Article(id=1153695649901044210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.44, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=1722268800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-30, acceptedDate=1723305600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-11, onlineDate=1752992077564, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992077564, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992077564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992077564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695651004146166, articleId=1153695649901044210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Prediction of Far-field Electromagnetic Radiated Emissions from AC/DC Telecommunication Power Supply Module, columnId=1153695644242923977, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Special Issue on Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronic Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The electromagnetic radiation emitted by an AC/DC telecommunication power supply is prone to exceeding the limit standards, so the researches on its electromagnetic radiation mechanism and prediction methods can improve the corresponding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design. First, after the analysis of the source and propagation path of common-mode(CM) electromagnetic interference in an AC/DC telecommunication power supply module, it is suggested that its far-field electromagnetic radiation can be decomposed into two types, which are driven by input-port and output-port CM voltages, respectively. Then, a novel method of far-field electromagnetic radiation prediction is proposed by combining the CM voltage-driven sources with the radiation transfer functions of parasitic radiators. The spectrum measurement of each CM voltage-driven source is realized by designing a spectrum analyzer and a resistor attenuator, and the radiation transfer functions of each parasitic radiator is numerically calculated using an electromagnetic simulation software FEKO. Finally, the radiation prediction of a 4 kW AC/DC telecommunication power supply module was achieved, and the effectiveness of the proposed prediction method was verified by test results.

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AC/DC 通信电源产生的电磁辐射易超过限值,对其电磁辐射机理和预测方法开展研究有助于改善电磁兼容性设计。首先,在分析 AC/DC 通信电源模块共模电磁噪声的形成源头和传播路径后,提出其远场电磁辐射可分解为由“输入端口”、“输出端口”共模电压驱动的2类辐射。然后,提出将共模电压驱动源与寄生辐射体的辐射传递函数相结合,进行远场电磁辐射预测的新方法;设计频谱分析仪+电阻衰减器,实现各共模电压驱动源的频谱测量;采用FEKO 电磁仿真软件,通过数值计算得到各寄生辐射体的辐射传递函数。最后,实现了4kW AC/DC通信电源模块辐射预测,并实测验证了其有效性。

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王伟新(1997-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: wwx1121150039@163.com。

舒俊华(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: 22S153236@stu.hit.edu.cn。

睢宁宁(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail:21S153241@stu.hit.edu.cn。

和军平(1971-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: hejunping@hit.edu.cn。

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王伟新(1997-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: wwx1121150039@163.com。

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王伟新(1997-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: wwx1121150039@163.com。

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舒俊华(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: 22S153236@stu.hit.edu.cn。

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舒俊华(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: 22S153236@stu.hit.edu.cn。

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睢宁宁(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail:21S153241@stu.hit.edu.cn。

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睢宁宁(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail:21S153241@stu.hit.edu.cn。

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和军平(1971-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: hejunping@hit.edu.cn。

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和军平(1971-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: hejunping@hit.edu.cn。

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峰值点 输入端口 共模驱动源 输入端口 传递函数 输出端口 共模驱动源 输出端口 传递函数
44 MHz 有峰值 有峰值 有峰值 有峰值
97 MHz 无峰值 有峰值 无峰值 无峰值
138 MHz 无峰值 有峰值 无峰值 有峰值
${182}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 有峰值 有峰值 无峰值 有峰值
), ArticleFig(id=1154032999243961174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649901044210, language=CN, label=表1, caption=峰值点的对比情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值点 输入端口 共模驱动源 输入端口 传递函数 输出端口 共模驱动源 输出端口 传递函数
44 MHz 有峰值 有峰值 有峰值 有峰值
97 MHz 无峰值 有峰值 无峰值 无峰值
138 MHz 无峰值 有峰值 无峰值 有峰值
${182}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 有峰值 有峰值 无峰值 有峰值
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AC/DC 通信电源模块远场电磁辐射发射预测研究
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王伟新 , 舒俊华 , 睢宁宁 , 和军平
电源学报 | 电力电子系统中的电磁兼容专辑 2024,22(5): 44-51
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电源学报 | 电力电子系统中的电磁兼容专辑 2024, 22(5): 44-51
AC/DC 通信电源模块远场电磁辐射发射预测研究
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王伟新 , 舒俊华 , 睢宁宁 , 和军平
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工业大学 机电工程与自动化学院 深圳 518055
  • 王伟新(1997-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: wwx1121150039@163.com。

    舒俊华(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: 22S153236@stu.hit.edu.cn。

    睢宁宁(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail:21S153241@stu.hit.edu.cn。

    和军平(1971-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: hejunping@hit.edu.cn。

Prediction of Far-field Electromagnetic Radiated Emissions from AC/DC Telecommunication Power Supply Module
Weixin WANG , Junhua SHU , Ningning SUI , Junping HE
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.44
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AC/DC 通信电源产生的电磁辐射易超过限值,对其电磁辐射机理和预测方法开展研究有助于改善电磁兼容性设计。首先,在分析 AC/DC 通信电源模块共模电磁噪声的形成源头和传播路径后,提出其远场电磁辐射可分解为由“输入端口”、“输出端口”共模电压驱动的2类辐射。然后,提出将共模电压驱动源与寄生辐射体的辐射传递函数相结合,进行远场电磁辐射预测的新方法;设计频谱分析仪+电阻衰减器,实现各共模电压驱动源的频谱测量;采用FEKO 电磁仿真软件,通过数值计算得到各寄生辐射体的辐射传递函数。最后,实现了4kW AC/DC通信电源模块辐射预测,并实测验证了其有效性。

AC/DC 通信电源  /  远场辐射发射  /  电磁预测  /  电磁仿真  /  寄生辐射体

The electromagnetic radiation emitted by an AC/DC telecommunication power supply is prone to exceeding the limit standards, so the researches on its electromagnetic radiation mechanism and prediction methods can improve the corresponding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design. First, after the analysis of the source and propagation path of common-mode(CM) electromagnetic interference in an AC/DC telecommunication power supply module, it is suggested that its far-field electromagnetic radiation can be decomposed into two types, which are driven by input-port and output-port CM voltages, respectively. Then, a novel method of far-field electromagnetic radiation prediction is proposed by combining the CM voltage-driven sources with the radiation transfer functions of parasitic radiators. The spectrum measurement of each CM voltage-driven source is realized by designing a spectrum analyzer and a resistor attenuator, and the radiation transfer functions of each parasitic radiator is numerically calculated using an electromagnetic simulation software FEKO. Finally, the radiation prediction of a 4 kW AC/DC telecommunication power supply module was achieved, and the effectiveness of the proposed prediction method was verified by test results.

AC/DC telecommunication power supply  /  far-field radiated emission  /  electromagnetic prediction  /  electromagnetic simulation  /  parasitic radiator
王伟新, 舒俊华, 睢宁宁, 和军平. AC/DC 通信电源模块远场电磁辐射发射预测研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.44
Weixin WANG, Junhua SHU, Ningning SUI, Junping HE. Prediction of Far-field Electromagnetic Radiated Emissions from AC/DC Telecommunication Power Supply Module[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.44
随着功率开关器件工作频率的快速提高, 设备功率密度不断提升, 然而这也造成电力电子设备的电磁干扰 EMI(electromagnetic interference)问题日益严重[1-2]。电力电子设备的远场电磁辐射是EMI 中最复杂的 1 种类型, 其形成机理和抑制方法是国内外近年来关注的重要问题[3-6]。全球已有研究[7] 表明, 电力电子设备的辐射发射$\mathrm{{RE}}$ (radiated emissions)是无意识电磁辐射,其源头隐蔽,机理和特性复杂,准确预测困难。Paul$\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{R}}^{\left\lbrack 8\right\rbrack }$ 认为,相比于差模电流,共模电流才是远场辐射的主要影响因素。文献[9-10] 从共模电流的角度分别对$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器和反激变换器的远场辐射进行研究, 提出了有效的建模策略,探究了远场辐射发射的机理和有效抑制方法。 此外, 针对结构较复杂的电力电子设备, 文献[11]采用提取端口阻抗特性的方式来建立其 EMI 模型, 但该方法的计算量随着布局的复杂化会急剧上升;文献[12]利用行为模型对开关电源系统的电磁噪声进行预测,其建模方法简化了计算,在${150}\mathrm{{kHz}}\sim {30}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段取得了较好的预测效果, 但当不同噪声源的幅值差距较大时,此方法就不再适用。通信电源作为广泛应用的 1 种电力电子设备, 事实上也同样存在远场电磁辐射问题,并面临设计挑战。特别地,相比于前述小功率研究对象, 通信电源的功率等级急速增大, 其组成和结构更加复杂。例如, 其输入线缆还包括连接金属机壳的保护地线 PE (protection earth line), 故而有着新的辐射形式和特点, 因此对通信电源的远场辐射机理和预测方法进行研究具有重要的理论和应用意义。
本文基于无意识电磁辐射的形成和传播原理, 将$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 通信电源模块的远场电磁辐射发射问题看作辐射驱动源与辐射传递函数 2 个部分共同作用而产生,并基于此进行量化预测。针对 1 台 4 kW 的 AC/DC 通信电源模块具体结构,首先辨识出其电磁辐射形成的因素和辐射的主要结构。然后, 为准确获取辐射等效共模驱动源的幅值, 提出浮地频谱测量办法;为准确计算辐射传递函数, 使用电磁仿真软件对复杂形状的寄生辐射体进行了三维建模和数值计算。最后,将前述两者相结合,实现了通信电源模块 10 米法远场辐射发射的预测, 并与实测结果进行比对,旨在验证所提预测方法在 30~${300}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段的有效性。
本文研究$4\mathrm{\;{kW}}\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 通信电源模块的输入单相交流为${220}\mathrm{\;V}/{50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,输出直流为${53.5}\mathrm{\;V}/{75}\mathrm{\;A}$, 其主电路如图1所示。该电路由两级组成, 前一级是两相交错功率因数校正 PFC(power factor correction)电路,后一级是半桥 LLC 谐振变换 DC/DC 电路。前者通过斩波将输入${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 交流电升压为${400}\mathrm{\;V}$ 直流电; 后者通过 LLC 谐振变换将${400}\mathrm{\;V}$ 直流降压为${53.5}\mathrm{\;V}$ 直流输出,同时实现变压器隔离。该电源模块 3 根输入线缆分别为$\mathrm{L}\text{、}\mathrm{N}$$\mathrm{{PE}},2$ 根输出线为${53.5}\mathrm{\;V}+$${53.5}\mathrm{\;V}-$。该通信电源模块的主电路安装于 1 个 6 面金属机壳内, 整个模块的外观如图2所示,金属机壳长度为${26.8}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 、宽度为${10.4}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 、高度为${3.9}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$
该 AC/DC 通信电源模块按 CISPR32 标准要求进行远场电磁辐射发射测试, 其在半电波暗室中进行辐射测试时的布局情景如图3所示。辐射发射测试时,该电源模块被平放在高度为$1\mathrm{\;m}$ 的旋转木桌上;输入线缆近似垂直,从电网获取${220}\mathrm{\;V}/{50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 交流电力;其输出线缆先平直一段,然后向下弯折, 再连接至电阻负载箱(长度${60}\mathrm{\;{cm}}\times$ 宽度${45}\mathrm{\;{cm}}\times$ 高度${50}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ )的输入端;电阻负载箱内部为浮地的若干金属带电阻,电阻负载箱的金属外壳通过绝缘垫片平放在金属地平面上。当$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 通信电源模块正常满载工作时,${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 外的测试天线接收通信电源产生的远场电磁辐射,其接收的信号通过同轴线缆送至 EMI 接收机,进而转化为场强信号显示出来,即辐射发射测试值。
已有研究[13] 表明,输入和输出线缆上的共模 CM (common-mode)电流是开关电源在${300}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 前电磁辐射的成因, 因此对共模电流的源头进行分析非常必要。本文利用叠加定理来分析该通信电源模块机壳内的共模电流路径。通过将主电路中开关器件等效为电压源或电流源, 再考虑主要寄生电容, 即可绘出机壳内主要的共模电流路径,如图4所示。可见: 对于 PFC 部分, 其主要物理噪声源为 MOSFET 开关管,其电压${V}_{\text{MOS-PFC }}$ 所经过的共模通路如黑虚线所示; 对于 LLC 部分, 其主要物理噪声源为变压器原边的 MOSFET 开关管,其电压${V}_{\text{MOS-P }}$ 在开关${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ 处的共模通路如灰虚线所示。副边 MOSFET 开关管形成的共模电流路径也可类似分析, 出于图形清晰考虑,未予绘出。由于金属壳为厚度为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以上的良导体, 密闭性良好, 因此具有良好的屏蔽性能, 即机壳内部的共模电流、差模电流产生的电磁辐射并不能直接穿透金属机壳。然而,输入、输出端口处存在着 AC/DC 通信电源主电路与线缆的物理连接点, 当机壳内的共模电流汇聚至输入端口、输出端口处, 就会形成输入端口、输出端口上的共模电压,该共模电压会进一步激励输入线缆、输出线缆和机壳, 从而形成 1 个复杂的寄生辐射体, 向周围空间发射出电磁辐射[14-15]
第 1 节分析表明,将通信电源输入交流线、输出直流线在输入端口、输出端口处对机壳的共模电压作为辐射的等效共模驱动源, 即可将机壳的内部、外部的电磁场有效分割开来。本文用${V}_{\text{CMin }}$${V}_{\text{CMout }}$ 表示电源模块输入、输出端口处的共模电压, 如图5所示,可见,${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}$ 会在输入线缆、输出线缆上形成共模电流${I}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$${I}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}$,继而形成复杂的共模电磁辐射。进一步分析${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}$ 的具体位置和特性。输出线缆由直径相同的正/负母线构成,因此这 2 根线上的共模电压就是激励寄生辐射体的等效共模驱动源;输入线缆由 3 条相同直径的$\mathrm{L}$ 线、N 线和 PE 线构成, 其横截面示意如图6所示。 其中,$\mathrm{{PE}}$ 线与金属机壳直接相连,设$\mathrm{L}$ 线对$\mathrm{{PE}}$ 线的电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{LPE}}},\mathrm{N}$ 线对$\mathrm{{PE}}$ 线的电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{NPE}}}$,可以得出$\mathrm{L}$ 线、$\mathrm{N}$ 线上的共模电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{LPE}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{NPE}}}}{2}$
根据广义共模电压概念,该共模电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$ 仅有$2/3$ 会转成$\mathrm{L}\text{、}\mathrm{P}\text{、}\mathrm{N}$ 这 3 根线的共模辐射驱动电压来形成共模电磁辐射[16],该等效共模驱动源${V}_{\text{CMin-driving }}$ 可表示为
${V}_{\text{CMin-driving }}= \frac{2}{3}{V}_{\text{CMin }}$
共模电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$ 可通过测量得到,本文将 2 个相同的串联电容接于$\mathrm{L}$ 线和$\mathrm{N}$ 线间,电容连接的中点对 PE 线电压即为${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$。确定了输入线缆上的等效共模驱动源后,可将 “输入线缆” 和 “负载+机壳+输出线缆”视作被驱动的寄生辐射体。设该辐射体在空间某点的传递函数为${T}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$,则在${V}_{\text{CMin-driving }}$ 驱动时,此点的辐射场强${E}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$
${E}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)= \frac{2}{3}{T}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)\cdot {V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left(\omega \right)$
式中:$r$ 为被测物体到测试天线的距离;$z$ 为测试天线的高度;$\phi$ 为被测物体和测试天线之间的连线与原始坐标之间的角度;$\omega$ 为角频率。
类似地, 在通信电源模块的输出端口也存在共模辐射的等效驱动源${V}_{\text{CMout }}$。该电压驱动的寄生辐射体由“输出线缆”和“负载+机壳+输入线缆”构成, 也会产生一部分远场辐射。${T}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$ 为该寄生辐射体的传递函数,其形成的辐射场强${E}_{\text{CMout }}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$ 可表示为
${E}_{\text{CMout }}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)= {T}_{\text{CMout }}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)\cdot {V}_{\text{CMout }}\left(\omega \right)$
综上所述,此$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 通信电源模块的远场辐射简化模型如图7所示。
$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 通信电源模块的总远场辐射$E\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$ 由输入端口激励形成的辐射${E}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$ 和输出端口激励形成的辐射${E}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$ 叠加而成,即
$ E\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)= {E}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)+ {E}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$
由于${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}$ 的相位信息不易准确得到,考虑最恶劣的情景, 则合成远场辐射的最大值可估算为
${\left| E\left( r,\omega \right)\right|}_{\max }\leq \frac{2}{3}{\left|{T}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left( r, z,\phi,\omega \right)\right|}_{\max }\cdot \left|{{V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left(\omega \right)}\right|+ \\{\left|{T}_{\text{CMout }}\left( r, z,\phi,\omega \right)\right|}_{\max }\cdot \left|{{V}_{\text{CMout }}\left(\omega \right)}\right|$
式(6)表明,只要确定各辐射共模驱动源的幅值和各辐射体的传递函数, 就可以进行辐射发射最大值的预测或估算。本文据此进行 AC/DC 通信电源模块远场辐射发射的预测。
为提取输入线缆、输出线缆上的共模电压, 本文设计了双电容连接来提供测量点。图8显示了${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{CMout}}}$ 的提取办法和具体位置。其中,$O$$\mathrm{L}$ 线与$\mathrm{N}$ 线的电压中点,$O$ ’为输出线缆的电压中点,${C}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为提取等效共模驱动源所用的电容,为最大限度地降低电容阻抗对原本电路的影响,本文取${C}_{\mathrm{E}}=$ ${100}\mathrm{{pF}}$
为准确测量辐射频段的驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CM}}}$,本文使用手持式频谱分析仪在频域进行共模辐射驱动电压的测量。然而,由于频谱分析仪允许输入的最大交流电压小于$5\mathrm{\;V}$,不能直接与输入、输出线相连, 本文又设计了 1 个电阻衰减器来降低输入电压, 保护测试仪器。
以在输入端口处接入频谱分析仪测试为例, 测量其等效共模驱动源时等效电路的连接情况, 如图9(a)所示。根据戴维南定理,该等效共模驱动源的内阻可设为${Z}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$; 电阻${Z}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和电阻${Z}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 组成衰减器; 频谱分析仪的输入阻抗${Z}_{\text{in }}= {50\Omega };{Z}_{\text{antin }}$ 是由 “输入线缆”与“负载+通信电源机壳+输出线缆”构成的寄生辐射体的输入阻抗, 可通过电磁仿真软件获得;其余阻抗可通过 Agilent4396B 阻抗分析仪测量得到。此时,频谱分析仪测得的频谱为${V}_{\mathrm{{mea}}\circ }$ 在实际辐射发射测试时, 未连接频谱分析仪与上述附件, 其等效电路连接情况如图9(b)所示, 此时的共模电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$ 才是在辐射测试时驱动寄生辐射体的电压。通过前述各阻抗信息和实测的${V}_{\mathrm{{mea}}}$ 可以算出辐射测试时的${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}$,即
${V}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}= \frac{{Z}_{\text{antin }}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}+ {Z}_{\text{antin }}}\frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{A}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}}{Z}_{\mathrm{A}}}.\\\left\lbrack {\left({\frac{1}{2\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{E}}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{B}}+ \frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}}{Z}_{\mathrm{A}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{A}}}}\right)\cdot \frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}+ {Z}_{\text{antin }}}{{Z}_{\text{antin }}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}}\right\rbrack {V}_{\text{mea }}$
同理,对于输出端口共模驱动源的测量也需用该方法进行修正。修正后所得实际辐射测试时${V}_{\text{CMin }}\text{、}{V}_{\text{CMout }}$ 的幅值-频率特性曲线如图10所示。
输入线缆、机壳、输出线缆和负载箱构成结构复杂的寄生辐射体,其在输入端口和输出端口共模电压驱动源的激励下形成远场辐射发射。本文利用全波电磁软件 FEKO 对该寄生辐射体进行电磁建模,并仿真得出远场辐射的传递函数。对该寄生辐射体三维电磁建模时,各导体结构和尺寸均与实际测试时的布局和尺寸相同。为简化建模和分析, 本模型忽略了线缆上的绝缘层,并将输入线$\mathrm{L}\text{、}\mathrm{N}\text{、}\mathrm{{PE}}$ 在与地平面连接处做短路建模。最终,所建端口共模电压驱动寄生辐射体的电磁模型如图11所示, 图中输入线缆直接与下方金属地平面连接。
在 FEKO 中, 将寄生天线输入端口处的等效共模驱动源${V}_{\text{CMin-driving }}$ 设为$1\mathrm{\;V}$ 、输出端口${V}_{\text{CMout }}$ 置 0, 即可仿真求出空间中某点的远场辐射强度, 也即传递函数${T}_{\mathrm{{CMin}}}\left({r, z,\phi,\omega }\right)$。例如,本文可计算出某点$\left({r ={10}\mathrm{m}, z = 1\mathrm{\;m},\phi ={0}^{\circ }}\right)$ 处该共模电压驱动源的传递函数垂直分量${T}_{\mathrm{{VCMin}}}$ 和水平分量${T}_{\mathrm{{HCMin}}}$,这 2 个分量在${30}\sim {300}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频率范围的具体曲线如图12所示。 类似地, 也可得出输出端口共模电压驱动源的辐射传递函数。
由于 CISPR32 实际测试时测试桌在转台水平面 0~360${}^{\circ }$ 旋转, EMI 接收机同时记录每个频点的最大值, 故而需要将传递函数在该测试环上的最大值仿真出来。图13为在距辐射中心${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 远、距地面$1\mathrm{\;m}$ 高的空间上设置的 1 个观测点圆环,每隔${30}^{\circ }$ 设置 1 个观测点, 用 FEKO 仿真出该环上各点的传递函数, 即可求出传递函数在该环上的最大值。
利用测量得到的共模电压频谱和 FEKO 仿真得到的最大传递函数即可通过式(6)进行远场辐射发射的估算。为检验上述预测效果,本文对$4\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 负载下通信电源模块的远场辐射进行了实测和对比, 辐射测试的实际布局与图3一致, 如图14所示。实测时, 输入线缆 PE 线与金属地平面直接相连, 输入 L 线、$\mathrm{N}$ 线在与地平面交接处用${100}\mathrm{{nF}}$ 的电容${C}_{\mathrm{Y}}$ 接地来接近射频短路。在${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 测试距离、$1\mathrm{\;m}$ 天线高度下,辐射发射测试与预测结果如图15所示。
图15(a)为远场辐射的垂直分量,可见:预测曲线与实测曲线趋势相同;辐射发射实测曲线和仿真预测曲线在${44}\text{、}{97}\text{、}{138}\text{、}{182}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频点出现峰值; 预测的远场辐射强度总体上略大于测量值, 表明预测效果符合计算理论。图15(b)为远场辐射的水平分量,可见:远场辐射的水平分量在${80}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 以前低于垂直分量,这与传递函数的仿真结果对应;预测曲线与实测曲线具有相近的趋势和峰值频点, 但数值相差较大, 可能是由于暗室墙壁吸波特性不理想导致实测的水平分量偏大。整体而言, 本预测方法对预测通信电源的远场辐射垂直分量较有效。
根据式(5)和式(6)可以分析辐射超标点中各共模驱动源、各辐射传递函数的具体影响。本文根据图10图13对比了各共模驱动源和辐射传递函数峰值点与远场辐射峰值点的对应情况, 结果如表1所示。可见:${44}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 处的远场辐射峰值由输入、输出 2 个共模驱动源及其辐射传递函数共同作用产生,即驱动源与辐射体特性相互叠加;${97}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 处的峰值主要由输入端口辐射传递函数产生,输出端口共模电压及其传递函数作用较小; 其他频点的分析也可类似进行。可见,本分析方法有助于辨识出辐射超标点的具体起因, 进而有效地指导改进设计。
本文提出 1 种基于共模电压驱动源测量和电磁场仿真的开关电源远场电磁辐射的预测方法, 并在 1 台 AC/DC 通信电源模块中进行建模、实测和验证。研究结果对其他类型开关电源远场电磁辐射的机理分析和设计改善具有良好的参考价值。主要结论如下。
(1)辨识出 AC/DC 通信电源模块在输入端口和输出端口有 2 个等效共模驱动源,其与输入线缆、机壳、输出线缆、负载箱共同构成了 1 个具有双等效共模驱动源、复杂几何结构的寄生辐射结构。
(2)针对输入端口、输出端口等效共模驱动源的成因和结构, 提出共模电压驱动源幅值的浮地频谱测量方法,具有较好的准确性和易用性。
(3)采用 FEKO 电磁仿真软件建立了 AC/DC 通信电源模块在 CISPR32 测试布局下的三维电磁模型,数值计算获得了该复杂寄生辐射体${30}\sim {300}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 下的远场辐射传递函数、端口阻抗等参数。
(4)提出基于共模电压驱动源和辐射传递函数的远场电磁辐射场强预测算式及最大值估算式, 实现了$4\mathrm{\;{kW}}\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 通信电源模块的远场辐射估测及验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52077046)
  • 深圳市科创委科技攻关计划资助项目(JSGG20201201100406017)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.44
  • 接收时间:2024-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-01
  • 修回日期:2024-07-30
  • 录用日期:2024-08-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52077046)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52077046)
Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission Science and Technology Tackling Plan Project(JSGG20201201100406017)
深圳市科创委科技攻关计划资助项目(JSGG20201201100406017)
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    哈尔滨工业大学 机电工程与自动化学院 深圳 518055
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.44
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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