Article(id=1153695650270142964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.251, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1626364800000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-16, revisedDate=1637769600000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-25, acceptedDate=1638720000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-06, onlineDate=1752992077652, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992077652, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992077652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992077652, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=251, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695651566182904, articleId=1153695650270142964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=CCM Soft-switching Implementation Algorithm for Battery Equalizer Based on Switched Inductor, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The lithium-ion battery equalizer based on switched inductor is still of strong practical value in low-power portable electrical equipment. However, the switching devices in the equalizer operate in a hard-switching state under traditional control strategies. A soft-switching implementation algorithm for battery equalizer based on switched inductor in continuous current mode is proposed. The determinants of the inductor current of the equalizer and the charging and discharging current of a battery cell are analyzed. Then, a soft-switching implementation algorithm for the switching devices in the equalizer is proposed, and its control accuracy is analyzed. The equivalent impedance and open-circuit voltage of the battery cell can be obtained in real time by detecting the change rate of battery cell voltage and charging current, which further ensures the accuracy of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed soft-switching control algorithm has a good performance.

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针对开关电感的锂离子电池均衡器在小功率便携式用电设备中仍有很强的实用价值,但传统控制策略控制的均衡器中开关管为硬开关的问题,提出1种基于开关电感锂电池均衡器电流连续运行模式下的软开关实现算法。分析均衡器电感电流电池单体充、放电电流大小的决定因素,由此提出均衡器中开关管的软开关实现算法并分析了该算法的控制精度。通过检测电池单体的电压与充电电流的变化率可实时得到电池单体的等效阻抗与开路电压,进一步保证了算法的精度。实验结果表明,所提软开关控制算法性能良好。

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高彬桓(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:gaobinhuan@163.com。

胡勇(1980-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hy169169@163.com。

刘爱忠(1982-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:41565885@qq.com。

刘俊(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:1002861541@qq.com。

刘宇涵(1999-),男,本科,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:3029764276@qq.com。

阚加荣(1979-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:kanjr@163.com。

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高彬桓(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:gaobinhuan@163.com。

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高彬桓(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:gaobinhuan@163.com。

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胡勇(1980-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hy169169@163.com。

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胡勇(1980-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hy169169@163.com。

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刘爱忠(1982-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:41565885@qq.com。

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刘俊(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:1002861541@qq.com。

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刘宇涵(1999-),男,本科,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:3029764276@qq.com。

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阚加荣(1979-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:kanjr@163.com。

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阚加荣(1979-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:kanjr@163.com。

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时开关管的软开关实现波形, figureFileSmall=ZWcoCSUy5vXzVBxyFTnbeg==, figureFileBig=cf4JEpSW0jn6wKfzRyYPCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032999487230814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695650270142964, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Comparison of efficiency between proposed scheme and traditional strategy, figureFileSmall=MMO6/Ec1CcdZ4Adko37uLw==, figureFileBig=9s7N0VMbNNgNteD4gizotg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032999562728288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695650270142964, language=CN, label=图14, caption=本文所提方案与传统策略的效率对比, figureFileSmall=MMO6/Ec1CcdZ4Adko37uLw==, figureFileBig=9s7N0VMbNNgNteD4gizotg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032999621448548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695650270142964, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Elements of prototype and some key parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
单片机 STM32F103
额定${U}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{V}$ 3.7
电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 19.8
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ IRF3205
锂电池 26650/3.7Ah
${R}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 56
${R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 150
${R}_{\mathrm{S}}/{C}_{\text{oss }}$ $8\mathrm{\;m}\Omega /{0.01\mu }\mathrm{F}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032999680168806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695650270142964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=样机采用器件及部分关键参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
单片机 STM32F103
额定${U}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{V}$ 3.7
电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 19.8
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ IRF3205
锂电池 26650/3.7Ah
${R}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 56
${R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 150
${R}_{\mathrm{S}}/{C}_{\text{oss }}$ $8\mathrm{\;m}\Omega /{0.01\mu }\mathrm{F}$
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基于开关电感电池均衡器的CCM 软开关实现算法
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高彬桓 1 , 胡勇 2 , 刘爱忠 2 , 刘俊 3 , 刘宇涵 3 , 阚加荣 3
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(5): 251-259
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(5): 251-259
基于开关电感电池均衡器的CCM 软开关实现算法
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高彬桓1 , 胡勇2 , 刘爱忠2 , 刘俊3 , 刘宇涵3 , 阚加荣3
作者信息
  • 1 华北电力大学(北京) 电气与电子工程学院 北京 102206
  • 2 山东鲁软数字科技 智慧能源分公司 济南 250101
  • 3 盐城工学院 电气工程学院 盐城 224051
  • 高彬桓(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:gaobinhuan@163.com。

    胡勇(1980-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hy169169@163.com。

    刘爱忠(1982-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:41565885@qq.com。

    刘俊(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:1002861541@qq.com。

    刘宇涵(1999-),男,本科,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池管理技术。E-mail:3029764276@qq.com。

    阚加荣(1979-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:kanjr@163.com。

CCM Soft-switching Implementation Algorithm for Battery Equalizer Based on Switched Inductor
Binhuan GAO1 , Yong HU2 , Aizhong LIU2 , Jun LIU3 , Yuhan LIU3 , Jiarong KAN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering North China Electric Power University(Beijing) Beijing 102206 China
  • 2 Smart Energy Branch Shandong Luruan Digital Technology Co., Ltd Ji'nan 250101 China
  • 3 School of Electrical Engineering Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng 224051 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.251
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针对开关电感的锂离子电池均衡器在小功率便携式用电设备中仍有很强的实用价值,但传统控制策略控制的均衡器中开关管为硬开关的问题,提出1种基于开关电感锂电池均衡器电流连续运行模式下的软开关实现算法。分析均衡器电感电流电池单体充、放电电流大小的决定因素,由此提出均衡器中开关管的软开关实现算法并分析了该算法的控制精度。通过检测电池单体的电压与充电电流的变化率可实时得到电池单体的等效阻抗与开路电压,进一步保证了算法的精度。实验结果表明,所提软开关控制算法性能良好。

锂离子电池  /  均衡器  /  开关电感  /  电流连续模式  /  软开关算法

The lithium-ion battery equalizer based on switched inductor is still of strong practical value in low-power portable electrical equipment. However, the switching devices in the equalizer operate in a hard-switching state under traditional control strategies. A soft-switching implementation algorithm for battery equalizer based on switched inductor in continuous current mode is proposed. The determinants of the inductor current of the equalizer and the charging and discharging current of a battery cell are analyzed. Then, a soft-switching implementation algorithm for the switching devices in the equalizer is proposed, and its control accuracy is analyzed. The equivalent impedance and open-circuit voltage of the battery cell can be obtained in real time by detecting the change rate of battery cell voltage and charging current, which further ensures the accuracy of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed soft-switching control algorithm has a good performance.

Lithium-ion battery  /  equalizer  /  switched inductor  /  continuous current mode (CCM)  /  soft-switching algorithm
高彬桓, 胡勇, 刘爱忠, 刘俊, 刘宇涵, 阚加荣. 基于开关电感电池均衡器的CCM 软开关实现算法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 251 -259 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.251
Binhuan GAO, Yong HU, Aizhong LIU, Jun LIU, Yuhan LIU, Jiarong KAN. CCM Soft-switching Implementation Algorithm for Battery Equalizer Based on Switched Inductor[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 251 -259 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.251
锂离子电池在日常生产、生活中应用广泛,如手持便携式电动工具、笔记本电脑电源、智能微电网的储能系统及电动汽车的动力电池等[1-3]。由于电池单体间特性存在差异[4],在多次充、放电后各串联的锂电池单体出现荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)及电压不一致的情况, 长期运行会出现过充电与过放电, 对电池单体的寿命、容量及安全将产生不利影响。 SOC 差异通常反映在单体电压存在差异, 因此电压均衡功能是串联使用的锂电池包必须具备的功能[6]
目前,锂离子电池均衡器可分为能耗型均衡器[7] 与非能耗型均衡器[8]。其中,能耗型均衡器采用开关控制电阻接入 SOC 较高的电池单体, 以保证所有电池单体电压趋于一致, 该方法控制简单、成本低、易于实现,但损耗较大,且易造成电池包局部过热等不安全隐患。非能耗型均衡器又分为有源均衡器[9] 与无源均衡器[10]。有源均衡器主要采用开关管主动实现电池单体间的能量与电压的均衡, 常见方式有开关电容及其衍生拓扑[11] 、开关电感及其衍生拓扑[12] 、双向 CUK 均衡器[13] 和双向反激均衡器[14] 等, 对于单体串联数量多、电压高的电池包均衡损耗较大;无源均衡器主要通过变压器线圈与二极管构成的整流电路实现电池单体之间的均压, 其原理是电流总是流向电压最低的单体, 因此最低电压电池单体总是接受到最多的电流分配, 从而其电压迅速向电位较高的单体趋近。
目前应用较多的拓扑有多线圈变压器的反激式均衡器[15] 、单副边变压器+单桥臂整流级联式均衡器[16] 、单副边变压器+桥式整流级联式均衡器[17] 、 斜坡倍压整流式均衡器[18]。多线圈变压器的反激式均衡器拓扑较简单,但受制于反激拓扑特性,仅能应用于较小功率的电池包均压。
基于开关电感的电池均衡器在近年有了改进的层叠式均衡结构[19],虽然层叠式均衡器有效加速了电池单体间的均衡速度, 但不同层级间的开关管和电感等元件设计方法、电压、电流应力均不一致, 给模块化、成本带来了压力。相邻单体能量传递的开关电感均衡器虽然均衡速度慢,但在一些 3~4 单体串联构成的电池包应用场合, 如手持便携式电动工具电池、笔记本电脑电池等场合,相邻单体能量传递的开关电感均衡器仍有很强的应用价值, 但是均衡器中每个开关管不能完全实现软开关, 这给均衡器的效率提升及推广增加了难度。因此, 本文提出 1 种基于开关电感电池均衡器的软开关实现算法,旨在提升均衡器的效率,为该类均衡器的应用提供新的增量空间。
图1为基于开关电感的 4 单体均衡器拓扑, 该结构实质上是 1 个能量可以双向流动的升降压变换器。该均衡器仅能实现相邻单体之间的能量交换,如单体$i$ 与单体$i + 1\left({i = 1,2,3}\right)$ 之间的能量交换,而不能实现不相邻单体的能量直接交换, 需要通过单体能量逐级传递, 因此在一些高电压场合不太适用, 而对于一些低电压应用场合, 如便携式电动工具的电池、 笔记本电脑电池等仍具有实际的应用价值。
图1包含了 4 个电池单体和 3 个开关电感均衡器,均衡器$i\left({i = 1,2,3}\right)$ 均衡电池单体$i$ 与电池单体$i + 1$ 间的能量不平衡,各均衡器的工作原理相同。以均衡器 1 为例, 分析均衡器的工作原理及其数学关系。
图2为均衡器电流连续运行模式 CCM(continuous current mode)时的波形,根据电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 的电压差,可以通过调节占空比实现对电感电流大小与流动方向的调节, 从而改变电池单体之间能量的流动方向与均衡速度。图2中, 电感电流为正, 说明能量从单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 流向${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$; 如果电感电流为负,则能量从单体${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 流向${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$。定义开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的开通时间为${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$,开关周期为${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,则占空比$D$ 可表示为
$ D =\frac{{t}_{\text{on }}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
均衡器的模态如图3所示, 为分析开关过程, 模态中考虑了开关管的结电容。 5 种模态与图2${t}_{0}\sim {t}_{5}$ 这 5 个时间段分别对应。
模态$1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$,如图3(a)所示。开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 处于导通状态,电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 放电,电感${L}_{1}$ 的电流呈线性增加。
模态$2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$,如图3(b)所示。${t}_{1}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 关断,电感${L}_{1}$ 与开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的结电容谐振,由于结电容较小,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 结电容近似恒流充电,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 结电容近似恒流放电,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的端电压呈线性增加,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的端电压呈线性下降。因此开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 实现了零电压关断。
模态$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$,如图3 $\left(\mathrm{c}\right)$ 所示。${t}_{2}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 端电压上升到${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}+ {U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 端电压下降为 0 ; 此后${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的体二极管导通,电感${L}_{1}$ 中储存的能量经${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的体二极管导通输送至电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$,即${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 开始充电。
模态$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right\rbrack$,如图3(d)所示。${t}_{3}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 导通,由于其体二极管先导通,因此开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 实现零电压导通; 此后,电感${L}_{1}$ 中储存的能量经${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 输送至电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$,即${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 继续充电。
模态$5\left\lbrack {{t}_{4},{t}_{5}}\right\rbrack$,如图3(e)所示。${t}_{4}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 关断,由于${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 尚未开通,电感${L}_{1}$ 的电流继续经${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的体二极管流通,${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 继续充电;${t}_{5}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 开通,电感${L}_{1}$ 的电流立即从${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的体二极管流通换流到开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$,因此${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 硬开通,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的体二极管由于反向恢复也产生了较大的损耗。
从上述分析可以看出, 如果电感电流流向在开关周期内不变,则开关管不能全部实现软开关。
在电感电流连续的情况下, 均衡器运行的占空比受输入、输出之间的数学关系严格约束, 但在实际情况下, 由于电路中存在着电池单体的等效输出阻抗、开关管导通阻抗和电感线路阻抗等因素, 且阻抗因素在电池单体较低的均衡器中不可忽略,因此均衡器的输入、输出电压与占空比$D$ 的关系不再满足升降压变换器在电流连续时的数学关系。为此建立如下推导过程:图2中的死区时间${t}_{1}\sim {t}_{3}$${t}_{4}\sim {t}_{5}$ 在实际运行时,时间极短,在分析电流时可忽略死区时间。假设所有电池单体的等效阻抗为${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$,所有开关管的导通阻抗为${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$,电感的等效阻抗为${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$,在模态 1 与模态 4 情况下的等效电路如图4所示。
分别对 2 个等效电路列写 KVL 方程, 得到
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{1}}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {i}_{{L}_{1}}{R}_{\sum }& \text{ 模态 }1 \\- {U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{1}}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {i}_{{L}_{1}}{R}_{\sum }& \text{ 模态 }2 \end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}$${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}$ 分别为电池单体 1 和 2 的开路电压;${R}_{\sum }= {R}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{B}}$。在 1 个开关周期内对式 (2) 求取平均值, 得
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} D{U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}= {DL}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{1}}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ D{i}_{{L}_{1}}{R}_{\sum }& \text{ 模态 }1 \\- \left({1 - D}\right){U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}= \left({1 - D}\right) L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{{L}_{1}}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ \left({1 - D}\right){i}_{{L}_{1}}{R}_{\sum }& \\& \text{ 模态 }2 \end{array}\right.$
根据电感电压在 1 个开关周期内的平均值等于 0, 可得电感电流的平均值为
${I}_{{L}_{1}}= \frac{D{U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}- \left({1 - D}\right){U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}}{{R}_{\sum }}$
因此可得电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 的放电电流平均值分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}= D{I}_{{L}_{1}}\\{I}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}= -\left({1 - D}\right){I}_{{L}_{1}}\end{array}\right.$
从式(4)和式(5)可以看出,调节占空比可以调节电感电流的流向与大小, 电感电流方向决定了哪个电池单体吸收或输出能量, 从而实现电池单体间的能量转移。
图2所示电感电流在整个开关周期内均为正值,但在开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 关断、${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 开通时,2个开关管均为硬开关。为了获得良好的开关特性、提升均衡器的变换效率,在图2中的${t}_{4}$ 时刻,控制电感电流运行在负值,对应的运行波形如图5所示,则开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 在整个开关周期内均可以实现软开关。与图2所示的电感${L}_{1}$ 的电流保持为正值不同,在开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 关断前,电感${L}_{1}$ 的电流已经变为负值,因此在${t}_{4}$ 时刻${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 关断后,电感${L}_{1}$ 与开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的结电容谐振,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的端电压线性下降,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的端电压线性增加,故${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 实现零电压关断;${t}_{5}$ 时刻,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的端电压为 0,此后${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的体二极管导通,实现了${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的零电压开通。
为实现图5所示的运行波形, 必须满足
${I}_{{L}_{1}}< {0.5\Delta }{i}_{{L}_{1}}$
电感电流的变化量$\Delta {i}_{L}$ 可根据电感端电压与电压作用时长得到,即
$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{1}}= \frac{D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}- {R}_{\sum }{I}_{{L}_{1}}}\right)}{{L}_{1}}= \frac{D\left({1 - D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}}\right)}{{L}_{1}}$
令电感电流最小值为$- x$,则
${I}_{{L}_{1}}= {0.5}\left({\Delta {i}_{{L}_{1}}- {2x}}\right)$
据式 (8)得到占空比$D$ 的一元二次方程为
$ A{D}^{2}+ {BD}+ C = 0 $
式中:$A ={R}_{\sum }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{U}_{\mathrm{B}{01}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{B}{02}}}\right);B =\left({{U}_{\mathrm{B}{01}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{B}{02}}}\right)\left({2{L}_{1}- {R}_{\sum }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$;$C = 2{L}_{1}\left({x{R}_{\sum }- {U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}}\right)$,根据一元二次方程的求解方法与系数的范围, 得到
$ D =\frac{-B +\sqrt{{B}^{2}- {4AC}}}{2A}$
根据式 (10) 可得到均衡器软开关的实现策略, 其数字实现流程如图6所示。需要指出的是,当根据单体电压的大小判断电感电流的流向,如${U}_{\mathrm{{BOI}}}<$ ${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}$ 时,电感电流均值为负,在${t}_{1}$ 时刻保证电感电流为正, 可实现全部开关零电压开关。根据图6所示流程就可以得到均衡器实现软开关对应的占空比,即不需要检测开关电感均衡器中的电感电流, 就可进一步降低均衡器的成本。
需要说明的是,算法中$x$ 的值直接影响${t}_{4}$ 时刻软开关的实现,必须保证电感电流为$x$$- x$ 时,其上储存的能量可以同时实现对 2 个开关管结电容的充电与放电, 即
${0.5}{L}_{1}{x}^{2}> {C}_{\mathrm{{oss}}}{\left({U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}\max }+ {U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\max }\right)}^{2}$
式中:${C}_{\text{oss }}$ 为开关管的结电容;${U}_{\mathrm{B},\max }$${U}_{\mathrm{B},\max }$ 分别为 2 个电池单体的最大电压。
同时,${t}_{4}$ 时刻后,电感电流对开关管结电容的充、放电必须在死区时间${t}_{\text{dead }}$ 内完成,而${t}_{\text{dead }}$ 时间较短, 因此开关管结电容的充、放电电流可以近似地认为保持在$x$$- x$ 值,则
$ x >\frac{2{C}_{\text{oss }}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}\max }+ {U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\max }}\right)}{{t}_{\text{dead }}}$
为验证图6所示均衡器软开关实现策略的有效性, 特别需要分析占空比实际偏差对设定实现软开关电流$x$ 的影响,下文仅分析${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}1}> {U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}$ 时的情况,对${U}_{\mathrm{B}{01}}< {U}_{\mathrm{B}{02}}$ 时的情况可作类似分析。
在均衡器实际运行过程中, 电池单体之间的电压差一般超过某一值时均衡器启动, 锂离子电池均衡器一般设定为${0.05}\mathrm{\;V}$,因此分析电池单体电压差在该范围内时的情况。图7为电阻和为${0.2\Omega }$ 且电池单体电压差分别为${0.01}\text{、}{0.03}\text{、}{0.05}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时占空比随单体电压变化的曲线, 可见: 随着电池单体电压的增加, 占空比逐渐变大, 但占空比的变化幅度较小;在单体电压差变大时,占空比出现变小的趋势。
图8为电池单体存在电压差, 由于数字芯片实现过程中产生的误差造成实际占空比${D}_{\text{real }}$图6所示理论计算值存在差异$\left({{D}_{\text{real }}= \left({1 \pm {0.01}}\right) D}\right)$ 时,均衡器实际输出电感电流最小值绝对值${x}_{\text{real }}$ 的运行曲线。可见,在占空比运行误差为 1%时, 实际电感电流最小值与期望理论值相差约 20%。
图6所示控制策略关键的占空比计算与实现, 常采用数字控制芯片来实现。目前常用的芯片有 ARM 公司的 STM 系列单片机或 TI 公司 2000 系列 DSP。以 STM 为例,当主频最高值为${150}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 、开关频率为${20}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,则占空比的分辨率为$1/{7500}$,考虑到死区及延时, 实际占空比的误差可控制在 1%以内, 即占空比实际值误差产生对均衡器的影响可以接受。
由式 (4) 可以看出, 均衡器的电感电流大小受变换器中电阻之和${R}_{\sum }$ 的影响。其中,${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 可根据实际电感测量得到,${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 可根据对应说明书得到,且这 2 个值基本不受使用时间的影响, 但电池的等效阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 会随着电池的老化呈现出较大幅度的变化。电池开路电压${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}}$ 反映了电池储能的多少,估计出每个电池单体的${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}}$ 决定了均衡器能量的流向。因此有必要实时检测电池单体的${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 与每个电池单体的${U}_{\mathrm{B}0}$,以便均衡器实现能量流动方向与图6所示策略的控制。
锂离子电池的常用戴维南等效电路如图9(a)所示,其中${R}_{\mathrm{p}}$${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为电池的极化电阻与极化电容,${R}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为电池的材料等效电阻,${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}}$ 为电池开路电压,${U}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为电池实际输出电压。一般情况下,充放电过程仅反映等效模型的低频特性, 因此可以简化等效模型,如图9(b)所示,其中${R}_{\mathrm{B}}= {R}_{\mathrm{p}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{i}}$
根据图9(b)所示电流方向, 可以得到电池开路电压${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}}$
${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{B}}{R}_{\mathrm{B}}$
电池的等效阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 可以通过使用手册查到, 但是电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 及使用时间的变化均会引起${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 的变化。图10为锂离子电池充电电流突变时的电压、 电流波形, 本文充电器与均衡器采用 1 片单片机控制,充电过程中,控制程序定期(如${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$)使充电电流发生突变, 检测电池电压与电流的变化量, 可得到电池实时等效阻抗为
${R}_{\mathrm{B}}= \frac{\Delta {U}_{\mathrm{B}}}{\Delta {I}_{\mathrm{B}}}$
根据式 (13) 与阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$,以及图10所示的电压、 电流测量值,可以得到各电池单体的开路电压${U}_{\mathrm{B}0}$
为验证本文所提软开关实现算法, 建立了采用单片机 STM32F103 实现图6所示软开关算法的 2 电池单体均衡器电路, 实验样机如图11所示, 采用的器件及其参数如表1所示。为了使开关管在开通、关断过程中电压的上升、下降率变得平缓,在每个开关管的漏源端并联了 1 个外部电容, 使得其等效结电容约为${0.01\mu }\mathrm{F}$,设定开关管的死区时间为${0.6\mu }\mathrm{s}$,根据式(11)和式(12)得到实现软开关的电感电流最小值$x ={0.28}\mathrm{\;A}$,为获得较好的软开关效果,设定$x = 1\mathrm{\;A}$
单片机上电后, 立即检测 2 节电池的电压, 并根据电压的大小确定电感电流的流向(平均值),根据图6所示算法得到在不同情况需要的占空比,然后在单片机中进行信号调制, 得到对应占空比的 PWM 信号。如果 2 节电池的电压差极小, 如在${0.01}\mathrm{\;V}$ 以内,说明 2 节电池电量基本相等,可以让均衡器处于不工作状态。
图12给出了均衡器在 2 种情况下的运行波形。图12(a)对应${U}_{\mathrm{B}{01}}= {4.05}\mathrm{\;V}$${U}_{\mathrm{B}{02}}= {3.63}\mathrm{\;V}$,此时电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 中存储的能量应该向电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 转移, 经图6所提算法得到${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的占空比为 0.5123,此时电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 的最小值约为$-{1.00}\mathrm{\;A}$,最大值约为${3.60}\mathrm{\;A}$,对应的平均值为${1.35}\mathrm{\;A}$,与理论分析的大小一致;图12(a)还给出了开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的驱动电压${u}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$${u}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的端电压${u}_{\mathrm{{DS}},\mathrm{o}}$ 图12(b)对应${U}_{\mathrm{{BOI}}}=$ ${3.63}\mathrm{\;V}$,${U}_{\mathrm{{BO}}2}= {4.05}\mathrm{\;V}$,此时电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ 中存储的能量应该向电池单体${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 转移,经图6所提算法得到${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的占空比为 0.4872,此时电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 的最大值约为${1.00}\mathrm{\;A}$,最小值约为$-{3.60}\mathrm{\;A}$。由图12可以看出,图6所提算法有效, 在开关管发生换流的时刻, 电感电流达到了实现软开关所需的正值或负值。
图13(a)给出了${U}_{\mathrm{B}{01}}= {4.05}\mathrm{\;V},{U}_{\mathrm{B}{02}}= {3.63}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的驱动电压${u}_{\mathrm{{GS}},\text{、}}{u}_{\mathrm{{GS}},}$ 及对应端电压${u}_{\mathrm{{DS}},\text{、}}{u}_{\mathrm{{DS}},}$ 的波形。图13(b)和(c)分别为开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 关断、${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 开通过程波形及${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 关断、${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 开通过程波形,可以看出:2 个开关管在开通前,其端电压均已下降至 0;2 个开关管在关断后,其端电压均缓慢上升至${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{i}}}+ {U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}$; 说明 2 个开关管全部实现了零电压开关。
为比较软开关实现前、后的效率提升情况,对 2 种运行方式在电池电压范围内的运行效率进行了测试,结果如图14所示。为了在相同的功率、开关频率下进行效率对比, 在传统 CCM 硬开关策略下, 电感设置为${0.1}\mathrm{{mH}}$,而本文所提 CCM 软开关策略对应的电感为${19.8\mu }\mathrm{H}$,所有效率值均是在电感电流平均值为 1.4 A 情况下得到的,即图14中相同电压情况下功率是相同的。可以看出, 软开关的实现整体提升了均衡器的效率, 本文所采用软开关方案比传统控制方案整体效率高出 3%~4%。
本文分析了基于开关电感均衡器在电流连续运行模式下的工作原理,得到均衡器的均衡电流不仅与占空比及电池单体电压差相关, 还与线路中的等效阻抗之和相关,并给出了电池内阻抗的实时检测方法。根据这一结论提出了均衡器的软开关实现算法, 分析了控制误差对软开关实现的影响程度, 得到所提软开关控制算法对控制误差的容错性较强。建立了均衡器的实验样机,验证了所提方法的正确性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577164)
  • 江苏省“青蓝工程”中青年学术带头人培养对象资助项目
  • 江苏省第五期“333工程”资助项目
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.251
  • 接收时间:2021-07-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-16
  • 修回日期:2021-11-25
  • 录用日期:2021-12-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577164)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577164)
Jiangsu Province Qing Lan Project
江苏省“青蓝工程”中青年学术带头人培养对象资助项目
Jiangsu Province Fifth "333 Project"
江苏省第五期“333工程”资助项目
作者信息
    1 华北电力大学(北京) 电气与电子工程学院 北京 102206
    2 山东鲁软数字科技 智慧能源分公司 济南 250101
    3 盐城工学院 电气工程学院 盐城 224051
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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