+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251109036951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Relationship between self-inductance and parameters of rectangular metal object detection coil, figureFileSmall=CC/P8lhJAXktbyRVPhANwQ==, figureFileBig=mJ2PO9H0ueSV9JWXTPVEbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251218088858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=图6, caption=矩形金属检测线圈自感值与参数的关系, 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figureFileBig=TBxN4FGmJ5pQMUgbTKkhnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048251943703479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=图11, caption=金属检测系统实验平台及测试样本, figureFileSmall=yl8+xQFtq3HMmyONJiCRzA==, figureFileBig=TBxN4FGmJ5pQMUgbTKkhnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048252010812347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Output from circuit sampling magnification network and peak detection circuit with metal objects of different sizes approaching, figureFileSmall=jP/++ZKOh40Ky1lIz9rK+w==, figureFileBig=79BTt8bmvlku9UrF3lw+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048252124058557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同尺寸金属异物介入时电路采样放大网络和峰值检测电路输出, figureFileSmall=jP/++ZKOh40Ky1lIz9rK+w==, figureFileBig=79BTt8bmvlku9UrF3lw+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048252186973120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters in Equation(10), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${l}_{\mathrm{m}p}> {l}_{\mathrm{c}q}$ ${l}_{\mathrm{m}p}\leq {l}_{\mathrm{c}q}$
${M}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}- {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${M}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}- {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
${N}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}- {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${N}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}- {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
${W}_{1}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}- {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${W}_{1}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}- {l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
${W}_{2}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}- {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${W}_{2}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}- {l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252262470598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=表1, caption=式(10)参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${l}_{\mathrm{m}p}> {l}_{\mathrm{c}q}$ ${l}_{\mathrm{m}p}\leq {l}_{\mathrm{c}q}$
${M}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}- {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${M}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}- {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
${N}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}- {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${N}^{\prime \prime }= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}- {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
${W}_{1}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}- {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${W}_{1}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}- {l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
${W}_{2}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}- {l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}$ ${W}_{2}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}- {l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}+ {w}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252350550981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Configuration parameters of optimal detection coil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线圈 匝数 外尺寸/ mm 线宽/ mm 线厚/ mm 线间隙/ mm
11 30 1 0.035 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252417659848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=表2, caption=最优检测线圈构型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线圈 匝数 外尺寸/ mm 线宽/ mm 线厚/ mm 线间隙/ mm
11 30 1 0.035 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252488963018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Simulation parameters of detection coils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 验证 参数 线圈 匝数 外尺寸/ mm 线宽/ mm 线厚/ mm 线间隙/ mm
1 外尺寸 3 - 1 0.035 2.00
2 线间隙 3 50 1 0.035 -
3 线宽 3 40 - 0.035 2.00
4 线厚 3 40 1 - 2.00
5 匝数 - 30 1 0.035 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252618986444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=表3, caption=检测线圈仿真参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 验证 参数 线圈 匝数 外尺寸/ mm 线宽/ mm 线厚/ mm 线间隙/ mm
1 外尺寸 3 - 1 0.035 2.00
2 线间隙 3 50 1 0.035 -
3 线宽 3 40 - 0.035 2.00
4 线厚 3 40 1 - 2.00
5 匝数 - 30 1 0.035 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252686095310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=RMSE of relative error between simulated and theoretical values, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 验证参数 相对误差均方根/%
1 外尺寸 0.85
2 线匝间距 2.22
3 线宽 1.33
4 线厚 2.67
5 匝数 4.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252740621264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=表4, caption=仿真值与理论值的相对误差均方根值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 验证参数 相对误差均方根/%
1 外尺寸 0.85
2 线匝间距 2.22
3 线宽 1.33
4 线厚 2.67
5 匝数 4.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252837090260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Parameters of detection coils for sensitivity verification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 线圈 匝数 外尺寸/ mm 线宽/ mm 线厚/ mm 线间隙/ mm
1 3 40 1 0.035 2.00
2 3 30 1 0.035 4.00
3 11 30 1 0.035 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154048252904199129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=表5, caption=验证灵敏度检测线圈参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 线圈 匝数 外尺寸/ mm 线宽/ mm 线厚/ mm 线间隙/ mm
1 3 40 1 0.035 2.00
2 3 30 1 0.035 4.00
3 11 30 1 0.035 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1154048253000668124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=RMSE of equivalent $L$ and sensitivity of test coils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 等效自感相对均方根 误差/% 灵敏度均方根 误差/%
1 1.82 1.65
2 0.93 0.88
3 0.75 0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1154048253092942817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269032854285, language=CN, label=表6, caption=线圈等效自感和灵敏度的均方根误差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 等效自感相对均方根 误差/% 灵敏度均方根 误差/%
1 1.82 1.65
2 0.93 0.88
3 0.75 0.70
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电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测灵敏度优化方法
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张彬 , 朱翀 , 张希
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024,22(4): 209-218
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024, 22(4): 209-218
电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测灵敏度优化方法
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张彬 , 朱翀 , 张希
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 张彬(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车无线充电及金属检测方法。E-mail:zhangbin1997@sjtu.edu.cn。

    朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

    张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

Sensitivity Optimization Method for Metal Object Detection in Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System
Bin ZHANG , Chong ZHU , Xi ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.209
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为提高电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测性能,提出1种检测线圈灵敏度优化方法。首先,建立金属异物介入矩形检测线圈的等效电磁模型,研究线圈的物理参数变化机理,得到不同尺寸金属异物引起的检测线圈参数变化理论公式;其次,分析多个线圈构型参数对检测线圈灵敏度的影响,结合无线充电实际工况优化检测线圈构型,通过电磁场仿真及实验证明了理论模型的准确性;最后,在3kW无线充电系统中进行金属异物检测实验,结果表明:以优化后检测线圈为基础搭建的金属异物检测系统可以准确地检测到25mm及以上尺寸的金属异物,并具有抗干扰能力。

无线充电  /  金属异物检测  /  检测线圈灵敏度

To improve the metal object detection performance for an electric vehicle wireless charging system, a sensitivity optimization method for the detection coil was proposed. The equivalent electromagnetic model of a rectangular detection coil with a metal object approaching was established. The changing mechanism of the physical parameters of the coil was studied, and a theoretical formula for changes in the parameters of the detection coil which were caused by metal objects of different sizes was obtained. The influence of several configuration parameters on the sensitivity of the detection coil was analyzed, and the configuration of the detection coil was optimized by combining the actual operating conditions of wireless charging. Through the electromagnetic field simulation and experimental verification, the accuracy of the theoretical model was proved. Finally, a metal object detection experiment was carried out in a 3 kW wireless charging system, which verified that the metal object detection system built on the basis of the optimized detection coil can detect metal objects with a size of 25 mm and above. In addition, it had anti-interference capability.

Wireless charging  /  metal object detection  /  sensitivity of detection coil
张彬, 朱翀, 张希. 电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测灵敏度优化方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 209 -218 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.209
Bin ZHANG, Chong ZHU, Xi ZHANG. Sensitivity Optimization Method for Metal Object Detection in Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 209 -218 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.209
电磁感应式无线充电系统作为 1 种新型电能传输技术,能有效提高电动汽车充电过程的便捷性,是汽车电动化和智能化的必需技术[1]。无线充电系统初次级侧线圈间会激励出高功率磁场[2],金属异物介入磁场区域时产生的涡流效应会影响系统的电磁参数,从而降低系统效率[3]; 涡流效应还会导致温升,引发起火等安全隐患[4]。因此,金属异物检测模块是保障电动汽车无线充电系统安全运行的基础[5]
金属异物检测方法通常分为电气检测法和光学检测法。文献[6]提出了通过辅助线圈、无需外部激励检测金属异物的方法; 文献[7]提出了通过逆变器输出功率变化检测金属异物的方法; 文献[8]提出了具有金属异物检测和线圈定位功能的双层平衡线圈组检测方法;文献[9]提出了多通道对称感应线圈检测方法; 文献[10]提出了基于热成像传感器和深度学习算法的金属和活体异物检测系统。但是, 文献[6-8]中的方法灵敏度低; 文献[6-9]中的方法存在检测盲区;文献[10]中的方法成本高昂, 受环境因素限制较大。此外, 文献[3-13]均未对线圈构型参数与检测效果间的理论关系进行研究。
为进一步提高无线充电系统的金属异物检测性能, 本文提出 1 种电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测灵敏度优化方法。首先, 通过分析金属异物对印刷螺旋线圈阻抗变化的影响, 提出了金属异物检测系统结构, 将金属异物介入导致检测线圈的阻抗变化通过检测电路放大并输出, 并消除功率磁场噪声干扰。其次, 针对矩形检测线圈, 提出金属异物介入矩形检测线圈的等效电磁模型, 给出了线圈自感及灵敏度的理论公式, 分析了多个构型参数对检测线圈自感及灵敏度的影响, 并结合无线充电实际工况提出最优检测线圈构型。最后,在$3\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 无线充电系统中进行金属异物检测实验, 与 2 组未优化线圈进行对比, 旨在验证本文所提金属异物检测系统的精确性及抗干扰能力。
涡流效应是指当置于交变磁场或在非均匀磁场中运动时, 金属内会产生感应电动势, 由于金属内阻小, 较小的感应电动势也可产生较大的电流, 电流在金属内沿环状闭合回路流动[13]。金属异物检测系统中,交流激励源为检测线圈输入交变电流${I}_{1}$, 线圈周围会产生交变磁场${H}_{1}$,金属进入磁场${H}_{1}$ 后, 产生感应电流${I}_{2}$,从而产生交变磁场${H}_{2}$,方向与${H}_{1}$ 相反,导致检测线圈有效阻抗发生变化。为便于分析金属对检测线圈的影响, 将金属等效为电感与电阻串联的模型。金属介入检测线圈时的等效电路, 如图1所示。
根据基尔霍夫电压定律可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}= {R}_{\text{coil }}{I}_{1}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\text{coil }}{I}_{1}- \mathrm{j}{\omega M}{I}_{2}\\ 0 ={R}_{\text{metal }}{I}_{2}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\text{metal }}{I}_{2}- \mathrm{j}{\omega M}{I}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为交流激动源输出电压;${R}_{\text{coil }}$ 为检测线圈等效电阻;${L}_{\text{coil }}$ 为检测线圈电感;$M$ 为检测线圈与金属互感;${R}_{\text{metal }}$ 为金属等效电阻;${L}_{\text{metal }}$ 为金属等效电感。
检测线圈阻抗为
${Z}_{\text{coil }}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{{I}_{1}}= \left\lbrack {\left({{R}_{\text{coil }}+ \frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{metal }}}{{R}_{\text{metal }}^{2}+ {\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{metal }}^{2}}}\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{\mathrm{j}\omega \left({{L}_{\text{coil }}- \frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}{L}_{\text{metal }}}{{R}_{\text{metal }}^{2}+ {\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{metal }}^{2}}}\right)}\right\rbrack {I}_{1}$
检测线圈等效感抗为
${L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {L}_{\text{coil }}- \frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}{L}_{\text{metal }}}{{R}_{\text{metal }}^{2}+ {\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{metal }}^{2}}$
由式 (3)得, 当金属异物介入时, 检测线圈等效自感小于本身自感${L}_{\text{coil }}$。本文基于金属异物介入时检测线圈阻抗变化搭建线圈和电路系统, 检测金属异物。金属检测系统整体结构,如图2所示。
阻抗变化式金属异物检测方法中检测线圈的构型种类繁多, 如图3所示。与曲折型和环形线圈相比, 平面螺旋线圈具有最大的电感值, 因此本文的检测线圈选用平面螺旋线圈。本节提出 1 种金属异物介入矩形检测线圈的等效电磁模型, 给出线圈自感及灵敏度的理论公式, 分析多个构型参数对检测线圈自感及灵敏度的影响, 并结合实际工况得到最优检测线圈构型。
检测线圈的基本构型常为矩形和圆形。其中圆形线圈结构简单, 但当密集阵列排布于电动汽车无线充电区域时, 存在明显的检测盲区。为解决这一问题,通常检测线圈需要采用重叠式结构消除盲区, 但成本较高、结构复杂。矩形线圈则不存在上述缺点, 因此本节针对矩形多匝线圈进行建模分析。
考虑 1 个单匝矩形线圈,其长度为${l}_{1}$,宽度为${l}_{2}$,铜线宽度为$w$,其中通入电流为$i$,以长度为${l}_{1}$ 的矩形边的中点为原点, 以该边所在直线为直角坐标系的纵轴建立直角坐标系,如图4(a)所示。
根据毕奥-萨伐尔定律(Biot-Savart law), 当线圈中电流为$i$,长度为${l}_{1}$ 的矩形边在点$P\left({x, y}\right)$ 处磁场强度为
$ B\left({x, y}\right)= \frac{{\mu }_{0}i}{4\pi x}\left({\frac{{l}_{1}/2 - y}{\sqrt{{\left({l}_{1}/2 - y\right)}^{2}+ {x}^{2}}}+ \frac{{l}_{1}/2 + y}{\sqrt{{\left({l}_{1}/2 + y\right)}^{2}+ {x}^{2}}}}\right)$
式中,${\mu }_{0}$ 为真空磁导率。
线圈内感生磁通量为
$\varphi = 2\left({{\varphi }_{{l}_{1}}+ {\varphi }_{{l}_{2}}}\right)= 2\left({{\int }_{x =\frac{w}{2}}^{{l}_{2}- \frac{w}{2}}{\int }_{y =\frac{{l}_{1}- w}{2}}^{\frac{{l}_{1}- w}{2}}{B}_{{l}_{1}}\left({x, y}\right)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{\;d}y +{\int }_{x =\frac{w}{2}}^{{l}_{2}- \frac{w}{2}}{\int }_{y =\frac{{l}_{1}- w}{2}}^{\frac{{l}_{1}- w}{2}}{B}_{{l}_{2}}\left({x, y}\right)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{\;d}y}\right)= \\\frac{{\mu }_{0}i}{\pi }\left\lbrack {2\sqrt{{M}^{2}+ {N}^{2}}- 2\sqrt{{M}^{2}+ {W}^{2}}- 2\sqrt{{N}^{2}+ {W}^{2}}+ 2\sqrt{2}W - M\ln \left({\frac{W}{N}\frac{M +\sqrt{{M}^{2}+ {N}^{2}}}{M +\sqrt{{M}^{2}+ {W}^{2}}}}\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{W\ln \frac{W +\sqrt{{N}^{2}+ {W}^{2}}}{\left({1 +\sqrt{2}}\right) N}- N\ln \left({\frac{W}{M}\frac{N +\sqrt{{M}^{2}+ {N}^{2}}}{N +\sqrt{{N}^{2}+ {W}^{2}}}}\right)+ W\ln \frac{W +\sqrt{{M}^{2}+ {W}^{2}}}{\left({1 +\sqrt{2}}\right) M}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\varphi }_{{l}_{1}}$${\varphi }_{{l}_{2}}$ 分别为单匝线圈中边${l}_{1}$${l}_{2}$ 在线圈面积内的感生磁通量;${B}_{{l}_{1}}\left({x, y}\right)$${B}_{{l}_{2}}\left({x, y}\right)$ 分别为边${l}_{1}$${l}_{2}$ 在点$P\left({x, y}\right)$ 处的磁场强度;$M ={l}_{1}- w/2$,$N ={l}_{2}- w/2, W = w/2$
由于本文研究的线圈均为印刷螺旋线圈, 线匝厚度$t$、线宽$w$ 与线圈长度$l$ 之比均会影响线圈自感, 因此增加厚度修正参数$T$ 和比例修正参数$R$,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} T =- {28.54}{t}^{0.7}+ {1.24}\\{R}_{{l}_{1}}= -{1.5}{\left(\frac{{l}_{1}}{w}\right)}^{-{0.9}}+ 1 \\{R}_{{l}_{2}}= -{1.5}{\left(\frac{{l}_{2}}{w}\right)}^{-{0.9}}+ 1 \end{array}\right.$
修正后的单匝线圈自感为
$ L =\frac{2T}{i}\left({{R}_{{l}_{1}}{\varphi }_{{l}_{1}}+ {R}_{{l}_{2}}{\varphi }_{{l}_{2}}}\right)$
多匝矩形线圈如图4(b)所示,匝间距为$c$,其自感为每一匝线圈自感和任意两匝互感之和。任意第$j$ 匝和第$k$ 匝线圈中$\left({j < k}\right)$,电流均为$i$,两线圈间磁链互相铰接,由此可得${M}_{jk}= {M}_{kj}$。互感计算公式为
${M}_{jk}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{\pi }\left({2\sqrt{{M}^{\prime 2}+ {N}^{\prime 2}}- 2\sqrt{{M}^{\prime 2}+ {W}^{\prime 2}}- 2\sqrt{{N}^{\prime 2}+ {W}^{\prime 2}}+ 2\sqrt{2}{W}^{\prime }- {M}^{\prime }\ln \frac{{W}^{\prime }}{{N}^{\prime }}\frac{{M}^{\prime }+ \sqrt{{N}^{\prime 2}+ {M}^{\prime 2}}}{{M}^{\prime }+ \sqrt{{W}^{\prime 2}+ {M}^{\prime 2}}}- }\right.\\\left.{{N}^{\prime }\ln \frac{{W}^{\prime }}{{M}^{\prime }}\frac{{N}^{\prime }+ \sqrt{{M}^{\prime 2}+ {N}^{\prime 2}}}{{N}^{\prime }+ \sqrt{{N}^{\prime 2}+ {W}^{\prime 2}}}+ {W}^{\prime }\ln \frac{\left({{W}^{\prime }+ \sqrt{{N}^{\prime 2}+ {W}^{\prime 2}}}\right)\left({{W}^{\prime }+ \sqrt{{M}^{\prime 2}+ {W}^{\prime 2}}}\right)}{\left({3 + 2\sqrt{2}}\right) M/{N}^{\prime }}}\right)$
式中:${M}^{\prime }= M -\left({j + k - 2}\right)\left({w + c}\right);{N}^{\prime }= N -(j +$ $\left.{k - 2}\right)\left({w + c}\right);{W}^{\prime }= W +\left({k - j}\right)\left({w + c}\right)$
对于$N$ 匝线圈,其自感为
$ L =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{L}_{ii}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1, k = 1, j \neq k}}^{N}{M}_{jk}$
式中,${L}_{ii}$ 为第$i$ 匝线圈自感。
本节建立金属异物等效电磁模型, 分析金属异物介入时检测线圈的等效自感和灵敏度, 旨在为线圈设计提供理论基础。定义线圈灵敏度为检测线圈等效自感相对于原自感的变化率。
为了分析金属异物涡流效应的影响, 将矩形金属异物等效为$n$ 匝螺旋线圈模型,每匝宽度为${w}_{\mathrm{m}}$,
检测线圈的线宽为${w}_{\mathrm{c}}$,如图5所示。
将矩形金属放置于检测线圈中心处, 检测线圈中的激励电流为$i$,矩形金属异物等效模型中第$p$ 匝与检测线圈模型中第$q$ 匝间的互感为
${M}_{\mathrm{{mp}}- \mathrm{{cq}}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{\pi }\left({2\sqrt{{M}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {N}^{\prime \prime 2}}- 2\sqrt{{N}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {W}_{1}^{2}}- 2\sqrt{{M}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {W}_{2}^{2}}+ 2\sqrt{{W}_{1}^{2}+ {W}_{2}^{2}}- {M}^{\prime \prime }\ln \frac{{W}_{2}}{{N}^{\prime \prime }}+ \sqrt{{M}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {N}^{\prime 2}}- }\right.\\{N}^{\prime \prime }\ln \frac{{W}_{1}}{{M}^{\prime \prime }}\frac{{N}^{\prime \prime }+ \sqrt{{M}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {N}^{\prime \prime 2}}}{{N}^{\prime \prime }+ \sqrt{{N}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {W}_{1}^{2}}}+ {W}_{1}\ln \frac{{W}_{2}}{{N}^{\prime \prime }}\frac{{W}_{1}+ \sqrt{{N}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {W}_{1}^{2}}}{{W}_{1}+ \sqrt{{W}_{2}^{2}+ {W}_{1}^{2}}}+ {W}_{2}\ln \frac{{W}_{1}}{{M}^{\prime \prime }}\frac{{W}_{2}+ \sqrt{{M}^{\prime \prime 2}+ {W}_{2}^{2}}}{{W}_{2}+ \sqrt{{W}_{2}^{2}+ {W}_{1}^{2}}}$
矩形金属异物等效模型中第$p$ 匝与检测线圈中第$q$ 匝间的互感参数见表1,其中${l}_{\mathrm{m}p}$ 为矩形金
属异物等效模型中第$p$ 匝金属线圈导线的长度,${l}_{\mathrm{c}q}$ 为检测线圈模型中第$q$ 匝检测线圈导线的长度,${l}_{\mathrm{m}{p1}}$${l}_{\mathrm{m}{p2}}$ 分别为${l}_{\mathrm{m}p}$ 相邻两边的长度,${l}_{\mathrm{c}{q1}}$${l}_{\mathrm{c}{q2}}$ 分别为${l}_{\mathrm{c}q}$ 相邻两边的长度。
金属异物介入检测线圈时, 两者互感为
$ M =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{p = 1}}^{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{N}{M}_{\mathrm{m}p -\mathrm{c}q}$
金属异物等效模型的内阻为
${R}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{\rho L}{S}= \frac{\rho \times {l}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
式中:$\rho$ 为金属材料的电导率;${l}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为金属等效线圈模型的导线总长度;${S}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为金属等效线圈模型导线横截面积。
检测线圈的灵敏度为
$\text{ Sensitivity }= \frac{{L}_{\text{coil }}- {L}_{\text{eq }}}{{L}_{\text{coil }}}\times {100}\%$
本文 2.1 节给出了矩形金属检测线圈的自感计算公式, 由式(6)~式(9)可知检测线圈自感与线圈匝数、外尺寸、线匝间距、单匝线宽和线厚度等参数有关, 如图6所示。
图6中, 使用控制变量法分别只改变线圈结构参数(包括线圈匝数、线圈外尺寸、线匝间距、线厚和单匝线宽), 同时保证其他参数固定, 得到检测线圈自感。可知: 矩形金属检测线圈自感随着线圈匝数和线圈外尺寸的增加单调增大; 随着线匝间距、单匝线宽和线厚的增加单调减小。当其他参数确定时, 矩形线圈厚度对检测线圈自感影响较小, 线厚选用印刷电路的标准厚度。矩形线圈的线宽对自感有一定影响, 但考虑到线圈线匝需要有一定宽度以保证载流能力, 且避免过大线宽的趋肤效应导致功率损耗增大,因此单匝线宽取适中值即可。
为寻找最优检测线圈构型参数, 需分析线圈匝数、外尺寸、线匝间距对金属异物介入时检测线圈灵敏度的影响。
图7(a)所示, 当不同尺寸金属异物介入检测线圈时, 检测线圈灵敏度随着金属尺寸的增加先迅速增大, 然后达到峰值, 最后平缓减小, 可见灵敏度峰值会随着线圈外尺寸的增大而增大。当金属异物与检测线圈尺寸之比为 80%~200%时,检测线圈的灵敏度较高。当金属尺寸远大于检测线圈时, 线圈灵敏度会缓慢下降至稳定值。
线圈匝数对线圈灵敏度的影响如图7(b)所示,可见检测线圈灵敏度随线圈匝数增加呈先快后慢的单调增长趋势, 最终趋于稳定。
图7(c)为不同匝数(n)时,线匝间距与检测线圈灵敏度的关系。当匝数接近最大值时, 匝数的改变对线圈灵敏度的影响较小, 灵敏度整体趋势随着线匝间距的增大而逐渐降低;当匝数逐渐减小时, 线圈灵敏度会随着线匝间距的增大而出现数个峰值。
检测线圈外尺寸和线圈匝数是影响线圈自感和灵敏度的主要因素, 而线匝间距则可以进一步提高检测线圈的灵敏度。电动汽车无线充电实际工作场景中金属物体的长度通常为${25}\sim {60}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,且当检测线圈灵敏度超过 3%时, 可以通过后处理电路检测到金属异物, 由此可确定最优检测线圈外尺寸。考虑到线圈载流能力,取线圈的线宽为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,厚度为$1\mathrm{{oz}}\left({{35\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$。考虑匝数与线匝间距,得到最优构型线圈, 参数见表2
在不同尺寸金属异物介入线圈时, 最优构型线圈的灵敏度如图8所示。可见: 最优检测线圈能检测金属的最小尺寸约为${24}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$;金属异物尺寸为${50}\sim$ ${55}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时的检测灵敏度最高;金属尺寸逐渐增大至超过${70}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 后,检测灵敏度缓慢降低,符合实际工况要求。
本节通过电磁场仿真得到不同参数矩形线圈的自感, 并与式(9)得到的理论计算值对比验证模型的准确性。设置不同线厚、线宽、线匝间距、线匝数和外尺寸的线圈,自感的仿真与理论结果如图9所示。
线匝间距/mm
图9中用于仿真的检测线圈参数见表3,5 组检测线圈自感参数仿真验证得到的仿真值与理论值的相对误差均方根见表4。由图9表4可知, 2.1 节中提出的矩形线圈自感理论值与仿真测试值相对误差均方根小于 5%,贴合程度较高。
本文共制作了 3 种线圈, 包括 2 种未优化构型参数的线圈及第 2.3 节中提出的最佳构型线圈, 具体参数见表5。对比不同尺寸金属异物介入 3 种线圈前、后检测线圈等效自感和灵敏度的理论值与通过阻抗分析仪测得的实际值, 验证 2.2 节中提出的数学模型的准确性, 如图10所示。
线圈等效自感实验值与理论值的相对均方根误差和线圈灵敏度的均方根误差见表6
图10表6可知, 不同金属异物介入 3 种检测线圈时, 检测线圈等效自感的相对均方根误差小于 2%,灵敏度均方根误差小于 2%,验证了 2.2 节中提出的数学模型的准确性。
图10(a)显示未优化线圈$a$ 检测金属尺寸范围为${35}\sim {70}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。而图${10}\left(\mathrm{c}\right)$ 本文所提最优构型线圈检测金属尺寸范围为${25}\sim {70}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,检测范围更广, 更符合实际工况。但当使用较大尺寸线圈检测小尺寸金属异物时, 其灵敏度较低, 且由于较大的有效面积, 会受到充电功率磁场较大的干扰。
图10(b)显示了未优化线圈$b$ 检测金属尺寸的范围为${25}\sim {70}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,与最优构型线圈相同,但由于匝数较少, 其灵敏度较低, 且该线圈阻抗较小, 在后续处理过程中检测效果有所降低。
根据第 2 节提到的最优金属检测线圈构型, 设计了完全覆盖电动汽车无线充电区域的检测线圈。 搭建金属检测系统硬件电路结构, 包括正弦发生电路、消除直流偏置电路、串联谐振采样电路、同相放大电路、高通滤波电路和峰值检测电路, 将检测线圈在金属介入时的阻抗变化放大输出为交流电压信号, 同时消除无线充电磁场感应产生的低频干扰信号, 最终转化为直流信号用以采样判断金属异物的存在。在 1 个功率为 的无线充电系统中安装测试。选用 3.2.1 节中的 3 种线圈作为检测线圈。根据《电动汽车无线充电系统第 3 部分:特殊要求》(GB/T中对异物常规检测的要求, 选用硬币、铝片等金属作为检测对象, 将金属异物置于检测线圈上间距 处。金属检测实验平台如(a)所示,待检测的金属异物如(c) 所示,包括直径为 的金属圆盖、尺寸为 的金属铝片和直径为 的硬币。最优构型线圈作为单路独立的线圈阵列式排布, 构成足以覆盖电动汽车无线充电区域的金属检测线圈, 如(b)所示。如果各个单路线圈串联或并联连接, 会导致2个问题:①检测灵敏度大幅度降低;②串联连接时当 1 个单路线圈损坏, 与之串联的所有线圈均会失去检测功能。
任意选取 1 路线圈, 根据实验测得的检测线圈自感值, 配置好预设工作频率对应的谐振电容并通电。将不同尺寸的金属异物依次单独介入通电检测线圈, 3 种检测线圈电路的采样放大网络输出和峰值检测电路输出如图12所示。可知: 无金属异物介入检测线圈时,峰值检测电路输出为${0.65}\mathrm{\;V}$。当 3 种金属异物(尺寸从大到小)分别介入检测线圈$a$ 时, 峰值检测电路输出的信号变化值分别为 0.25 、${0.15}\text{、}{0.10}\mathrm{\;V}$ ; 介入检测线圈$b$ 时,峰值检测电路输出的信号变化值分别为${0.30}\text{、}{0.35}\text{、}{0.25}\mathrm{\;V}$ ; 介入检测线圈$c$ 时,峰值检测电路输出的信号变化值分别为${0.55}\text{、}{0.60}\text{、}{0.45}\mathrm{\;V}$。其中,线圈$a$ 尺寸大于线圈$b$ 和线圈$c$,当从大到小的金属异物分别介入时, 电路输出信号变化率逐渐降低, 符合图10(a)中线圈灵敏度的变化规律。线圈$b$ 尺寸与线圈$c$ 相同, 金属铝片介入这 2 种线圈时, 输出信号变化率略大于金属圆盖, 硬币导致的输出信号变化率最小。与图10(b)和(c)对比,由于${40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 更接近图中灵敏度峰值对应尺寸${55}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,因此金属铝片介入检测线圈时, 线圈灵敏度更高, 电路输出信号变化率更大, 与理论公式结论相同。但由于线圈$b$ 匝数较少,灵敏度低,输出信号变化率远小于线圈$c$。此外,如图12所示,输出电压波形未受到功率磁场在检测线圈中感生的低频噪声干扰。
根据式(10)优化得到的最优构型检测线圈,在尺寸较小的硬币、铝片等金属异物介入时, 系统输出信号变化率达到 65%以上, 效果远好于未优化构型参数的线圈, 且金属异物检测系统同时具有抗功率磁场干扰的能力。
电动汽车的接收端通常有磁屏蔽装置, 在接收端不确定位置的情况下, 检测线圈的等效自感也会产生变化, 因此为区分金属异物和接收端引起的变化,金属异物检测系统将在正式检测前进行预检。 预检过程将在电动汽车停稳后记录各个线圈对应的电路整流后输出电压, 作为检测是否存在金属异物的基准值, 排除接收端位置变化对检测系统的影响。
本文针对电动汽车无线充电系统金属异物检测灵敏度不足的问题, 提出 1 种矩形检测线圈灵敏度优化方法。建立金属异物介入检测线圈的等效电磁模型, 研究线圈参数的变化机理并给出了灵敏度理论公式, 分析了多个参数对检测线圈灵敏度的影响, 该公式可以作为检测线圈设计的依据。根据电动汽车无线充电系统工况需求, 确定了最优检测线圈构型。通过电磁场仿真和实验, 验证了检测线圈等效电磁模型和灵敏度公式的准确性。通过金属异物检测系统实验, 验证了相对于未经过优化的线圈, 本文所提最优构型检测线圈搭建的系统对无线充电工况中的金属异物均具有极高的灵敏度和抗干扰能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007119)
  • 上海市浦江人才计划资助项目(20PJ1407200)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.209
  • 接收时间:2022-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-19
  • 修回日期:2022-04-07
  • 录用日期:2022-04-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52007119)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007119)
Shanghai Pujiang Program(20PJ1407200)
上海市浦江人才计划资助项目(20PJ1407200)
作者信息
    上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.209
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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