Article(id=1153695644771410403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1629043200000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-16, revisedDate=1632326400000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-23, acceptedDate=1633881600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-11, onlineDate=1752992076341, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076341, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695645648019944, articleId=1153695644771410403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=DPWM Strategy for T-type Three-level Inverter Considering Common-mode Voltage Reduction and Neutral-point Voltage Balance, columnId=1152281492488549232, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-AC Inverters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the reliability and efficiency of a T-type three-level inverter, a discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) strategy is proposed to reduce the common-mode voltage while reducing the switching loss, which is also named as the RCVDPWM strategy. According to the mechanism of switching sequence in the T-type three-level topology which acts on the common-mode voltage, five DPWM clamping methods for common-mode voltage reduction are summarized. It can be found that there is at least one clamping method for common-mode voltage reduction at any modulation ratio or phase angle. For those phase angle regions where multiple clamping methods exist, the switch tube of the phase with the largest absolute value of current is preferentially selected for clamping to reduce the switching loss. Meanwhile, the proposed strategy can ensure that the DC component of neutral-point voltage is zero, and thus the neutral point shows a self-balancing capability. Experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed RCVDPWM strategy.

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为提升T型三电平逆变器的可靠性与效率,提出1种可抑制共模电压的非连续脉宽调制 RCVDPWM (reduced-common-mode-voltage pulse width modulation)策略,同时能够降低开关损耗。根据T型三电平拓扑开关序列对共模电压作用机理,总结出5种实现共模电压抑制的非连续脉宽调制 DPWM(discontinuous pulse width modulation)钳位方式。分析表明,在任意调制度和相角下,至少存在1种实现共模电压抑制的钳位方式。对于部分相角区间存在的多种钳位方式,优先选取电流绝对值最大相的开关管进行钳位,以降低开关损耗。同时,所提 RCVDPWM 策略可保证中性点电压直流分量为0,具有中性点自平衡能力。实验结果验证了 RCVDPWM 策略的可行性与有效性。

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叶少茜(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail: 1556392811@sjtu.edu.cn。

张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail: braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail: chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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叶少茜(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail: 1556392811@sjtu.edu.cn。

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叶少茜(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail: 1556392811@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail: braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail: braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail: chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail: chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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钳位幅值 ${m}_{\max }^{* }$ *${m}_{\text{mid }}$ *${m}_{\min }$
1 可用 不可用 不可用
0 可用 可用 可用
-1 不可用 不可用 可用
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钳位幅值 ${m}_{\max }^{* }$ *${m}_{\text{mid }}$ *${m}_{\min }$
1 可用 不可用 不可用
0 可用 可用 可用
-1 不可用 不可用 可用
), ArticleFig(id=1154032985746690387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695644771410403, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=RCVDPWM clamping conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调制波 约束条件 钳位方式 零序分量${m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}$
${m}_{\max }$ 式(7) ${m}_{\max }^{* }= 1$ $1 -{m}_{\max }$
式(9) ${m}_{\max }^{* }= 0$ $-{m}_{\max }$
${m}_{\text{mid }}$ 式(6) ${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= 0$ $-{m}_{\text{mid }}$
${m}_{\min }$ 式(10) ${m}_{\min }^{* }= 0$ $-{m}_{\min }$
式(8) ${m}_{\min }^{* }= - 1$ $- 1 -{m}_{\min }$
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调制波 约束条件 钳位方式 零序分量${m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}$
${m}_{\max }$ 式(7) ${m}_{\max }^{* }= 1$ $1 -{m}_{\max }$
式(9) ${m}_{\max }^{* }= 0$ $-{m}_{\max }$
${m}_{\text{mid }}$ 式(6) ${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= 0$ $-{m}_{\text{mid }}$
${m}_{\min }$ 式(10) ${m}_{\min }^{* }= 0$ $-{m}_{\min }$
式(8) ${m}_{\min }^{* }= - 1$ $- 1 -{m}_{\min }$
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参数 数值
直流电压/V 300
母线电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 500
负载电感/μH 400
开关频率$/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100
输出交流频率/Hz 50
负载电阻/$\Omega$ 15
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参数 数值
直流电压/V 300
母线电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 500
负载电感/μH 400
开关频率$/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100
输出交流频率/Hz 50
负载电阻/$\Omega$ 15
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兼顾共模电压抑制与中性点电压平衡的T型三电平逆变器 DPWM 策略
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叶少茜 , 张希 , 朱翀
电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024,22(5): 133-142
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电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024, 22(5): 133-142
兼顾共模电压抑制与中性点电压平衡的T型三电平逆变器 DPWM 策略
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叶少茜 , 张希 , 朱翀
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 叶少茜(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail: 1556392811@sjtu.edu.cn。

    张希(1980-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail: braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

    朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail: chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

DPWM Strategy for T-type Three-level Inverter Considering Common-mode Voltage Reduction and Neutral-point Voltage Balance
Shaoxi YE , Xi ZHANG , Chong ZHU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.133
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为提升T型三电平逆变器的可靠性与效率,提出1种可抑制共模电压的非连续脉宽调制 RCVDPWM (reduced-common-mode-voltage pulse width modulation)策略,同时能够降低开关损耗。根据T型三电平拓扑开关序列对共模电压作用机理,总结出5种实现共模电压抑制的非连续脉宽调制 DPWM(discontinuous pulse width modulation)钳位方式。分析表明,在任意调制度和相角下,至少存在1种实现共模电压抑制的钳位方式。对于部分相角区间存在的多种钳位方式,优先选取电流绝对值最大相的开关管进行钳位,以降低开关损耗。同时,所提 RCVDPWM 策略可保证中性点电压直流分量为0,具有中性点自平衡能力。实验结果验证了 RCVDPWM 策略的可行性与有效性。

非连续脉宽调制  /  开关损耗  /  共模电压  /  中性点

To improve the reliability and efficiency of a T-type three-level inverter, a discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) strategy is proposed to reduce the common-mode voltage while reducing the switching loss, which is also named as the RCVDPWM strategy. According to the mechanism of switching sequence in the T-type three-level topology which acts on the common-mode voltage, five DPWM clamping methods for common-mode voltage reduction are summarized. It can be found that there is at least one clamping method for common-mode voltage reduction at any modulation ratio or phase angle. For those phase angle regions where multiple clamping methods exist, the switch tube of the phase with the largest absolute value of current is preferentially selected for clamping to reduce the switching loss. Meanwhile, the proposed strategy can ensure that the DC component of neutral-point voltage is zero, and thus the neutral point shows a self-balancing capability. Experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed RCVDPWM strategy.

Discontinuous pulse width modulation(DPWM)  /  switching loss  /  common-mode voltage  /  neutral point
叶少茜, 张希, 朱翀. 兼顾共模电压抑制与中性点电压平衡的T型三电平逆变器 DPWM 策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 133 -142 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.133
Shaoxi YE, Xi ZHANG, Chong ZHU. DPWM Strategy for T-type Three-level Inverter Considering Common-mode Voltage Reduction and Neutral-point Voltage Balance[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 133 -142 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.133
三电平功率变换器是高压大功率应用场合的研究热点,与两电平相比,三电平逆变器具有电流谐波小、滤波电感小和电压应力低等优点${}^{\Pi }$。传统三电平拓扑为二极管钳位型NPC(neutral point clamped), 开关管的电压应力为输入电压的$1/2$。与 NPC 相比, T型三电平拓扑每相桥臂减少 2 个二极管,导通损耗降低, 效率更高, 因此在新能源汽车等领域得到广泛应用。
T 型三电平逆变器功率开关管数量相较两电平逆变器提升 1 倍, 导致其开关损耗相应增加。为解决该问题,有学者提出采用 DPWM(discontinuous pulse width modulation) 策略, 可比连续脉宽调制 CPWM(continuous pulse width modulation) 减少$1/3$ 的开关次数, 能显著降低开关损耗, 从而提升系统效率[2-3],与 CPWM 相比, DPWM 使逆变器的开关损耗平均降低 33%[4]
采用 DPWM 技术可以降低开关损耗, 但同时也带来了中性点电压无法平衡[5] 的新问题。中性点不平衡会增加开关应力,产生低频电流谐波,甚至影响电容寿命。可通过向三相调制波注入零序分量来平衡中性点[6-7],然而在采用 DPWM 时,上述方法调节能力受限[8]。文献[9]提出了 1 种实现中性点平衡的有效方法, 但需要额外的电压平衡电路。文献 [10]采用双极性调制, 使中性点电流在 1 个开关周期内的平均值为 0, 以消除中性点电压振荡, 然而双极性调制增加了开关损耗,无法实现性能最优。
此外,三电平逆变器共模电压抑制一直是备受关注的研究内容, 高共模电压会对负载电机绕组绝缘产生过电压应力,增加电磁干扰,导致轴承电流高频过载, 然而文献[1-10]均未考虑此问题。为了完全消除共模电压,文献[11]采用了零共模电压向量, 由于可用的电压向量仅有 7 个, 局限性较大; 文献[12] 通过将三相载波移相${120}^{\circ }$,将共模电压限制在$\pm 1/6$ 倍母线电压$\left({\pm {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6}\right)$ 内,方法简单易于实现,但仅适用于正弦脉宽调制。
为解决上述问题, 本文提出 1 种改进的 RCVD-PWM(reduced-common-mode-voltage pulse width modulation)策略, 在实现共模电压抑制的同时降低开关损耗,并且具有中性点自平衡能力。通过分析$\mathrm{T}$ 型三电平逆变器开关序列对共模电压作用机理,总结出 5 种将共模电压限制在$\pm {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$ 内的钳位方式。对于部分相角区间存在的多种钳位方式, 优先选取电流绝对值最大相的开关管进行钳位, 从而降低开关损耗。同时, 上述 RCVDPWM 策略可使 1 个工频周期内中性点电流积分值为 0, 消除中性点电压直流分量,使其具有自平衡能力。
T 型三电平逆变器拓扑如图1所示,其由 a、b、$\mathrm{c}$ 三相桥臂和直流母线电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$ 构成。用开关函数${S}_{i}$ 表示每相桥臂开关状态$\left({i =\mathrm{a},\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}}\right)$,即
${S}_{i}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 &{\mathrm{\;S}}_{1.i}\text{ 导通 }\\ 0 &{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2.i}\text{ 和 }{\mathrm{S}}_{3.i}\text{ 导通 }\\- 1 &{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4.i}\text{ 导通 }\end{array}\right.$
三电平逆变器共模电压定义为交流输出中性点与$O$ 点电位差,中性点平衡时,共模电压表示为
${V}_{\mathrm{{cm}}}= \left({{S}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right){V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6 $
由式 (2) 可知,为了消除共模电压,${S}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 必须恒等于 0,这在 DPWM 调制中无法实现。因此, 本文共模电压抑制的目标是将其限制在$\pm {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$ 内, 即在任意时刻实现
$\left|{{S}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right|\leq 1 $
常用的逆变器调制方式为空间矢量调制 SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation), 其占空比计算过程较为繁琐,包含扇区判断、矢量选择及作用时间计算等,不适用于高频应用场合。而基于载波的脉宽调制 CBPWM(carrier-based pulse width modulation) 方法的开关管占空比直接由调制波表示, 运算量小、易于实现。因此,本文从基于 CBPWM 角度展开对 DPWM 与共模电压抑制的分析。
在三电平调制中, CBPWM 原理如图2所示, 调制波范围为$\left\lbrack {-1,1}\right\rbrack$,载波分为$\left\lbrack {-1,0}\right\rbrack$$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$,本文称上面的载波为正载波, 下面的载波为负载波, 如图2(a)所示。由于开关频率远高于调制波频率,因此在 1 个开关周期内可近似地认为调制波为定值。 以 a 相为例,为了产生占空比:当调制波大于 0 时, 与正载波比较,如图2(b)所示,调制波大于载波时${S}_{\mathrm{a}}= 1$,否则${S}_{\mathrm{a}}= 0$;当调制波小于 0 时,与负载波比较,如图2(c)所示,调制波大于载波时${S}_{\mathrm{a}}= 0$,否则${S}_{\mathrm{a}}= - 1$;当调制波等于 0 时,无论是与正载波比较还是与负载波比较,在这个开关周期内均有${S}_{\mathrm{a}}= 0$,在本文中选用正载波。因此, 当调制波范围属于$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 时,用上面的载波调制;当调制波范围属于$\lbrack - 1,0)$ 时,用下面的载波调制。b 相和 c 相同理。
逆变器的开关函数${S}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 由三相调制波与载波比较产生,原始调制波表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\mathrm{a}}= m\cos \left({\omega t}\right)\\{m}_{\mathrm{b}}= m\cos \left({{\omega t}+ {2\pi }/3}\right)\\{m}_{\mathrm{c}}= m\cos \left({{\omega t}+ {4\pi }/3}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$m$ 为调制比,$m \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack ;{\omega t}$$\mathrm{a}$ 相的相位角,${\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$
${m}_{\max }$${m}_{\text{mid }}$${m}_{\text{min }}$ 分别表示原始调制波中的最大值、中间值、最小值,注入零序分量${m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}$ 得到最终调制波为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\max }^{* }= {m}_{\max }+ {m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}\\{m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= {m}_{\text{mid }}+ {m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}\\{m}_{\text{min }}^{* }= {m}_{\text{min }}+ {m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,零序分量${m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}$ 的频率为调制波的 3 倍,即${150}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$
当最终调制波中的一相钳位到 1、0 或 -1 时, 该相的开关管在 1 个开关周期内无开关动作, 实现 DPWM。三相调制波的钳位组合如表1所示,当${m}_{\max }^{* }> 1$${m}_{\min }^{* }< - 1$ 时,系统处于过调制状态,此时输出电压和电流波形不再是正弦。为了防止过调制, 在选用钳位方式时需要加入约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\max }^{* }\leq 1 \\{m}_{\min }^{* }\geq - 1 \end{array}\right.$
${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }$ 钳位到 1 时,${m}_{\max }^{* }> 1$,会导致系统处于过调制状态。类似地,导致系统处于过调制状态的钳位方式共有 4 种, 即表1中的不可用钳位方式。因此,三相调制波的 DPWM 钳位方式有 5 种, 并且受式(6)约束。
上述 5 种传统的 DPWM 策略未考虑共模电压性能,如图3所示。图3(a)中钳位方式为${m}_{\max }^{* }= 1,{S}_{\max }^{* }+$ ${S}_{\text{mid }}^{* }+ {S}_{\text{min }}^{* }$ 的最大值为 2 ;图3(b)中钳位方式为${m}_{\max }^{* }=$ $0,{S}_{\max }^{* }+ {S}_{\operatorname{mid}}^{* }+ {S}_{\min }^{* }$ 的最小值为 -2 ;图3(c)中钳位方式为${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= 0,{S}_{\max }^{* }+ {S}_{\text{mid }}^{* }+ {S}_{\text{min }}^{* }$ 的绝对值不大于 1 ;图3(d)中钳位方式为${m}_{\min }^{* }= - 1,{S}_{\max }^{* }+ {S}_{\operatorname{mid}}^{* }+ {S}_{\min }^{* }$ 的最小值为 -2 ;图3(e)中钳位方式为${m}_{\min }^{* }= 0,{S}_{\max }^{* }+ {S}_{\operatorname{mid}}^{* }+ {S}_{\min }^{* }$ 的最大值为 2。 其中, 有 4 种情况均不满足式 (3) 要求, 共模电压最大幅值为${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/3$
针对图3(a)中共模电压幅值超过${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$ 的情况,考虑将${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }$ 的载波改为先减后增的模式,以避免${S}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= 1$${S}_{\text{min }}^{* }= 0$ 的区间重合,从而实现共模电压抑制,如图4(a)所示; 同样改变图3(b)~(e) 中${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }$ 的载波,分别如图4(b)~(e)所示,均实现了共模电压抑制。
本文提出 1 种改进的 DPWM 策略,其中${m}_{\max }^{* }$${m}_{\min }^{* }$ 的载波为先增后减模式,而${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }$ 的载波为先减后增模式。在改进的 DPWM 策略中,共模电压幅值始终不超过${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$,因此称为${\mathrm{{RCVDPWM}}}_{\circ }$ 同时,5 种钳位方式的约束条件也有所改变,分析如下。
$\text{1)}{m}_{\max }^{* }= 1,{m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}= 1 -{m}_{\max }$
${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }\leq 0$,由图5(a)可知,在整个开关周期内始终满足式 (3);若${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }> 0$,由图5(b)可知,当${S}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= 1$ 时,为了实现共模电压抑制${S}_{\min }^{* }$ 必须为 -1,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }< -{m}_{\text{min }}^{* }\\{m}_{\text{min }}^{* }< 0 \end{array}\right.$
由式 (7) 得到钳位方式${m}_{\max }^{* }= 1$ 的适用范围如图6(a)所示。$m \in (2/3,1\rbrack$ 时,在${\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$ 的部分区间可采用该钳位方式以实现共模电压抑制;当$m \in \left\lbrack {0,2/3}\right\rbrack$ 时,该钳位方式不再适用。
$ 2){m}_{\min }^{* }= - 1,{m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}= - 1 -{m}_{\min }$
根据三相调制波对称性,由分析 1) 同理可得钳位方式${m}_{\min }^{* }= - 1$ 的约束条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}- {m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }< {m}_{\max }^{* }\\{m}_{\max }^{* }> 0 \end{array}\right.$
适用范围如图6(b)所示,$m \in (2/3,1\rbrack$ 时,在${\omega t}\in$ $\left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$ 的部分区间可采用该钳位方式以实现共模电压抑制; 当$m \in \left\lbrack {0,2/3}\right\rbrack$ 时,该钳位方式不再适用。
$ 3){m}_{\mathrm{{mid}}}^{* }= 0,{m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}= -{m}_{\mathrm{{mid}}}$
图5(c)可知,在整个开关周期内均满足式(3), 值得注意的是,为了防止过调制,该钳位方式受式(6) 约束。适用范围如图6(c)所示,当$m \in \left\lbrack {0,2/3}\right\rbrack$ 时,任意相角均可采用该钳位方式; 当$m \in (2/3,1\rbrack$ 时,在${\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$ 的部分区间可采用该钳位方式。
$\text{4)}{m}_{\max }^{* }= 0,{m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}= -{m}_{\max }$
图5(d)所示,为实现共模电压抑制${S}_{\text{mid }}= - 1$${S}_{\min }= - 1$ 的区间不能重合,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}- {m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }- {m}_{\text{min }}^{* }< 1 \\{m}_{\text{min }}^{* }> - 1 \end{array}\right.$
适用范围如图6(d)所示,当$m \in \left\lbrack {0,1/3}\right\rbrack$ 时,任意相角区间均可采用该钳位方式; 当$m \in (1/3,2/3\rbrack$ 时,部分相角区间可采用该钳位方式; 当$m \in (1/3,1\rbrack$ 时,该方法不再适用。
$ 5){m}_{\min }^{* }= 0,{m}_{\mathrm{{zq}}}= -{m}_{\min }$
根据三相调制波对称性,由分析 4)同理可得钳位方式${m}_{\min }^{* }= 0$ 的约束条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }+ {m}_{\max }^{* }< 1 \\{m}_{\max }^{* }< 1 \end{array}\right.$
适用范围如图6(e)所示,当$m \in \left\lbrack {0,1/3}\right\rbrack$ 时,任意相角区间均可采用该钳位方式; 当$m \in (1/3,2/3\rbrack$ 时, 部分相角区间可采用该钳位方式; 当$m \in (2/3,1\rbrack$ 时, 该方法不再适用。
RCVDPWM 策略综合了上述 5 种钳位方式, 如表2所示。适用范围见图7,对于任意调制比和相位角至少存在 1 种实现共模电压抑制的钳位方式, 且不同钳位方式之间存在重叠区域。
图7可知,在${\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$ 的部分区间存在多种钳位方式。为了降低开关损耗, 优先对电流绝对值最大相开关管进行钳位, 如图8所示, 主要分为 4 个步骤。
步骤 1 对${m}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{m}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 排序得到${m}_{\max }\text{、}{m}_{\text{mid }}\text{、}{m}_{\min }$, 记录${m}_{\max }$${m}_{\text{mid }}$${m}_{\text{min }}$ 与 a 、b、c 相的对应关系,并将${m}_{\text{mid }}$ 的载波设为先减后增模式;
步骤 2 对${I}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 绝对值排序得到$\left|{I}_{\max }\right|\text{、}\left|{I}_{\text{mid }}\right|$$\left|{I}_{\min }\right|$,记录$\left|{I}_{\max }\right|\text{、}\left|{I}_{\operatorname{mid}}\right|\text{、}\left|{I}_{\min }\right|$$\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{\;b}\text{、}\mathrm{c}$ 相的对应关系;
步骤 3 根据表2依次判断$\left|{I}_{\max }\right|\text{、}\left|{I}_{\operatorname{mid}}\right|\text{、}\left|{I}_{\min }\right|$ 对应相的调制波是否可钳位,当约束条件满足时计算当前钳位方式对应的零序分量,并进入步骤 4(注意,${m}_{\max }$ 的钳位方式有${m}_{\max }^{* }= 1$${m}_{\max }^{* }= 0$ 这 2 种,分别适用于$m \in \left\lbrack {0,2/3}\right\rbrack$$m \in (2/3,1\rbrack$,不会出现 2 种约束条件同时满足的情况;${m}_{\min }$ 同理);
步骤 4 计算 RCVDPWM 调制波。
三电平拓扑的中性点为直流母线电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的连接点, 该点电压波动的大小和方向由中性点电流${I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}$ 决定,单个开关周期内${I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}$ 的平均值为
${I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}= \left({1 -\left|{m}_{\mathrm{a}}^{* }\right|}\right){I}_{\mathrm{a}}+ \left({1 -\left|{m}_{\mathrm{b}}^{* }\right|}\right){I}_{\mathrm{b}}+ \left({1 -\left|{m}_{\mathrm{c}}^{* }\right|}\right){I}_{\mathrm{c}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{a}}= {I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +\psi }\right)\\{I}_{\mathrm{b}}= {I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +{2\pi }/3 +\psi }\right)\\{I}_{\mathrm{c}}= {I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +{4\pi }/3 +\psi }\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{b}}$${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为逆变器输出三相电流;${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为电流幅值;$\theta ={\omega t};\psi$ 为功率因数角。
由式 (12) 可知,在$\theta$$\theta +\pi$ 处相电流绝对值相等, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\left|{I}_{\mathrm{a}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta }= {\left|{I}_{\mathrm{a}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta +\pi }\\{\left|{I}_{\mathrm{b}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta }= {\left|{I}_{\mathrm{b}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta +\pi }\\{\left|{I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta }= {\left|{I}_{\mathrm{c}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta +\pi }\end{array}\right.$
本文的调制策略是优先对电流绝对值最大相开关管进行钳位,因此在$\theta$$\theta +\pi$ 处三相调制波钳位的优先级相同。假设在$\theta$ 处对三相调制波加入零序分量${\left. 1 -{m}_{\mathrm{a}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta }$ 使$\mathrm{a}$ 相调制波钳位到 1,则在$\theta +\pi$ 处加入零序分量$-{\left. 1 -{m}_{\mathrm{a}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta +\pi }$ 使$\mathrm{a}$ 相调制波钳位到$- 1。\theta$$\theta +\pi$ 处单个开关周期内${I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}$ 可分别表示为
${\left.{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{{np}}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta }= \left({1 -\left|{1 - m\cos \theta + m\cos \left({\theta +{2\pi }/3}\right)}\right|}\right). \\{I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +{2\pi }/3 +\psi }\right)+ (1 -\mid 1 - m\cos \theta +\\ m\cos \left({\theta +{4\pi }/3}\right)|){I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +{4\pi }/3 +\psi }\right)\\{\left.{I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta +\pi }= \left({1 -\left|{-1 - m\cos \left({\theta +\pi }\right)+ m\cos \left({\theta +{5\pi }/3}\right)}\right|}\right). \\{I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +{5\pi }/3 +\psi }\right)+ (1 -\mid - 1 - m\cos \left({\theta +\pi }\right)+ \\ m\cos \left({\theta +{7\pi }/3}\right)){I}_{\mathrm{m}}\cos \left({\theta +{7\pi }/3 +\psi }\right)$
${\left.{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{{np}}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta }+ {\left.{\bar{I}}_{\mathrm{{np}}}\right|}_{{\omega t}= \theta +\pi }= 0$。因此,钳位方式${m}_{\max }^{* }= 1$${m}_{\min }^{* }= - 1$ 互补,对中性点电流作用之和为 0。同样, 钳位方式${m}_{\max }^{* }= 0$${m}_{\min }^{* }= 0$ 互补,钳位方式${m}_{\text{mid }}^{* }= 0$ 与自身互补,故
${\int }_{0}^{{\pi }_{- }}{I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}\mathrm{d}\theta +{\int }_{0}^{2{\pi }_{- }}{I}_{\mathrm{{np}}}\mathrm{d}\theta = 0 $
中性点电流经过 1 个工频周期积分为 0, 因此中性点电压直流分量为 0,实现自平衡。
搭建了 T 型三电平逆变器实验样机对理论分析进行验证, 提出的 RCVDPWM 算法通过 TI 的 DSP 芯片 TMS320F28335 实现, 开关管选用 CREE 的 SIC MOSFET(型号为 C3M0021120K)。实验参数设置如表3所示, 实验样机如图9所示。经测试, 执行 1 次调制算法所需时间为${7\mu }\mathrm{s}$,小于${10\mu }\mathrm{s}$ (开关频率${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ ),表明控制算法能够正常运行。
实验结果如图10所示,可以看到:${V}_{{C}_{1}}$${V}_{{C}_{2}}$ 平均值相同,中性点电压在实验过程中保持平衡;共模电压$\mathrm{{CMV}}$ 被限制在$\pm {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$ 内,实现了共模电压抑制。观察开关管的驱动波形: 当$m ={0.8}$ 时,$\mathrm{c}$ 相调制波在相电流峰值处被钳位; 当$m ={0.4}$ 时,因在峰值处钳位不满足共模电压抑制条件, c 相调制波在相电流峰左、右两侧被钳位,均实现 DPWM。
通过测量系统效率来验证该策略降低开关损耗的有效性, 并与文献[12]中载波移相共模电压抑制策略及 SVPWM 进行对比。图11给出了不同PWM 策略下的系统效率, 可以看到因为开关损耗降低, 所以本文提出的 RCVDPWM 策略在效率上表现更优。由于系统负载不变,开关管电流随调制比降低而减小, 当调制比较小时开关损耗非主导损耗,因此此时降低开关损耗对效率提升的作用不明显。
与此同时, 测得 3 种调制的开环动态性能如图12所示。当调制比由 0.4 变化为 0.8 时, 3 种调制策略的输出电流迅速增加到相应值。对于 SVPWM, 在调制比变化前后,共模电压最大幅值均为${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/3$, 中性点电压不平衡;对于载波移相 PWM,在调制比变化前、后,共模电压最大幅值均为${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$,中性点电压不平衡;对于 RCVDPWM,在调制比变化前、 后,共模电压最大幅值均为${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/6$,而${V}_{{c}_{1}}$${V}_{{c}_{2}}$ 平均值相同,中性点电压在实验过程中保持平衡。
针对$\mathrm{T}$ 型三电平逆变器,本文总结了 5 种实现共模电压抑制的 DPWM 钳位方式。对于部分相角区间存在的多种钳位方式, 优先选取电流绝对值最大相开关管进行钳位,从而降低开关损耗。同时,中性点直流分量为 0,具有自平衡能力。实验结果验证了RCVDPWM 策略的可行性与有效性。当调制比在$2/3$ 附近时,存在多种钳位方式的相角区间较窄,故此时 RCVDPWM 策略调节能力相对较弱,在今后需要进一步展开研究加以解决。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(52007119)
  • 上海市浦江人才计划资助项目(20PJ1407200)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.133
  • 接收时间:2021-08-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-16
  • 修回日期:2021-09-23
  • 录用日期:2021-10-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52007119)
国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(52007119)
Shanghai Pujiang Program(20PJ1407200)
上海市浦江人才计划资助项目(20PJ1407200)
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    上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
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