Article(id=1153695651218055671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1627833600000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-02, revisedDate=1632499200000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-25, acceptedDate=1633881600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-11, onlineDate=1752992077879, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992077879, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992077879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992077879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=150, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695651956253178, articleId=1153695651218055671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Virtual Torque Impulse Balance Control Strategy for Three-phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier, columnId=1153024091842924578, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=AC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Owing to its advantages such as simple structure, strong robustness and good dynamic and static performances, model predictive control (MPC) has been widely applied to three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier systems. However, the PI linear regulator adopted in the voltage outer loop of MPC affects the dynamic performance of DC-side voltage. Aimed at this problem, a virtual torque impulse balance control strategy is proposed to achieve a rapid convergence of DC-side voltage through only one time of regulation. To realize this strategy, the expression of virtual torque is derived based on the mathematical model at first. Second, the virtual torque impulse balance control equation under load mutation is analyzed and established according to the fact that the DC-side output voltage will remain unchanged before and after load mutation while combining the principle of power conservation. Afterwards, the acting time of zero and forward vectors can be obtained. Finally, the virtual torque impulse balance control of the three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier system under load mutation is realized through simulations and experiments, which verifies the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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模型预测控制具有结构简单、鲁棒性强和动静态性能良好等优点,因此其在三相电压型PWM整流器系统中得到了广泛应用。然而,模型预测控制的电压外环采用PI线性调节器进行调节,影响了直流侧电压的动态性能。为此提出了虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略,从而使直流侧电压仅经过1次调节即可实现快速收敛。为了实现此策略,首先,根据数学模型推导得到了虚拟转矩的表达式;其次,根据负载突变前、后直流侧输出电压保持不变,同时结合功率守恒原则,分析建立了负载突变时的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制方程,求得零矢量与前进矢量的作用时间;最后,通过仿真和实验实现了三相电压型PWM整流器系统负载突变时的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制,验证了所提算法的正确性与有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4E/OO/rEs8XkbonThPQlsg==, magXml=FH/fLyhR3JDuH6cUkZMC+Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YoR5FvhC4TBgNClVbeoKeg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xiX2Qfx0+0OtSvy2+XQPkQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张成糕(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源发电系统以及起动发电系统。E-mail:zhangchenggao@nuaa.edu.cn。

王宇(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:磁通切换型电机及其控制。E-mail:wanghaohao@nuaa.edu.cn。

张艺(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:磁悬浮电机及其控制。E-mail:872385117@qq.com。

郝雯娟(1982-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:直线电机本体设计。E-mail:hwj@nuaa.edu.cn。

夏宇航(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:直流发电机及其控制。E-mail:919880447@qq.com。

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张成糕(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源发电系统以及起动发电系统。E-mail:zhangchenggao@nuaa.edu.cn。

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张成糕(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源发电系统以及起动发电系统。E-mail:zhangchenggao@nuaa.edu.cn。

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王宇(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:磁通切换型电机及其控制。E-mail:wanghaohao@nuaa.edu.cn。

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王宇(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:磁通切换型电机及其控制。E-mail:wanghaohao@nuaa.edu.cn。

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张艺(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:磁悬浮电机及其控制。E-mail:872385117@qq.com。

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张艺(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:磁悬浮电机及其控制。E-mail:872385117@qq.com。

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郝雯娟(1982-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:直线电机本体设计。E-mail:hwj@nuaa.edu.cn。

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郝雯娟(1982-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:直线电机本体设计。E-mail:hwj@nuaa.edu.cn。

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夏宇航(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:直流发电机及其控制。E-mail:919880447@qq.com。

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夏宇航(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:直流发电机及其控制。E-mail:919880447@qq.com。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Dynamic waveforms of three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier based on virtual torque impulse, figureFileSmall=Whkynui4juYQBVIQaxU4VA==, figureFileBig=vv2a0+VwfDOLONM2fLJptA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032997847257886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=CN, label=图15, caption=负载突变时基于虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制的三相电压型 PWM 整流器动态波形, figureFileSmall=Whkynui4juYQBVIQaxU4VA==, figureFileBig=vv2a0+VwfDOLONM2fLJptA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032997918561056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Switching vectors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\tau$ $f$ ${S}_{1}$ ${S}_{2}$ ${S}_{3}$ ${S}_{4}$ ${S}_{5}$ ${S}_{6}$
1 1 ${V}_{2}$ ${V}_{3}$ ${V}_{4}$ ${V}_{5}$ ${V}_{6}$ ${V}_{1}$
0 1 ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$
1 0 ${V}_{3}$ ${V}_{4}$ ${V}_{5}$ ${V}_{6}$ ${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{2}$
0 0 ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032998002447138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=CN, label=表1, caption=开关矢量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\tau$ $f$ ${S}_{1}$ ${S}_{2}$ ${S}_{3}$ ${S}_{4}$ ${S}_{5}$ ${S}_{6}$
1 1 ${V}_{2}$ ${V}_{3}$ ${V}_{4}$ ${V}_{5}$ ${V}_{6}$ ${V}_{1}$
0 1 ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$
1 0 ${V}_{3}$ ${V}_{4}$ ${V}_{5}$ ${V}_{6}$ ${V}_{1}$ ${V}_{2}$
0 0 ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$ ${V}_{0}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032998086333222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
交流电压幅值${U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{V}$ 12
交流电压频率$f/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
给定输出直流电压${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 24
电感$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 3
直流侧负载$R/\Omega$ 20(10)
), ArticleFig(id=1154032998166024999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=CN, label=表2, caption=三相电压型 PWM 整流器参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
交流电压幅值${U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{V}$ 12
交流电压频率$f/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
给定输出直流电压${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 24
电感$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 3
直流侧负载$R/\Omega$ 20(10)
), ArticleFig(id=1154032998228939562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Dynamic response time under load mutation ms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型预测控制 虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制
负载突加 273(过阻尼) 196(临界阻尼) 392(欠阻尼) 76
负载突卸 310(过阻尼) 175(临界阻尼) 372(欠阻尼) 90
), ArticleFig(id=1154032998291854126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695651218055671, language=CN, label=表3, caption=负载突变时动态响应时间, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型预测控制 虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制
负载突加 273(过阻尼) 196(临界阻尼) 392(欠阻尼) 76
负载突卸 310(过阻尼) 175(临界阻尼) 372(欠阻尼) 90
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三相电压型PWM整流器的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略
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张成糕 , 王宇 , 张艺 , 郝雯娟 , 夏宇航
电源学报 | AC-DC 变换器 2024,22(5): 150-160
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电源学报 | AC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(5): 150-160
三相电压型PWM整流器的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略
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张成糕 , 王宇 , 张艺 , 郝雯娟 , 夏宇航
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学 自动化学院 南京 210016
  • 张成糕(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源发电系统以及起动发电系统。E-mail:zhangchenggao@nuaa.edu.cn。

    王宇(1982-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:磁通切换型电机及其控制。E-mail:wanghaohao@nuaa.edu.cn。

    张艺(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:磁悬浮电机及其控制。E-mail:872385117@qq.com。

    郝雯娟(1982-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:直线电机本体设计。E-mail:hwj@nuaa.edu.cn。

    夏宇航(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:直流发电机及其控制。E-mail:919880447@qq.com。

Virtual Torque Impulse Balance Control Strategy for Three-phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier
Chenggao ZHANG , Yu WANG , Yi ZHANG , Wenjuan HAO , Yuhang XIA
Affiliations
  • College of Automation Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.150
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模型预测控制具有结构简单、鲁棒性强和动静态性能良好等优点,因此其在三相电压型PWM整流器系统中得到了广泛应用。然而,模型预测控制的电压外环采用PI线性调节器进行调节,影响了直流侧电压的动态性能。为此提出了虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略,从而使直流侧电压仅经过1次调节即可实现快速收敛。为了实现此策略,首先,根据数学模型推导得到了虚拟转矩的表达式;其次,根据负载突变前、后直流侧输出电压保持不变,同时结合功率守恒原则,分析建立了负载突变时的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制方程,求得零矢量与前进矢量的作用时间;最后,通过仿真和实验实现了三相电压型PWM整流器系统负载突变时的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制,验证了所提算法的正确性与有效性。

三相电压型PWM整流器  /  模型预测控制  /  动态性能  /  虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略  /  负载突变

Owing to its advantages such as simple structure, strong robustness and good dynamic and static performances, model predictive control (MPC) has been widely applied to three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier systems. However, the PI linear regulator adopted in the voltage outer loop of MPC affects the dynamic performance of DC-side voltage. Aimed at this problem, a virtual torque impulse balance control strategy is proposed to achieve a rapid convergence of DC-side voltage through only one time of regulation. To realize this strategy, the expression of virtual torque is derived based on the mathematical model at first. Second, the virtual torque impulse balance control equation under load mutation is analyzed and established according to the fact that the DC-side output voltage will remain unchanged before and after load mutation while combining the principle of power conservation. Afterwards, the acting time of zero and forward vectors can be obtained. Finally, the virtual torque impulse balance control of the three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier system under load mutation is realized through simulations and experiments, which verifies the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier  /  model predictive control (MPC)  /  dynamic performance  /  virtual torque impulse balance control strategy  /  load mutation
张成糕, 王宇, 张艺, 郝雯娟, 夏宇航. 三相电压型PWM整流器的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 150 -160 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.150
Chenggao ZHANG, Yu WANG, Yi ZHANG, Wenjuan HAO, Yuhang XIA. Virtual Torque Impulse Balance Control Strategy for Three-phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 150 -160 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.150
由于三相电压型 PWM 整流器具有可实现单位功率因数控制、能量双向流动、低输入电流谐波含量及输出电压可控等优点[1-2],其在可再生能源系统、有源滤波、微电网及四象限交流电动机驱动等场合得到了广泛应用${}^{\left\lbrack 3\text{-}5\right\rbrack }$。随着应用场合的多样化, 对其静、动态性能的要求越来越高, 因此提高三相电压型 PWM 整流器控制性能的控制策略成为了国内外学者研究的热点[6-7]
目前有关 PWM 整流器的高性能控制方法主要包括电压定向控制 VOC(voltage oriented control)、 直接功率控制 DPC(direct power control) 和模型预测控制 MPC(model predictive control)。VOC 是出现较早并应用最广泛的一种控制策略, 通过同步旋转坐标变换将网侧三相电流变为有功电流和无功电流分量, 然后通过 PI 控制器对两者进行调节, 从而实现有功和无功功率的解耦控制[8]。VOC 可以获得良好的动、静态性能, 但其控制效果严重依赖于电流内环设计及参数整定, 而且整流系统的动态性能受制于电流内环的带宽很难达到很高的指标[9-10]。与 VOC 不同, DPC 无需对电流进行旋转坐标变换, 根据电网电压的位置和误差信号直接从预设的开关矢量表中选择 1 个电压矢量, 从而可以同时减少有功和无功功率与给定值的误差[11]。由于 DPC 内环采用滞环控制器, 不需要电流内环及其参数整定, 系统的动态性能得到了改善, 但同时带来稳态时输出电压纹波较大且开关频率不固定等问题,通常需要较高的采样频率才能获得较好的控制效果[12]。MPC 是一种基于模型的开环优化控制策略, 将 DPC 中的开关表替换为预测模型, 通过选取使由功率误差组成的目标函数最小化所对应的电压矢量作为最优电压矢量来控制开关管的开通和关断[13]。相较于$\mathrm{{VOC}},\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 具有更快的动态响应,且稳态性能相当;与 DPC 相比,其选择的矢量更加精确有效,从而有效改善了系统的稳态性能并降低了电流总谐波失真度[14]
由于 MPC 具有原理简单、动态响应快和稳态性能好等优点[15-16],国内外学者对其进行了深入的研究,主要集中于无电压传感器运行[17-19] 、电网不平衡时的控制[20-22] 及稳态性能改善[23-25] 等方面。然而就 MPC 本质而言, 电压外环采用 PI 线性调节器进行调节,比例环节会产生一定的静态误差,积分环节会对误差不断进行积分, 直至消除稳态误差, 从而导致动态调节过程产生滞后及超调[26-27]。此外, PI 控制的输出变化往往滞后于误差的变化, 在调节的过程中系统可能会出现振荡, 从而导致系统的动态性能难以达到最优[28-29]
为了优化三相电压型 PWM 整流器模型预测控制系统的动态性能, 本文提出了虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略。针对负载突变前、后,直流侧电容电荷量保持不变, 同时结合功率守恒原则得到虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制方程, 从而精确求得零矢量与前进矢量的作用时间, 使得直流侧电压在负载突变后仅经过 1 次调节即可实现收敛,达到理论上的最优控制。
图1给出了三相电压型 PWM 整流器的主电路。其中:${e}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{e}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{e}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为网侧三相对称电压源;$R$$L$ 分别为网侧电抗器的电感与电阻;${u}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为变换器 3 个端电压;$C$ 为直流侧电容;${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为等效负载;${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流侧电压。
三相 PWM 整流器在两相旋转${dq}$ 坐标系下的数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {e}_{d}- {i}_{d}R +{\omega L}{i}_{q}- {u}_{d}\\ L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {e}_{q}- {i}_{q}R -{\omega L}{i}_{d}- {u}_{q}\end{array}\right.$
由此可见, 三相 PWM 整流器的主电路和数学模型,与逆变器供电三相交流电机极其相似。其中, PWM 整流器中的网侧电压相当于交流电机的气隙磁场在定子绕组中产生的感应电势, 电抗器的电感与电阻分别相当于电机定子绕组的漏感与电阻[29]。 因此, 可以将 PWM 整流器看作 1 台无限大由逆变器供电、以同步恒速运行的、定子电阻和漏感分别为$R$$L$ 的同步电机[30-31]
据此可类比同步电机中磁链的计算方法, 对电压矢量进行积分就可以得到虚拟的磁链矢量,定义${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为对应于网侧电压矢量$\mathbf{e}$ 的虚拟气隙磁链,其幅值为$\left|\mathbf{e}\right|/\omega$; 定义${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为对应于变换器电压矢量${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的虚拟定子磁链,其幅值为$\left|{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}\right|/{\omega }_{0}$$d$ 轴虚拟气隙磁链定向下三相 PWM 整流器的矢量如图2所示。其中:$\omega$ 为网侧交流电的电角速度;${\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为网侧电流矢量;$\theta$ 为虚拟定子磁链与虚拟永磁磁链的夹角,即虚拟转矩角。
网侧电压矢量与虚拟气隙磁链矢量之间满足的关系式为
$\mathbf{e}= \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}}{\mathrm{d}t}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega t}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$
根据瞬时功率理论[32],网侧复功率的表达式为
$\mathbf{S}= P +\mathrm{j}Q =\frac{3}{2}{\mathbf{{ei}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }= \frac{3}{2}\left({{e}_{d}+ \mathrm{j}{e}_{q}}\right)\left({{i}_{d}- \mathrm{j}{i}_{q}}\right)= \\\frac{3}{2}\left\lbrack {\left({\frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}{i}_{d}+ \omega {\psi }_{\mathrm{f}d}{i}_{q}}\right)+ \mathrm{j}\left({\omega {\psi }_{\mathrm{f}d}{i}_{d}- \frac{\mathrm{d}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}{i}_{q}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中:${e}_{\mathrm{q}}= \left|\mathbf{e}\right|;{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fd}}}= {\psi }_{\mathrm{{fo}}}$ 由于三相电网电压正弦且平衡, 可进一步得到瞬时有功功率的表达式为
$ P =\frac{3}{2}\omega {\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}{i}_{q}$
在交流电机驱动控制系统中, 存在输出有功功率$P ={T\omega }$,通过机电类比,可以得到在给定角频率$\omega$ 的输入交流电压下, 三相电压型 PWM 整流器的输出有功功率与虚拟电磁转矩成正比, 那么虚拟电磁转矩的表达式为
$ T =\frac{3}{2}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}{i}_{q}= \frac{3}{2}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}\frac{{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}\sin \theta }{L}$
因此,与电机系统中转矩磁链双闭环的直接转矩控制策略相同, 三相 PWM 整流器可通过对虚拟定子磁链和虚拟电磁转矩的闭环实现对交流侧有功功率与无功功率的闭环控制。
图1可以看出
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{{ao}}}= {u}_{\mathrm{{an}}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{{no}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{bo}}}= {u}_{\mathrm{{bn}}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{{no}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{co}}}= {u}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{{no}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{an}}}= {S}_{\mathrm{a}}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{bn}}}= {S}_{\mathrm{b}}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\\{u}_{\mathrm{{bn}}}= {S}_{\mathrm{b}}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\end{array}\right.$
由式(6)可得
${u}_{\mathrm{{no}}}= -\frac{1}{3}\left({{S}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right){u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
在复平面内,三相电压型PWM 整流器的空间电压矢量的表达式为
${\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{2}{3}\left({{u}_{\mathrm{{ao}}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{{bo}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2\pi }{3}}+ {u}_{\mathrm{{co}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{4\pi }{3}}}\right)= \\\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({{S}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{b}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2\pi }{3}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{4\pi }{3}}}\right)$
式中,${S}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{b}}$${S}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为三相整流桥桥臂开关管的导通与关断状态,${S}_{i}$ 的取值范围为$1\text{、}0, i =\mathrm{a},\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}$
根据不同的开关状态可得图3所示的空间电压矢量分布,根据图3建立的开关矢量表见表1。 其中:$\tau = 1$ 表示需要增大虚拟电磁转矩;$\tau =- 1$ 表示需要减小虚拟电磁转矩;$f = 1$ 表示需要增大虚拟定子磁链;$f =- 1$ 表示需要减小虚拟定子磁链。
图4给出了三相电压型 PWM 整流器电压环控制结构框图。其中,${T}_{\mathrm{V}}$ 为电压采样等效时间惯性常数;${T}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为功率内环等效时间常数。电压外环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 调节器的传递函数表达式为
${G}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}= {K}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{I}}}{s}= {K}_{\mathrm{P}}\frac{1 +{\tau s}}{\tau s}$
由于电压外环的作用是稳定直流侧输出电压, 考虑到其抗扰性能, 系统选用二阶系统设计电压调节器。对于典型稳定的二阶系统,根据阻尼比的大小,可以分为过阻尼状态、临界阻尼状态和欠阻尼状态 3 种情况, 其零极点分布不同, 导致系统的动态性能不同。因此,当负载突变时,需要对 PI 参数进行不断地调整,直至找到合适的$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 参数来缩短系统的动态调节时间。
为了克服$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 线性调节器的缺点,将虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略用于三相电压型 PWM 整流器控制系统的动态调节过程中,从而使直流侧电压仅经过 1 次调节 (1 次上升与 1 次下降) 过程即可实现快速收敛,显著提高了系统的动态性能。
对于三相电压型 PWM 整流器系统而言, 虚拟定子磁链矢量相位角滞后于虚拟永磁磁链角,可通过发送零矢量来增大虚拟电磁转矩的绝对值, 发送前进矢量来减少虚拟电磁转矩的绝对值。
图5给出了突加负载时基于虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制的虚拟电磁转矩和直流侧电压波形。在${t}_{0}$ 时刻,三相整流器负载突增,即虚拟负载转矩绝对值$\left|{T}_{\mathrm{L}}\right|$ 突增; 在${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{2}$ 期间,变换器发送零矢量,虚拟电磁转矩绝对值$\left| T\right|$ 以最快的速度增加; 在${t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}$ 期间,变换器发送前进矢量,$\left| T\right|$ 以最快的速度减少。若选择合适的${t}_{2}$,可使虚拟电磁转矩与直流侧电压在${t}_{3}$ 时刻同时达到收敛。因此,实现直流测电压快速恢复稳态的关键是准确计算出转折时间${t}_{2}$,结合图5的波形和直流侧电压在负载突加前、后保持不变可以推导出计算${t}_{2}$ 的表达式。
为使直流侧电压在负载突加前、后保持不变, 需要满足
${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\left({t}_{3}\right)} -{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\left({t}_{0}\right)} =\frac{1}{C}{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{d}t = 0 $
流过电容$C$ 的电流满足
${i}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{P}{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}- {i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= \frac{T\omega }{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}- {i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
由式 (10)~式 (11) 可得
$\frac{1}{C}{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{d}t =\frac{1}{C}{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}\left({\frac{T\omega }{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}- {i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)\mathrm{d}t = 0 $
${\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}{T\omega }\mathrm{d}t ={\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\mathrm{d}t $
由于$\omega$ 为定值,故式(13)可以表示为
${\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}T\mathrm{\;d}t ={\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\omega }\mathrm{d}t ={\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{3}}{T}_{\mathrm{L}}\mathrm{d}t $
式(14)表明直流侧电压在负载突加前、后保持不变的条件是虚拟电磁转矩和虚拟负载转矩在动态过程中$\left({{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{3}}\right)$ 的积分相同,即动态过程中$\left({{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{3}}\right)$ 的虚拟电磁转矩冲量与虚拟负载转矩冲量相等。
若忽略损耗, 由功率守恒原则可知
${T\omega }= {u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
为了维持直流侧电压恒定,需满足
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0 $
由式(15)~式(16)可得虚拟电磁转矩的斜率为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}T}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\omega }\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
由式 (17) 可以看出, 当负载电流发生变化时, 虚拟电磁转矩的快速变化是实现直流侧电压快速收敛的关键。
由式 (5) 可以看出, 虚拟电磁转矩与电流成正比,对虚拟电磁转矩的积分可以简化成对电流${i}_{q}$ 的积分,因此需要对电流${i}_{q}$ 的表达式进行求解。
${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{2}$ 期间,变换器发送零矢量,此时${u}_{d}= {u}_{q}= 0$, 式(1)可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{1}{L}{e}_{d}+ \omega {i}_{q}- \frac{R}{L}{i}_{d}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{1}{L}{e}_{q}- \omega {i}_{d}- \frac{R}{L}{i}_{q}\end{array}\right.$
由式 (18) 可以求出关于${i}_{q}$ 的二阶微分方程为
$\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}+ \frac{2R}{L}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ \left({{\omega }^{2}+ \frac{{R}^{2}}{{L}^{2}}}\right){i}_{q}- \frac{R}{{L}^{2}}{e}_{q}= 0 $
为了简化计算,令${t}_{0}$ 时刻为零时刻,${t}_{2}$ 时刻为$t$ 时刻, 则此时的电流表达式为
${i}_{q1}= {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{R}{L}t}\left\lbrack {{c}_{1}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)+ {c}_{2}\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right\rbrack + c $
式中:${c}_{1}= {i}_{q0}- \frac{{e}_{q}R}{{L}^{2}{\omega }^{2}+ {R}^{2}};{c}_{2}= -{i}_{d0}+ \frac{{\omega L}{e}_{q}}{{L}^{2}{\omega }^{2}+ {R}^{2}};c =\frac{{e}_{q}R}{{L}^{2}{\omega }^{2}+ {R}^{2}}$;${i}_{d0}$${i}_{q0}$ 分别为${t}_{0}$ 时刻$d$$q$ 轴的电流。
${t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}$ 期间,变换器发送前进矢量,由式 (1) 可以求出此时关于${i}_{q}$ 的二阶微分方程为
$\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}+ \frac{2R}{L}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ \left({{\omega }^{2}+ \frac{{R}^{2}}{{L}^{2}}}\right){i}_{q}- \frac{R{e}_{q}}{{L}^{2}}+ \frac{R{u}_{q}}{{L}^{2}}- \frac{\omega {u}_{d}}{L}+ \\\frac{1}{L}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= 0 $
由式(21)可以求出电流的表达式为
${i}_{q2}= {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{R}{L}t}\left\lbrack {{c}_{1}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)+ {c}_{2}\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right\rbrack +{c}^{* }$
式中,${c}^{* }= -\frac{{L}^{2}}{{L}^{2}{\omega }^{2}+ {R}^{2}}\left({-\frac{R{e}_{q}}{{L}^{2}}+ \frac{R{u}_{q}}{{L}^{2}}- \frac{\omega {u}_{d}}{L}+ \frac{1}{L}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}}\right)$
由式 (20) 和式 (22) 可以看出,在$\left| T\right|$ 的上升和下降区域,电流${i}_{q}$ 的表达式均为衰减的指数函数与正弦函数的乘积。由于正弦函数在上升与下降区域内线性程度很高, 同时指数函数在衰减之前线性程度也很高, 为了简化计算, 将上升与下降区域内的电流曲线近似地等效成 1 条直线。
设电流表达式分别为${i}_{q1}= {k}_{1}t\text{、}{i}_{q2}= {k}_{2}t,{k}_{1}$${k}_{2}$ 分别为上升和下降阶段的电流斜率,代入式(19)和式(21) 可以得出某一时刻$T$${k}_{1}$${k}_{2}$ 的表达式为
${k}_{1}= - c/\left\lbrack {\frac{2R}{L}+ \left({{\omega }^{2}+ \frac{{R}^{2}}{{L}^{2}}}\right) T}\right\rbrack $
${k}_{2}= -{c}^{* }\left\lbrack {\frac{2R}{L}+ \left({{\omega }^{2}+ \frac{{R}^{2}}{{L}^{2}}}\right) T}\right\rbrack $
当负载突加时, 由于三相电压型 PWM 整流系统中输出的负载电流与输出电压相关,在动态调节过程中电压的跌落会使负载电流跌落, 因此在整个动态调节的过程中,$\left|{T}_{\mathrm{L}}\right|$ 存在先降落后稳定的过程。 为了消除虚拟负载转矩带来的误差影响, 对三相电压型 PWM 整流器的虚拟转矩冲量平衡条件作出调整,即
${S}_{\mathrm{A}}= {S}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{E}}$
若忽略实际的直流侧输出电压和负载电流的跌落量, 将突变后的虚拟负载转矩视为定值, 即存在虚拟转矩冲量平衡条件为${S}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{D}}= {S}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{C}}$,那么通过数学计算及等效替换可以化简得到${i}_{q}$ 的上升和下降阶段的斜率之比为
$\frac{{k}_{1}}{{k}_{2}}= \frac{{e}_{q}}{{e}_{q}- {u}_{q}}$
根据虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略,式(14)可以表示为
${\iint }_{{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}{k}_{1}{\left(\mathrm{\;d}t\right)}^{2}= {\iint }_{{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\left({{k}_{1}- \frac{{k}_{1}^{2}}{{k}_{2}}}\right){\left(\mathrm{\;d}t\right)}^{2}$
$\mathop{\iint }\limits_{{{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}}\left({{u}_{q}- {e}_{q}}\right){\left(\mathrm{d}t\right)}^{2}= \mathop{\iint }\limits_{{{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}}{u}_{q}{\left(\mathrm{\;d}t\right)}^{2}$
根据式 (28),转折时刻${t}_{2}$ 的计算步骤如下:
(1) 在${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}$ 内对$\left({{u}_{q}- {e}_{q}}\right)$ 进行二重积分,其中${t}_{1}$ 时刻可通过检测直流侧电压最低点即$\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 计算得到;
(2)从${t}_{1}$ 时刻开始对${u}_{q}$ 进行二重积分,当两者的二重积分相等时即为${t}_{2}$ 时刻。
通过上述虚拟转矩冲量平衡表达式可以得到变换器发送零矢量与前进矢量的作用时间, 从而实现负载突加时动态调节过程的快速收敛。
图6为负载突卸时基于虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制的虚拟电磁转矩和直流侧电压波形。
${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{2}$ 期间,变换器发送前进矢量,虚拟电磁转矩的绝对值不断减少,此时对应的电流${i}_{q}$ 的斜率为
${k}_{3}= -{c}^{* }/\left\lbrack {\frac{2R}{L}+ \left({{\omega }^{2}+ \frac{{R}^{2}}{{L}^{2}}}\right) T}\right\rbrack $
${t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}$ 期间,变换器发送零矢量,虚拟电磁转矩的绝对值不断增加,此时电流${i}_{q}$ 的斜率为
${k}_{4}= - c/\left\lbrack {\frac{2R}{L}+ \left({{\omega }^{2}+ \frac{{R}^{2}}{{L}^{2}}}\right) T}\right\rbrack $
在负载突卸的动态调节过程中,$\left|{T}_{\mathrm{L}}\right|$ 存在先上升后稳定的过程, 从而导致虚拟转矩冲量平衡条件发生变化。若忽略实际输出电压和负载电流的超调量, 将突变后的虚拟负载转矩视为定值, 通过数学计算与等效替代,可以化简得出此时电流${i}_{q}$ 的下降和上升阶段的斜率之比为
$\frac{{k}_{3}}{{k}_{4}}= \frac{{e}_{q}- {u}_{q}}{{e}_{q}}$
根据虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略可得
${\iint }_{{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}\left({-{k}_{3}}\right){\left(\mathrm{d}t\right)}^{2}= {\iint }_{{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\left({-1}\right)\left({{k}_{3}- \frac{{k}_{3}^{2}}{{k}_{4}}}\right){\left(\mathrm{d}t\right)}^{2}$
${\iint }_{{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}{e}_{q}{\left(\mathrm{\;d}t\right)}^{2}= {\iint }_{{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}{u}_{q}{\left(\mathrm{\;d}t\right)}^{2}$
通过式(33)可以求得变换器发送前进矢量与零矢量的转折时刻${t}_{2}$,即在${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{2}$ 期间,变换器发送前进矢量,$\left| T\right|$ 以最快的速度减少;在${t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}$ 期间,变换器发送零矢量,$\left| T\right|$ 以最快的速度增加;在${t}_{3}$ 时刻,虚拟电磁转矩与直流侧电压同时达到收敛。整个系统的控制框图如图7所示。
PWM rectifier control system based on virtual torque impulse balance control
当系统处于稳定状态时,采用传统的模型预测控制策略; 当负载突变, 系统检测直流侧的输出电压误差绝对值达到阀值${u}_{0}$ 时,则切换到虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略。通过虚拟转矩冲量平衡表达式可以直接得到系统发送零矢量与前进矢量的转折时刻${t}_{2}$,同时根据表1得到所需发送的前进矢量及零矢量,使直流侧输出电压只需经过 1 次上升、1 次下降过程即可与虚拟电磁转矩同时达到稳态, 实现快速收敛。
由系统控制框图可知, 保证算法能够在模型预测控制策略和虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略之间正确切换,关键是选取合适的阀值${u}_{0}$。选取${u}_{0}$ 时需考虑以下 3 点:①${u}_{0}$ 尽量小,以便能够快速检测到负载突变,尽量减小状态判断引起的误差;②${u}_{0}$ 大于稳态时输出电压误差的最大值, 防止在稳态时切换到虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略,导致输出电压波动增大; ③稳态时输出电压误差的最大值随负载大小改变,不同负载情况下需要在线修改${u}_{0}$,本文中将${u}_{0}$ 设为稳态输出电压误差最大值的 2 倍。
在 MATLAB/Simulink 仿真软件中,对三相电压型PWM 整流器的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略进行验证。系统主要参数如表2所示。
针对上文分析的二阶系统 3 种典型情况,对电压环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 参数进行优化,分别选择 3 组对应的$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 参数, 进行模型预测控制策略仿真。在 3 种状态中, 临界阻尼状态下的输出电压没有超调且动态时间最短。
临界阻尼状态下负载突加时,三相 PWM 整流器系统的直流侧输出电压及虚拟电磁转矩仿真波形如图8所示。
临界阻尼状态下负载突卸时, 三相 PWM 整流器系统的直流侧输出电压及虚拟电磁转矩仿真波形如图9所示。
相同条件下, 当三相电压型 PWM 整流器直流侧负载突加和突卸时,采用虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略的仿真波形分别如图10图11所示。可以看出, 直流侧电压仅经过 1 次调节即可实现收敛, 与理论分析一致。
balance control when load is suddenly unloaded
当三相电压型 PWM 整流器直流侧负载发生突变时,基于 2 种控制策略下的系统动态调节时间如表3所示。当负载突变时,相较于模型预测控制, 采用虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略的系统动态响应过程缩短了${46}\%\sim {80}\%$,且负载突增时输出电压不存在超调, 动态时电压波动更小, 系统的动态性能得到了很大提升。
基于三相电压型 PWM 整流器实验平台对虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略进行实验验证。实验平台框图如图12所示。所采用的 DSP 型号为 TMS320F2812, 控制周期为${75\mu }\mathrm{s}$,实验平台参数与仿真一致。
图13为二阶系统在临界阻尼状态下负载突加时, 基于模型预测控制的三相电压型 PWM 整流器动态波形。可以看出, 直流侧电压的动态调节时间为${190}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
图14为二阶系统在临界阻尼状态下负载突卸时, 基于模型预测控制的三相电压型 PWM 整流器动态波形。可以看出,直流侧电压经过${180}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 的动态调节时间达到收敛。
图15分别为负载突加和突卸时采用虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略时系统的动态调节波形。可以看出, 直流侧电压只经过 1 次调节过程 (突加时为 1 次下降、1 次上升;突卸时为 1 次上升、1 次下降)即可实现快速收敛, 没有超调, 其动态调节时间分别为 80 和${110}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
相较于模型预测控制, 直流侧电压的动态响应时间缩短了 38%~58%,动态性能得到了较大改善, 且其在动态调节过程中的跌落或超调量达到最小化,验证了所提算法的有效性。
balance control in the case of load mutation
本文对三相电压型 PWM 整流器的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略进行了研究。根据三相电压型PWM 整流器的数学模型, 通过机电类比, 推导得出了虚拟转矩表达式。根据模型预测控制的电压外环结构框图,理论证明了直流侧电压的动态调节过程受$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 线性控制器的影响, 无法实现动态性能的最优控制。实现了负载突变时的虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制策略,与模型预测控制策略相比提高了系统的动态性能。针对负载突变前、后,直流侧电容电荷量保持不变,同时结合功率守恒原则推导了虚拟转矩冲量平衡控制方程, 精确求出了零矢量与前进矢量的时间以及切换时刻,实现了负载突变下的动态性能最优。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977107)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2141227)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52377058)
  • 航空科学基金资助项目(2020HKZ0001)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.150
  • 接收时间:2021-08-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-02
  • 修回日期:2021-09-25
  • 录用日期:2021-10-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977107)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977107)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2141227)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2141227)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52377058)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52377058)
Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2020HKZ0001)
航空科学基金资助项目(2020HKZ0001)
作者信息
    南京航空航天大学 自动化学院 南京 210016
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