Article(id=1153695645648015823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1623859200000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-17, revisedDate=1628784000000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-13, acceptedDate=1629993600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-27, onlineDate=1752992076550, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076550, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=220, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695646193275346, articleId=1153695645648015823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Frequency Regulation Method for Electric Vehicles Cluster Based on Disturbance Observer and Robust Model Prediction, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A frequency regulation method for a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) in an isolated grid with high permeability renewable energy sources is proposed. First, a disturbance observer is designed for the system's order reduction model to generate additional frequency control signals for clustered EVs. This order reduction model is obtained by combining the changes in load, wind power, photovoltaic system and clustered EVs, thus generating a lumped disturbance estimated by the disturbance observer. Second, a robust model predictive control method based on the Tube model is proposed to provide effective control signals to improve the responsiveness of clustered EVs. The control signals are generated to obtain the minimum frequency deviation error by means of the minimum control actions while considering various physical constraints on the system operation. Third, the influence of time delay on communication link is studied through the stability analysis, and the time delay margin is obtained. Finally, through simulation analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified, and the advantages of the proposed method over traditional model predictive control, fuzzy proportional integral control and linear quadratic regulator control are also verified.

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提出1种适用于高渗透率可再生能源孤岛型电网中大量电动汽车 EVs(electric vehicles)的频率调节方法。首先,针对系统的降阶模型设计了扰动观测器,为聚集的电动汽车产生附加频率控制信号。该降阶模型通过结合负荷、风电、光伏系统和聚集电动汽车的变化而获得,可以产生1个由扰动观测器估计的集总扰动;然后,提出1种基于Tube 模型的鲁棒预测控制 RMPC(robust model predictive control)方法,以提供有效的控制信号,提高聚合后电动汽车的响应能力。控制信号的产生是为了以最小的控制动作获得频率偏差误差的最小值,同时考虑各种系统运行物理约束;接着,通过稳定性分析研究了时延对通信链路的影响,获得了时延裕度;最后,通过仿真分析验证了所提方法的有效性,并验证了所提方法相对于传统 MPC、模糊比例积分控制和线性二次调节器控制的优越性。

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王晖南(1975-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:电动汽车调频控制方法。E-mail:dtwhn@sina.com。

王昱瑾(1992-),女,硕士研究生,工程师,研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:sxdlsj@126.com。

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王晖南(1975-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:电动汽车调频控制方法。E-mail:dtwhn@sina.com。

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王晖南(1975-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:电动汽车调频控制方法。E-mail:dtwhn@sina.com。

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王昱瑾(1992-),女,硕士研究生,工程师,研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:sxdlsj@126.com。

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王昱瑾(1992-),女,硕士研究生,工程师,研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:sxdlsj@126.com。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012. 27(2): 932-941., articleTitle=Delay dependent stability for load frequency control with constant and time varying delays, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032984056389823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, awardId=5700-202055171A-0-0-00, language=EN, fundingSource=State Grid Headquarters Science and Technology Project(5700-202055171A-0-0-00), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032984144470209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, awardId=5700-202055171A-0-0-00, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5700-202055171A-0-0-00), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032976011715534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032976015909838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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参数 数值 参数 数值
${T}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.08 $M\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.1667
${T}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.3 $D\left(\text{ p.u.}\right)$ 0.0084
${T}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ 10 $R\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 5.6
${K}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.5 ${BB}$ (p.u.) 0.425
${K}_{1}$ 0.033
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983473381548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=表1, caption=发电机的参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${T}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.08 $M\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.1667
${T}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.3 $D\left(\text{ p.u.}\right)$ 0.0084
${T}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ 10 $R\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 5.6
${K}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.5 ${BB}$ (p.u.) 0.425
${K}_{1}$ 0.033
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参数 数值 参数 数值
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( 0\right)$ 60% ${K}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}$ 0.0024
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmin }}$ 10% $\Delta {P}_{\text{AGmax }}$ (p.u.) 0.01
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmax }}$ 90% ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}1}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 24
${R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.045 ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}2}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 22
${T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.035
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参数 数值 参数 数值
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( 0\right)$ 60% ${K}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}$ 0.0024
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmin }}$ 10% $\Delta {P}_{\text{AGmax }}$ (p.u.) 0.01
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmax }}$ 90% ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}1}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 24
${R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.045 ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}2}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 22
${T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.035
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983792148664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Computation time, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制器 时间/s
传统 MPC 7.68
Tube-MPC 8.15
LQC 控制 13.94
模糊 PI 控制 21.07
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983863451834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=表3, caption=计算时间, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制器 时间/s
传统 MPC 7.68
Tube-MPC 8.15
LQC 控制 13.94
模糊 PI 控制 21.07
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基于扰动观测器和鲁棒模型预测的电动汽车集群调频方法研究
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王晖南 , 王昱瑾
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(5): 220-229
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(5): 220-229
基于扰动观测器和鲁棒模型预测的电动汽车集群调频方法研究
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王晖南 , 王昱瑾
作者信息
  • 国网山西省电力公司 营销服务中心 太原 030032
  • 王晖南(1975-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:电动汽车调频控制方法。E-mail:dtwhn@sina.com。

    王昱瑾(1992-),女,硕士研究生,工程师,研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:sxdlsj@126.com。

Frequency Regulation Method for Electric Vehicles Cluster Based on Disturbance Observer and Robust Model Prediction
Huinan WANG , Yujin WANG
Affiliations
  • Marketing Service Center State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Taiyuan 030032 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.220
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提出1种适用于高渗透率可再生能源孤岛型电网中大量电动汽车 EVs(electric vehicles)的频率调节方法。首先,针对系统的降阶模型设计了扰动观测器,为聚集的电动汽车产生附加频率控制信号。该降阶模型通过结合负荷、风电、光伏系统和聚集电动汽车的变化而获得,可以产生1个由扰动观测器估计的集总扰动;然后,提出1种基于Tube 模型的鲁棒预测控制 RMPC(robust model predictive control)方法,以提供有效的控制信号,提高聚合后电动汽车的响应能力。控制信号的产生是为了以最小的控制动作获得频率偏差误差的最小值,同时考虑各种系统运行物理约束;接着,通过稳定性分析研究了时延对通信链路的影响,获得了时延裕度;最后,通过仿真分析验证了所提方法的有效性,并验证了所提方法相对于传统 MPC、模糊比例积分控制和线性二次调节器控制的优越性。

扰动观测器  /  电动汽车  /  负载频率控制  /  鲁棒控制

A frequency regulation method for a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) in an isolated grid with high permeability renewable energy sources is proposed. First, a disturbance observer is designed for the system's order reduction model to generate additional frequency control signals for clustered EVs. This order reduction model is obtained by combining the changes in load, wind power, photovoltaic system and clustered EVs, thus generating a lumped disturbance estimated by the disturbance observer. Second, a robust model predictive control method based on the Tube model is proposed to provide effective control signals to improve the responsiveness of clustered EVs. The control signals are generated to obtain the minimum frequency deviation error by means of the minimum control actions while considering various physical constraints on the system operation. Third, the influence of time delay on communication link is studied through the stability analysis, and the time delay margin is obtained. Finally, through simulation analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified, and the advantages of the proposed method over traditional model predictive control, fuzzy proportional integral control and linear quadratic regulator control are also verified.

Disturbance observer  /  electric vehicle(EV)  /  load frequency control  /  robust control
王晖南, 王昱瑾. 基于扰动观测器和鲁棒模型预测的电动汽车集群调频方法研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 220 -229 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.220
Huinan WANG, Yujin WANG. Frequency Regulation Method for Electric Vehicles Cluster Based on Disturbance Observer and Robust Model Prediction[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 220 -229 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.220
负荷频率控制 LFC(load frequency control)是指在排除干扰的情况下, 保持电力系统功率生产和消耗的平衡, 以保证系统频率恢复到参考值, 通常由发电机组按分钟的时间尺度输出功率提供, 然而可再生能源替代传统发电机组会导致电力系统频率调节能力减弱[1]。近年来,通信信息技术的飞速发展使得需求响应成为一种有潜力的解决办法, 以平衡已经出现的能力缺乏。各种负载和设备,如插电式电动汽车 EVs(electric vehicles)[2] 、空调设备[3] 、热水器[4] 、冰箱[5] 、甚至数据中心[6] 等均可提供调频服务。
随着电动汽车的广泛应用和 V2G(vehicle-to-grid) 技术的快速发展, 电动汽车构建了可控负载和可移动储能系统。由于对充放电指令的快速响应, 电动汽车有望为电力系统的频率调节做出贡献[7]。 针对电动汽车参与频率调节的问题, 学者们已经进行了大量的研究。文献[8]提出了 1 种基于自适应动态规划方法的控制方案, 通过汇聚器集成大量电动汽车参与频率控制。文献[9]针对电动汽车使用分数阶控制器对 LFC 进行控制。文献[10]提出了 1 种聚集电动汽车与热泵热水器的协调控制方案,以使电动汽车的最佳利用能够支持频率稳定。上述研究是在确定性系统中进行的, 大部分研究忽略了电力系统在运行与物理等方面的约束。针对 LFC 问题, 国内外学者提出了各种控制策略, 包括模糊逻辑控制、分数阶控制器、线性二次调节器、滑模控制和模型预测控制 MPC(model predictive control)。其中, MPC利用系统的状态空间模型, 在考虑系统约束的情况下, 在每个采样时间点进行优化。在 LFC 问题中, MPC 已被作为比例积分控制器的重要替代方法, 以提供更有效的响应。文献[11]将 MPC 应用于有电动汽车的微电网 LFC。文献 [12]将 MPC 应用于带风电机组的多区域供热系统的 LFC 设计中。 文献[13]提出了 1 种改进多端高压直流系统频率响应的方法。这些研究忽略了与系统运行相关的不确定性。文献[14]使用的 MPC 未考虑间歇性风电功率的变化。此外,文献[15]在 MPC 设计过程中,未对载荷系数进行建模。针对分布式蓄电池储能系统,文献[16]提出了 1 种鲁棒 MPC 控制方法。
综上所述, 本文提出了 1 种频率控制模型, 在具有可再生能源的孤岛型电力系统 LFC 中考虑聚合电动汽车的影响。扰动观测器的设计目的是为了对聚集电动汽车对次级频率控制目标产生附加控制信号,为此,将负载变化、WT、PV 和聚合电动汽车的输出作为 1 个集总扰动来降低系统阶次。然后, 设计了基于 Tube 的 MPC 鲁棒控制器, 通过调节电动汽车的充放电来调节频率偏差。该种类型 MPC 控制器包括 1 个常规 MPC 和 1 个附加 MPC 控制器, 而常规 MPC 通过使用无不确定性的常规系统模型产生初始控制信号和相关的频率偏差;附加 MPC 使用从常规 MPC 接收到的输入和输出信号及由系统和扰动观测器控制器提供的频率偏差信号产生控制信号。
图1为电动汽车参与孤岛型电力系统的频率控制示意。
电网调度中心
图1可知, 孤岛型电力系统通常由火电网、 可再生能源 RESs(renewable energy sources)、负荷和电动汽车组成。电动汽车通过电动汽车聚合器集成到系统中。由于假设汇聚器包含大量电动汽车, 因此假定汇聚器以连续的速率充电/放电。由此可见, 电动汽车参与频率调节被认为是 1 种辅助服务,就像电力市场中由市场参与者提供的其他服务一样。参与这种管制市场的成本应根据所采取的市场政策予以补偿,这个成本应该考虑到各种因素, 包括电池退化成本。
本文所提电动汽车集群控制框图如图2所示。 该控制模型由 1 个带下垂的主频率控制、带所提控制器的负载频率控制及 1 个监控电池与电网之间电源交换的电池充电器组成。控制器提供频率偏差${\Delta f}$,即系统频率$f$ 与参考频率${f}_{0}$ 之间的差值。可以看出, 电动汽车涉及到频率调节, 频率偏差违反了上下限死区, 这样可以防止电池过于频繁地充电/ 放电,从而避免电池恶化。即当频率偏差超过$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{U}}$ 时, 聚合器通过吸收系统功率参与频率调节; 当频率偏差低于$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 时,聚合器通过放电来参与频率调节。如果频率偏差仍然在$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{L}}$$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{U}}$ 之间,聚合器不产生响应。接收到的充电/放电功率命令可除以可用电动汽车的总数量来确定可用电动汽车的充电/ 放电功率, 也可除以电动汽车的最大充电/放电功率来确定需要参与的电动汽车数量。
图3为用于将聚集的电动汽车纳入频率调节负载频率控制的框图。可见,引入扰动观测器估计系统扰动以补充二次频率控制。
发电机由$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制器控制,其频率动态特性可用微分方程来描述, 即
$\Delta \dot{f}= -\frac{D}{M}{\Delta f}+ \frac{1}{M}\left({\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{G}}+ \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}+ \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{w}}+ \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}- \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)$
式中:$M$$D$ 分别为发电机的惯性常数和负载的阻尼系数;$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{G}}\text{、}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{w}}\text{、}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}\text{、}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 分别为发电机、风电场、光伏、聚合器和负载功率的变化。发电机输出功率的变化可以表示为
$\Delta {\dot{P}}_{\mathrm{G}}= -\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{r}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{G}}+ \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{t}}- {K}_{\mathrm{r}}{T}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{t}}{T}_{\mathrm{r}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{t}}+ \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{t}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{v}}$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为与汽轮机有关的时间常数;${T}_{\mathrm{r}}$${K}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为再热汽轮机的时间常数和增益;$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{v}}$$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 分别为汽门位置和涡轮功率的变化,可表示为
$\Delta {\dot{P}}_{\mathrm{t}}= -\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{r}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{t}}+ \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{t}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{v}}$
$\Delta {\dot{P}}_{\mathrm{v}}= -\frac{1}{R{T}_{\mathrm{g}}}{\Delta f}- \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{g}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{v}}+ \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{g}}}{u}_{\mathrm{G}}$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为调控器的时间常数;$R$ 为热力发电机的速度下垂系数;${u}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为热发生器提供的控制信号。本文假设可再生能源不参与负载频率控制。
对于式(1)所包含的聚合电动汽车的功率,其输出功率的变化动态特性可描述为
$\Delta {\dot{P}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}= -\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}{T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{\Delta f}- \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}+ \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$${K}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 分别为聚合器的时间常数和充放电系数;${R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 为聚合器模型的下垂系数;${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 为控制器提供给聚合器的控制信号。假设${\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }= \left\lbrack {\Delta f}\right.\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{G}}$ $\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{t}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{v}}{\left.{P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 为状态变量,$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}= \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{w}}+ \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}- \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为系统扰动, 则状态空间模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }}\left( t\right)= {\mathbf{A}}^{\prime }{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{B}}^{\prime }\mathbf{u}\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{F}}^{\prime }\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)\\{\Delta f}\left( t\right)= {\mathbf{C}}^{\prime }{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,$\mathbf{u}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{u}_{\mathrm{G}}& {u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack$ 为控制输入矢量。按照惯例,频率控制由同步发电机负责, 即通过调节发电机功率跟踪负载的变化来实现。然而,随着 RESs 的数量不断增多, 传统 LFC 模型中增加了额外的不确定性。由于电动汽车具有较高的灵活性、可控性和可扩展性, 可以通过调节系统扰动来提供进一步的频率调节。为此,可以将聚合器输出功率$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 的变化视为 1 个扰动,并与其他扰动组合为$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}= \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{w}}+$ $\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}- \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$。因此,适当地控制电动汽车,可以减少观测到的系统干扰。系统动态特性可用降阶模型表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)= \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{B}{u}_{\mathrm{G}}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{F}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)\\{\Delta f}\left( t\right)= \mathbf{C}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
其中
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{A}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \frac{U}{M}& \frac{1}{M}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &- \frac{{T}_{r}}{{T}_{s}}& \frac{{T}_{r}- {K}_{r}{T}_{r}}{{T}_{s}}& \frac{{K}_{r}}{{T}_{s}}& \\ 0 & 0 &- \frac{1}{{T}_{s}}& \frac{{T}_{r}}{{T}_{s}}& \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 && && \\- \frac{1}{R{T}_{s}}& 0 & 0 &- \frac{{T}_{s}}{{T}_{s}}& \\ 0 & 0 &- \frac{{T}_{r}}{{T}_{s}}& \frac{{T}_{r}}{{T}_{s}}& 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\\mathbf{A}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack,\mathbf{b}= .\end{array}\right.$
采用上述降阶 LFC 模型, 通过设计系统扰动观测器估计系统状态变量
$\begin{cases}\widehat{{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}^{\prime }}\left( t\right)& =\mathbf{A}\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{F}\Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)+ \\& \mathbf{H}\left\lbrack {{\Delta f}\left( t\right)- \Delta \widehat{f}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \\\Delta \widehat{f}\left( t\right)& =\mathbf{C}\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)\end{cases}$
式中:$\mathbf{H}$ 为观测器增益矩阵;$\Delta \widehat{f}\left( t\right)$ 为系统频率${\Delta f}\left( t\right)$ 的估计值;$\Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)$ 为估计的系统扰动,可表示为
$\Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)= \beta \left( t\right)+ N\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)$
式中:$\beta \left( t\right)$ 为辅助变量;$N$ 为待设计的常数增益矩阵。根据$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}$,可估计系统扰动为
$\dot{\mathbf{\beta }}\left( t\right)= \Delta -\mathbf{N}\left\lbrack {A\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{{Bu}}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{F}\Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack +\Delta {\dot{\widehat{P}}}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)$
式(9)中动态系统的结构是 1 个观测器。由式(7) 和式(9)可知,估计误差${e}_{x}= \mathbf{x}- \widehat{\mathbf{x}}$ 可表示为
${\dot{e}}_{x}\left( t\right)= \left({\mathbf{A}- \mathbf{{HC}}}\right){e}_{x}\left( t\right)+ \mathbf{F}{e}_{{P}_{\mathrm{d}}}\left( t\right)$
式中,${e}_{{P}_{\mathrm{d}}}= \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}- \Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为扰动估计误差。扰动估计和状态估计中的误差可以合并为 1 个方程
$\dot{\mathbf{J}}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\mathbf{A}- \mathbf{{HC}}& \mathbf{F}\\- \mathbf{{NHC}}& 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \mathbf{J}\left( t\right)$
式中,$\mathbf{J}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{e}_{x}^{\mathrm{T}}& {e}_{{P}_{d}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,增益矩阵$\mathbf{H}$$\mathbf{N}$ 的设计应使上述系统的状态矩阵的特征值位于虚轴的左侧,使估计误差随时间消失。
电力系统运行受到各种不确定性的影响, 从参数不确定性扩展到动态模型的不确定性。负载变化和 RES 输出功率的变化等各种扰动源也引入了大量的不确定性。针对这些干扰,本文设计了 1 种基于 Tube-MPC 的控制器[17],该控制器由常规控制器和附加控制器组成, 常规 MPC 是基于常规系统提供无不确定性的系统输出预测; 附加 MPC 利用预测输出和系统提供的不确定性输出信号及提供的干扰观测器信号来产生控制器的控制信号。
如前所述, 本文在优化目标函数的同时, 利用 MPC 生成信号,使聚合的电动汽车参与频率调节。 假设状态变量向量为$\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{\Delta f}& \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,则电动汽车聚合器的 MPC 状态空间模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}}\left( t\right)= \widetilde{\mathbf{A}}\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{B}}{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}\Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{I}}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{I}\Delta {\widehat{P}}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\prime \prime }\left( t\right)\\\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)= \widetilde{C}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)= {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AG}}}{\Delta f}$ 为提供给$\mathrm{{EV}}$ 聚合器的频率偏差信号;$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{I}}= \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{G}}- \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为系统输入;$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{m}}= \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{w}}+ \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 为外部扰动。从系统产生估计的干扰信号$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 和频率偏差信号$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 产生$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}\text{-act }}$,供控制器使用。该控制模型提供了实测的频率偏差$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$,然后$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 计算 1 个控制信号${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$,使频率偏差${\Delta f}$ 以最小控制动作尽可能接近参考输出$\Delta {f}_{\text{ref }}$。参考输出$\Delta {f}_{\text{ref }}$ 设为 0。 则控制信号的计算方式为
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{p}{Q}_{\Delta f}{\left\lbrack \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( k + 1\right)- \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\mathrm{{ref}}}\right\rbrack }^{2}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{c}{Q}_{{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{\left\lbrack \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( k\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}$
式中:${Q}_{\Delta f}$${Q}_{\Delta {u}_{\Delta f}}$ 分别为与$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 输入和输出相关的加权系数;$c$$p$ 分别为控制层和预测层。式 (15) 第 1 项对预测范围内参考值的输出误差建模, 而第 2 项对控制范围内控制动作考虑建模。优化问题遵循以下原则约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{{min}}}}\leq \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\leq \Delta {f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{{max}}}}\\{u}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{{min}}}}\leq {u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\leq {u}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{{max}}}}\\\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}^{\mathrm{{min}}}\leq \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\leq \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}\\{\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{{min}}}}\leq {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\leq {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\Delta {f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\max }}\Delta {f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\min }}$${u}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\max }}$${u}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\min }}$ 分别为预测和控制层中聚合器频率偏差$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 输出信号的最大和最小允许值;$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}^{\min }$$\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}^{\max }$ 分别为聚合器的最小输出功率和最大输出功率。为了使电池$\mathrm{{SoC}}$ 保持在上限${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\Lambda {G}_{m}}$${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\Lambda {G}_{m}}$ 之间,每个电动汽车聚合器在整个充放电时间内的平均 SoC 计算公式为
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)= {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( 0\right)- {\int }_{0}^{t}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)}{{3600}\times {Q}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}\mathrm{d}t $
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( 0\right)$ 分别为聚合器的容量和初始$\mathrm{{SoC}}$;容量${Q}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}= {N}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}\times {Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}$ 是电动汽车电池容量、${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}$ 和聚合器中包含的电动汽车数量的函数。容量乘以 3600, 将小时换算为秒。需要注意的是, SoC 应恢复到原始状态或在预期范围内,以便电动汽车在随后的充电/放电中可用。由于电动汽车欲参与二次频率控制以恢复频率,并且在此步骤中无额外的 SoC 恢复目标,因此 SoC 恢复可以实现第 3 次频率控制。
假设 RESs 输出过程中的波动是不确定性的来源, 在无不确定性的系统中, 状态空间模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{z}\left( t\right)= \widetilde{\mathbf{A}}z\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{B}}{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{I}}\left( t\right)\\\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}\left( t\right)= \widetilde{\mathbf{C}}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,$z\left( t\right)$${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}$ 分别为无不确定性常规系统模型的状态变量和输入控制信号。状态变量$z\left( t\right)$ 的描述动态模型与状态变量$x\left( t\right)$ 相同。计算控制信号, 得到以下成本函数的最小值
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{{u}_{\mathrm{{AC}},\min }}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{p}{Q}_{\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\left\lbrack \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( k + 1\right)- \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ ref }}\left( k + 1\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{c}{Q}_{{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{\left\lbrack \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}\left( k\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}$
式中:${Q}_{\Delta {f}_{1}}$${Q}_{\Delta {f}_{1}}$ 分别为与常规$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 输入和输出相关的加权系数;$\mathrm{{SoC}}$ 、输出充放电功率和控制信号被限制在原始约束的子集内, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\alpha \Delta }{f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\min }}\leq \Delta {f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\operatorname{, nom}}}\leq {\alpha \Delta }{f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\max }}\\\alpha {u}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\min }}\leq \Delta {f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\operatorname{, nom}}}\leq {\alpha \Delta }{f}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\max }}\\{\alpha \Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}^{\min }\leq \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\leq {\alpha \Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}^{\max }\\\frac{{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\min }}}{1 -\alpha }\leq {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\min }}\leq {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\max }}\end{array}\right.$
式中,$\alpha$ 为属于(0,1)的调优系数。这些约束称为收紧约束。与常规 MPC 不同, 附加 MPC 的目的是控制具有不确定性的实际系统。假设附加 MPC 的状态空间模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{\mathbf{x}}}_{\text{act }}\left( t\right)= \widetilde{\mathbf{A}}{\mathbf{x}}_{\text{act }}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{B}}{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ act }}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{I}}\left( t\right)+ \widetilde{\mathbf{L}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\prime \prime }\left( t\right)\\\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ act }}\left( t\right)= \widetilde{\mathbf{C}}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\mathrm{{act}}}\left( t\right)$ 为附加$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 产生的控制信号。控制信号${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\mathrm{{act}}}\left( t\right)$ 的产生是为了实现成本函数的最小化,即
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ act }}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{p}{Q}_{\Delta {f}_{2}}{\left\lbrack \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ act }}\left( k + 1\right)- \Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}\left( k + 1\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{c}{Q}_{{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},2}}{\left\lbrack \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\mathrm{{act}}}\left( k\right)- \Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}\left( k\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}$
式中,${Q}_{\Delta {f}_{2}}$${Q}_{{u}_{\Delta {f}_{2}}}$ 分别为附加$\mathrm{{MPC}}$ 输入和输出的加权系数。附加 MPC 提供控制信号和常规控制器${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}$$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ nom }}$ 的输出,以及不确定的实际系统$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}},\text{ act }}$ 的输出。控制信号通过优化式(15)和式(22) 的常规和附加 MPCs 获得。MPCs 的权重系数通过最小化目标函数来调整, 即
$\min {\int }_{0}^{T}\left|{{\Delta f}\left( t\right)}\right|\mathrm{d}t $
约束条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{\Delta {f}_{\min }}\leq {Q}_{\Delta {f}_{r}}\leq {Q}_{\Delta {f}_{\max }}\\{Q}_{\Delta {U}_{\text{EVmin }}}\leq {Q}_{\Delta {U}_{\text{EVmin }}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$T$ 为频率偏移的长度时间; 下标取值 1 和 2 分别用于表示常规 MPC 和附加 MPC。采用粒子群优化(PSO)算法求解最优解。
参与频率调节的电动汽车接收到来自控制中心的信号时,可能会有相当大的延迟,这可能会导致频率过冲/欠缺,对系统造成不稳定影响。考虑控制回路中的时延, 聚合后的电动汽车对所提供的控制命令${u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 的动态响应可由微分方程描述,即
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\lbrack {\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack }{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{-{K}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}{T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{\Delta f}\left( t\right)- \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( t\right)+ \\\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}}{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left({t -{\zeta }_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)$
式中,${\zeta }_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为时变时滞变量,须满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {\zeta }_{\mathrm{i}}\leq {\tau }_{\mathrm{i}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{\zeta }_{\mathrm{i}}\left( t\right)}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}\leq {\gamma }_{\mathrm{i}}\leq 1 \end{array}\right.$
式中,${\tau }_{\mathrm{i}}$${\gamma }_{\mathrm{i}}$ 分别为时滞的上界和变化率。由式 (25) 可求得状态空间方程为
$\begin{cases}\dot{{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }}\left( t\right)= &\mathbf{A}\prime {\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{B}}^{\prime \prime }{u}_{\mathrm{G}}\left( t\right)+ {\mathbf{B}}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\prime \prime }{u}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left({t -{\zeta }_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)+ \\& {\mathbf{F}}^{\prime }\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)\\{\Delta f}\left( t\right)= &{\mathbf{C}}^{\prime }{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }\left( t\right)\end{cases}$
时滞裕度是 LFC 系统稳定性评估的关键因素,定义为系统保持渐近稳定的最大时滞。本文采用鲁棒稳定性准则计算了所提 LFC 方法的延时裕度,具体计算方法及过程,详见文献[18]。
本文假设分别包含 2000 辆和 1500 辆电动汽车的 2 个电动汽车聚合器被集成到 1 个孤岛型电力系统中。发电机和聚合器的参数分别见表1表2。控制信号的上界和下界被选择为$\pm {0.01}$, 保持与${P}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{m}}}$${P}_{{\mathrm{{AG}}}_{\mathrm{m}}}$ 的上界一致,这样就不会对聚合器的可交付功率施加额外的约束。假定基准功率为${1000}\mathrm{{MV}}\cdot {\mathrm{A}}_{\circ }$ 该系统包含 1 个风电场 (WTs) 和 1 个平均发电功率分别为${20}\mathrm{{MW}}$${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 的光伏电站。图4(a)为 WTs 的输出受到不确定性的影响;图4(b)为PV输出功率受辐照度和温度波动的影响。控制周期设置为$1/{60}\mathrm{s}$
${\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 分别等于 0.7 和 0.3,将频率偏差${\Delta f}$ 分配给发电机和$\mathrm{{EV}}$ 聚合器$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 的死区,假定其值为$\pm {0.003}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$;预测区间为 3,控制区间为 10, 在 2 个 MPC 中采样间隔时间均为${0.1}\mathrm{s}$。收紧的约束假设为原始约束的${90}\%$${Q}_{\Delta f}= {0.9015},{f}_{{u}_{\Delta c}}= {1.2073}$,${Q}_{\Delta {f}_{1}}= {0.6577},{Q}_{{u}_{\Delta {f}_{1}}}= {0.9180},{Q}_{\Delta {f}_{2}}= {1.1304},{Q}_{{u}_{\Delta {f}_{2}}}= {0.7841}$。 在设计扰动观测器时,选择相关矩阵$\mathbf{N}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}- 1 &- 1 &- 1 \end{array}\right.$ $- 1\rbrack,\mathbf{H}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack$。利用这些矩阵得到动态系统的特征值为${\lambda }_{1}= -{22.404}\;9,{\lambda }_{2}= -{0.5116},{\lambda }_{3}= -{9.671}\;3$,${\lambda }_{4}= -{11.0159},{\lambda }_{5}= -{13.3763}$,这表明系统稳定。
假设发电机具有足够的发电能力来跟踪负荷的变化。在$t = 5\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,负载增加${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$; 在$t ={50}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,负载减少${20}\mathrm{{MW}}$图5为不同控制策略下频率响应的示意图。
图5可以看出, 在无电动汽车支撑的情况下,${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 负荷在${50}\mathrm{\;s}$ 变化时,频率偏差超调高达${0.16}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,违反了正常运行状态。在 2 种控制方案中, 使用电动汽车支撑可以显著降低频率偏差。图5中, 常规 MPC 的轨迹与控制信号为无不确定性系统产生的情况有关。结果表明,与传统 MPC 相比, 基于 Tube 的 MPC 可以显著降低频率偏差。此外, 本文所提控制器的频率响应与常规 MPC 接近, 这与无不确定性的情况有关。也就是说,与传统MPC 相比, 本文所提控制器受到所考虑的不确定性的影响较小。
图6为发电机和电动汽车聚合器的输出功率。 如图6(a)(b)所示,随着负荷增加,发电机和汇聚器随之增加${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$。一旦负载增加,电动汽车通过降低充电功率来增加输出功率, 并接收到违反死区的频率偏差信号。可以看出, 2 种方案中, 聚合器输出功率的上升幅度均大于发电机功率的上升幅度。 此外,使用该控制器,电动汽车的响应速度更快,从电网充电/放电的能量更多, 从而使频率偏差进一步减小。在最初的几秒钟内,电动汽车主要提供调节服务,当电力系统恢复稳定状态时,因为发电机可提供足够的备用容量, 电动汽车就会逐渐停止工作。图7为扰动观测器的性能。可以看出, 估计的扰动在几秒钟内就接近扰动的真实值。
在发电量不足的情况下, 电动汽车需要更长时间的参与调频以保持频率稳定。假设系统在$t = 5\mathrm{s}$ 时负荷增加 25 MW,而发电机仅能提供额外 15 MW 的电力。图8为各种控制方案的响应。
在无电动汽车支持的情况下, 在施加负载变化后, 频率会出现急剧下降, 可能导致系统不稳定。然而, 通过利用所有控制方案的电动汽车支撑, 保持了系统的稳定性。从图8还可以看出,与传统 MPC 相比,利用 Tube 控制器的频率响应表现出更优越的性能,并保持更接近系统标称响应。为了研究调谐系数对调节性能的影响, 通过计算频率偏差的均方根 RMS(root mean square)值进行数值分析。常规 MPC 的约束被收紧为附加 MPC 的 90%、85%、80%、 75%、70%时的结果如图9所示,可知更高的调谐系数可改善调节性能。
模糊控制器为$\Delta {f}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}$ 及其导数。为了调节聚合器, PI 控制器用于产生控制信号。在设计过程中使用了 1 组含有 27 个模糊规则的控制器通过其在线调整控制器增益。在$t = 5\mathrm{\;s}$ 时增加${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 负荷,与发电率约束(GRC)相关的非线性特性也包含在模型中, 以模拟更真实的电网。发电变化率的 GRC 为 12%/min, 即 0.002 p.u./s。图10为本文所提方法的频响与 LQR 控制、模糊 PI 控制的比较。
图10可知, 所提控制器要明显优于传统 MPC、模糊 PI 控制和 LQR 控制。表3为不同控制方法的计算时间。
为了研究通信延迟的影响, 将电动汽车控制中心、聚合器控制中心和单独的电动汽车之间的时间延迟集中在一起,并将其视为单个时延。对第 1 个案例研究中的条件进行了模拟。假设仅有 EV 聚合器控制时变率为 0.5 的时间延迟。假设 2 个聚合器分配相同的延迟。图11为不同时延下的性能指标,包括最大频率偏差的绝对值,以及在${0.1}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的通信时延下本文所提控制器得到的频率偏差的均方根值。
图11可以看出, 随着时延的增加, 动态性能受到影响。为了使电网保持稳定, 求得的延迟裕度为 0.452 s。
本文提出了 1 种基于鲁棒 MPC 和扰动观测器的电动汽车频率调节控制方法。所提基于 Tube-MPC 提供了在考虑系统约束的同时产生控制命令的能力。实验结果表明,所提方法可通过提高调谐系数来提高频率调节性能。此外, 本文还提出了 1 种干扰观测器, 并将其加入到控制信号中, 以补充聚合电动汽车的二次频率控制能力。实验结果表明,所提供控制信号通过产生更小的超调和偏差进一步增加了 Tube-MPC 应对不确定性的能力。另外, 在加入干扰观测器控制信号后,在存在不确定性的情况下, 聚合器能更有效地输出/吸收功率, 从而进一步提高频率调节能力。最后,考虑到系统受到通信时延增加的影响,所研究系统的时延裕度为${0.452}\mathrm{\;s}$。 与其他方法相比,所提方法在性能和计算时间方面具有一定的优越性。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5700-202055171A-0-0-00)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.220
  • 接收时间:2021-06-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-17
  • 修回日期:2021-08-13
  • 录用日期:2021-08-27
基金
State Grid Headquarters Science and Technology Project(5700-202055171A-0-0-00)
国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5700-202055171A-0-0-00)
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    国网山西省电力公司 营销服务中心 太原 030032
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