Article(id=1153695643932549599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1627056000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-24, revisedDate=1630339200000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-31, acceptedDate=1632326400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-23, onlineDate=1752992076142, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076142, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695644377145825, articleId=1153695643932549599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Design and Implementation of Dual-converter for Connecting DFIG to DC Microgrid, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the serious current harmonics in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-DC connection system and the large loss of a dual-voltage source inverter (VSI) connection system, a novel dual-converter connection system which connects a three-phase DFIG to DC microgrid is designed. First, the topology, pulse-width modulation (PWM) measurement and DFIG model of the dual-converter connection system are described in detail. Different from the traditional connection systems, the proposed connection system adopts an open-end winding structure and uses a three-bridge arm rectifier on each side of the stator winding. Considering that these arms are usually composed of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), a diode is used instead of the IGBT in the rectifier to decrease the number of control switches and reduce the cost. Second, the control strategies for a stator-side converter (SSC) and a rotor-side converter(RSC) under the new topology are given. Third, a comparison with the DFIG-DC connection system and the dual-VSI connection system is performed through simulations, and results show the advantages of the proposed method in terms of current harmonic distortion, torque ripple and semiconductor loss. Finally, experimental verification was carried out on a 0.56 kW DFIG, and results also verified the advantages of this method in terms of loss, harmonics and torque ripple.

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针对双馈感应式发电机 DFIG(doubly-fed induction generator)-DC 连接系统电流谐波严重、双 VSI 连接系统损耗大等问题,设计了1种将三相 DFIG连接到直流微电网的新型双变换器连接系统。首先,详细阐述了双变换器连接系统的拓扑结构、脉宽调制 PWM(pulse-width modulation)测量和 DFIG 模型等工作原理。与传统连接系统不同,所提连接系统采用开放端绕组结构,在定子绕组的每一侧使用1个三桥臂整流器,这些桥臂通常由绝缘栅双极晶体管 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)组成,为了减少控制开关的数量和降低成本,采用二极管替代了1个整流器中的IGBT;然后,给出了新型拓扑结构下 SSC 和RSC的控制策略;接着,与DFIG-DC连接系统和双 VSI 连接系统在电流谐波畸变、转矩脉动和半导体损耗等方面进行了仿真比较,说明所提方法优越性;最后,针对 0.56 kW DFIG 进行实验验证,结果表明了所提方法在损耗、谐波以及转矩脉动的优势。

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苗晓阳(1976-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail:miaoxiaoyang8212@163.com。

李冰然(1986-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail: 603911547@qq.com。

傅洪全(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:变流器控制。E-mail: 3103921113@qq.com。

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苗晓阳(1976-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail:miaoxiaoyang8212@163.com。

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苗晓阳(1976-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail:miaoxiaoyang8212@163.com。

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李冰然(1986-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail: 603911547@qq.com。

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傅洪全(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:变流器控制。E-mail: 3103921113@qq.com。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2005. 20(6): 1379-1392., articleTitle=A fixed-frequency pulse width modulation based quasi-sliding-mode controller for buck converters, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032973742592003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, awardId=51877084, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877084), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032973830672391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, awardId=51877084, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877084), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032962426360673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032962430554978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, companyId=1154032962426360673, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Hebi Power Supply Company, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company Hebi 458030 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032962732544872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, companyId=1154032962426360673, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国网河南省电力公司 鹤壁供电公司 鹤壁 458030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154032962782876522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032962787070827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, companyId=1154032962782876522, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Skills Training Center, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. 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figureFileBig=UQzXwLMb9b3MPom3GtYOlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032973075698675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Switching statuses of converter and corresponding output voltage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关状态 输出电压 允许状态 输出
${q}_{\text{sak }}$ ${d}_{\text{sbk }}$ ${v}_{\text{sak0 }}$ ${v}_{\text{sbk0 }}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}\geq 0$ ${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}< 0$ ${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}$
0 0 -E/2 -E/2 - $\left\lbrack {0,0}\right\rbrack$ 0
0 1 -E/2 $E/2$ $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ - $- E$
1 0 $E/2$ -E/2 - $\left\lbrack {1,0}\right\rbrack$ $E$
1 1 $E/2$ $E/2$ $\left\lbrack {1,1}\right\rbrack$ - 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973167973367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=CN, label=表1, caption=变换器开关状态和输出电压, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关状态 输出电压 允许状态 输出
${q}_{\text{sak }}$ ${d}_{\text{sbk }}$ ${v}_{\text{sak0 }}$ ${v}_{\text{sbk0 }}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}\geq 0$ ${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}< 0$ ${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}$
0 0 -E/2 -E/2 - $\left\lbrack {0,0}\right\rbrack$ 0
0 1 -E/2 $E/2$ $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ - $- E$
1 0 $E/2$ -E/2 - $\left\lbrack {1,0}\right\rbrack$ $E$
1 1 $E/2$ $E/2$ $\left\lbrack {1,1}\right\rbrack$ - 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973251859449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of features among connection systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 IGBTs 二极管 直流端口电压
DFIG-DC 6 6 $\sqrt{3}\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$
双 VSI 12 - $\sqrt{3}\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$
本文方法 12 6 $\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973306385403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=CN, label=表2, caption=连接系统特性比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 IGBTs 二极管 直流端口电压
DFIG-DC 6 6 $\sqrt{3}\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$
双 VSI 12 - $\sqrt{3}\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$
本文方法 12 6 $\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973369299964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Parameters of DFIG simulation experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
定子电阻${r}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 15.1 转子电阻${r}_{\mathrm{r}}/\Omega$ 6.22
定子自感${l}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 563.7 转子自感${l}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 543.7
定转子互感${l}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 523.8 参考相电压${V}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{V}$ 220
额定功率${P}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 0.56 频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 60
极对数$p$ 1 定转子绕组匝比 1.82
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973440603133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=CN, label=表3, caption=DFIG 的仿真实验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
定子电阻${r}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 15.1 转子电阻${r}_{\mathrm{r}}/\Omega$ 6.22
定子自感${l}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 563.7 转子自感${l}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 543.7
定转子互感${l}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 523.8 参考相电压${V}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{V}$ 220
额定功率${P}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 0.56 频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 60
极对数$p$ 1 定转子绕组匝比 1.82
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973503517694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Power loss under normal operation of DFIG, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 ${P}_{cd}/\%$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\%$ ${P}_{\text{to }}/\%$
DFIG-DC 0.69 7.68 8.37
双 VSI 0.69 14.40 15.09
本文方法 1.03 8.46 9.49
), ArticleFig(id=1154032973562237952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643932549599, language=CN, label=表4, caption=DFIG 正常运行下的功率损耗, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 ${P}_{cd}/\%$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\%$ ${P}_{\text{to }}/\%$
DFIG-DC 0.69 7.68 8.37
双 VSI 0.69 14.40 15.09
本文方法 1.03 8.46 9.49
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适用于 DFIG 连接到直流微网的双变换器设计与实现
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苗晓阳 1 , 李冰然 2 , 傅洪全 2
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(5): 170-181
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(5): 170-181
适用于 DFIG 连接到直流微网的双变换器设计与实现
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苗晓阳1 , 李冰然2 , 傅洪全2
作者信息
  • 1 国网河南省电力公司 鹤壁供电公司 鹤壁 458030
  • 2 国家电网江苏省电力有限公司 技能培训中心 苏州 215000
  • 苗晓阳(1976-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统自动化。E-mail:miaoxiaoyang8212@163.com。

    李冰然(1986-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail: 603911547@qq.com。

    傅洪全(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:变流器控制。E-mail: 3103921113@qq.com。

Design and Implementation of Dual-converter for Connecting DFIG to DC Microgrid
Xiaoyang MIAO1 , Bingran LI2 , Hongquan FU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hebi Power Supply Company, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company Hebi 458030 China
  • 2 Skills Training Center, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Suzhou 215000 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.170
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针对双馈感应式发电机 DFIG(doubly-fed induction generator)-DC 连接系统电流谐波严重、双 VSI 连接系统损耗大等问题,设计了1种将三相 DFIG连接到直流微电网的新型双变换器连接系统。首先,详细阐述了双变换器连接系统的拓扑结构、脉宽调制 PWM(pulse-width modulation)测量和 DFIG 模型等工作原理。与传统连接系统不同,所提连接系统采用开放端绕组结构,在定子绕组的每一侧使用1个三桥臂整流器,这些桥臂通常由绝缘栅双极晶体管 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)组成,为了减少控制开关的数量和降低成本,采用二极管替代了1个整流器中的IGBT;然后,给出了新型拓扑结构下 SSC 和RSC的控制策略;接着,与DFIG-DC连接系统和双 VSI 连接系统在电流谐波畸变、转矩脉动和半导体损耗等方面进行了仿真比较,说明所提方法优越性;最后,针对 0.56 kW DFIG 进行实验验证,结果表明了所提方法在损耗、谐波以及转矩脉动的优势。

双馈感应发电机  /  定子侧变换器  /  转子侧变换器  /  转矩脉动  /  电流谐波

In view of the serious current harmonics in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-DC connection system and the large loss of a dual-voltage source inverter (VSI) connection system, a novel dual-converter connection system which connects a three-phase DFIG to DC microgrid is designed. First, the topology, pulse-width modulation (PWM) measurement and DFIG model of the dual-converter connection system are described in detail. Different from the traditional connection systems, the proposed connection system adopts an open-end winding structure and uses a three-bridge arm rectifier on each side of the stator winding. Considering that these arms are usually composed of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), a diode is used instead of the IGBT in the rectifier to decrease the number of control switches and reduce the cost. Second, the control strategies for a stator-side converter (SSC) and a rotor-side converter(RSC) under the new topology are given. Third, a comparison with the DFIG-DC connection system and the dual-VSI connection system is performed through simulations, and results show the advantages of the proposed method in terms of current harmonic distortion, torque ripple and semiconductor loss. Finally, experimental verification was carried out on a 0.56 kW DFIG, and results also verified the advantages of this method in terms of loss, harmonics and torque ripple.

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)  /  stator-side converter (SSC)  /  rotor-side converter (RSC)  /  torque ripple  /  current harmonics
苗晓阳, 李冰然, 傅洪全. 适用于 DFIG 连接到直流微网的双变换器设计与实现. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 170 -181 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.170
Xiaoyang MIAO, Bingran LI, Hongquan FU. Design and Implementation of Dual-converter for Connecting DFIG to DC Microgrid[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 170 -181 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.170
近年来, 随着储能系统和电力电子技术的发展, 直流微电网得到了越来越多的关注。直流微电网具有无无功潮流、节省导线、便于并网等优点[1-3]。 此外,它允许不同电源、储能和负载的互连,如燃料电池、光伏和风能转换系统等。
双馈感应式发电机 DFIG(doubly-fed induction generator) 由于其可控性和灵活性, 已广泛用于商业风力发电行业,其主要优点有四象限运行、有功无功解耦控制和转换效率高等[4-6]。DFIG 的定子通常直接与电网连接,转子则通过$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{AC}}$ 变换器与电网连接。由于转子只产生转差功率(占整机功率的 30%),与基于永磁同步发电机 PMSG(permanent magnet synchronous generator)或鼠笼式感应发电机 SCIG(squirrel-cage induction generator)的风能转换系统 WECS(wind energy conversion system) 相比,其采用低额定值的转子侧变换器 RSC(rotor-side converter),而后者则采用全尺寸$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{AC}}$ 变换器。DFIG 在单相电网和直流微电网等非常规应用领域日益受到关注。文献[7]首次提出将 DFIG 连接到直流微电网的概念, 这种配置是基于经典的交流 DFIG 系统,采用一个基于二极管的电网侧整流器 GSR(grid-side rectifier)将系统连接到直流微电网, 然而数量众多的变换器和新增的直流端口电容使系统复杂化,且增加了系统建设与维护成本[8-10]。 为了解决上述问题, 许多学者提出将 DFIG 定子端子通过基于二极管的定子侧整流 SSR(stator-side rectifier) 连接到直流微电网[1,2,8]。这种拓扑结构常被称为 DFIG-DC 系统[5],该类系统主要针对商用 DFIGs,这是因为它成本低和结构简单,功率范围为 1.5~3.0 MW。该类拓扑结构中大多数功率是由基于二极管的 SSR 提供的, 且转子变换器 RSC 使得 DFIG 仍具有可控性, 可实现 DFIG 的最大功率控制, 但它也有一定缺陷, 如定子电压和电流含有较大谐波, 从而导致转矩振荡, 能量损失增大, 降低发电机的寿命。这些问题只能通过采用适当的控制策略和附加的有源滤波器来克服[11-13]。此外,其他一些文献提出采用一个电压源逆变器VSI(voltage source inverter)连接到 DFIG 定子端子,而不是基于二极管的 SSR, 这种结构通常被称为双 VSI 系统[12]。 在该类系统中, 磁通是由定子侧变换器 SSC(stator-side converter)决定的,与 DFIG-DC 系统相比, 其电流谐波明显降低, 转矩振荡也得到了缓解, 但功率损失显著增加。此外,采用基于绝缘栅双极晶体管 IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) 的全额定变换器更适合于基于 PMSG 和 SCIG 的风能发电系统,这是因为它们可保证 DFIG 的可控性,且不需要增加变换器。针对这一问题,尽管一些文献提出了许多改进控制策略来优化 DFIG 的运行, 但在工程实践中, DFIG 的双 VSI 系统仅适用于低功率应用,且其不以降低功耗为目标[14-18]
基于此,本文提出了 1 种将三相 DFIG 连接到直流微电网的新型双变换器连接系统。该连接系统采用开放端绕组结构, 将一个基于二极管的 SSR 连接到定子绕组的一端, 另一个基于 IGBT 的 SSC 连接到定子绕组的另一端, 旨在减少开关数量; 通过选择固定的调制指标, 旨在 SSC 中采用低额定值的变换器, 降低系统的总运行成本和损耗; 此外, 所提连接系统可使用 DFIG 经典功率控制策略,且其 RSC 为一种低额定值变换器。本文还将所提系统与 DFIG-DC 和双 VSI 系统在元件数量、最小直流端口电压、电流谐波畸变、转矩脉动和半导体损耗方面进行了比较,并在恒定转矩下,对${0.56}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ DFIG 进行了稳态和瞬态仿真和实验,旨在获得更低的功率损耗和转矩脉动。
图1为本文所提双变换连接系统的拓扑结构图,该系统主要由 3 个变换器组成,即 SSR、RSC 和 SSC。这些变换连接在同一直流微电网母线上, 其中, SSR 提供大部分功率输出; SSC 对定子绕组施加磁通;RSC 则实现 DFIG 的有功无功控制。
该双变换器连接系统中 SSR 和 SSC 组成定子变换器电路,其简化单相等效电路图如图2所示。
SSC 和 SSR 的电压$\left({v}_{\mathrm{{sak}}0}\right.$$\left.{v}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}0}\right)$ 分别为端点 sak 和端点 sbk 到直流端口中性点 0 之间的电压。变量$k$ 与定子桥臂 (取值为1,2,3)有关。其开关状态:${q}_{\mathrm{{sak}}}= 0$ 时打开;${q}_{\mathrm{{sak}}}= 1$ 时关闭。此外,二极管的工作状态:当${d}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}}= 0$ 时,在反极化区;当${d}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}}= 1$ 时,在直接极化区。观察图2(b)所示的单相等效定子变换器桥臂来确定电压${v}_{\mathrm{{sak0}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{sbk0}}}$。开关状态${q}_{\mathrm{{sak}}}$${d}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}}$ 的函数可表示为
${v}_{\mathrm{{sak}}0}= \frac{E}{2}\left({2{q}_{\mathrm{{sak}}}- 1}\right)$
${v}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}0}= \frac{E}{2}\left({2{d}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}}- 1}\right)$
式中,$E$ 为直流微电网电压。将基尔霍夫定律应用于简化的定子电路模型, 定义定子相电压为
${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}= {v}_{\mathrm{{sak}}0}- {v}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}0}$
因此,结合式 (1)$\sim$ 式 (3),${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}$ 可改写为开关状态的函数
${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}= E\left({{q}_{\mathrm{{sak}}}- {d}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}}}\right)$
表1为定子电路变换器开关状态和输出电压情况, 可知其开关状态取决于由 SSR 中二极管产生的电流极性。
由于在该拓扑中存在 2 个需要控制的变换器, 即 SSC 和 RSC, 因此 PWM 策略可分为 SSC 和 RSC 2 种方法。
SSR 的电压完全由电流信号决定。为了消除零交叉失真, 通过 DFIG 无功功率控制将无功功率设置为$0\mathrm{\;V}$,即定子电流从电压移相${180}^{\circ }$。故本文定义了 2 个运行模式:运行模式 1,若${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}\geq 0$,则$\operatorname{SSR}\left({d}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}}\right)$ 的上部二极管传导发电机电流。由此,由图2(b)和式 (2), 可定义 SSR 基准电压为
${v}_{\mathrm{{sb}}{k0}}^{* }= \frac{E}{2}$
运行模式 2,若${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}< 0$,则 SSR 上部二极管处于反极化区。由此, 由图2(b)和式 (2), 可定义 SSR 基准电压为
${v}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}0}^{* }= -\frac{E}{2}$
式中,上标 * 表示参考值。结合式(3)可得 SSC 基准电压为
${v}_{\mathrm{{sak}}0}^{* }= {v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}^{* }+ {v}_{\mathrm{{sbk}}0}^{* }$
定子参考相电压${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}^{* }$ 由零序电流控制系统提供。 因此,将式(7)中计算的参考电压${v}_{\mathrm{{sa}}{k0}}^{* }$ 与高频三角载波信号进行比较,可产生$\mathrm{{SSC}}$ 门控信号${q}_{\text{sak }}$
2)RSC 的 PWM 策略
RSC 基准电压可以定义为
${v}_{\mathrm{{rk}}0}^{* }= {v}_{\mathrm{{rk}}}^{* }+ {v}_{\mu }^{* }$
式中:${v}_{\mathrm{{rk}}}$ 为转子参考相电压; 变量${v}_{\mu }^{* }$ 为三相逆变器注入的零序列信号,以减小电压畸变。参考值${v}_{\mu }^{* }$ 可计算到转子参考相电压, 假定的最大和最小值为
${v}_{\mathrm{{rmax}}}^{* }= \frac{E}{2}- \max \left({{v}_{\mathrm{r}1}^{* },{v}_{\mathrm{r}2}^{* },{v}_{\mathrm{r}3}^{* }}\right)$
${v}_{\text{rmin }}^{* }= -\frac{E}{2}- \min \left({{v}_{\mathrm{r}1}^{* },{v}_{\mathrm{r}2}^{* },{v}_{\mathrm{r}3}^{* }}\right)$
${v}_{\mu }^{* }= \mu {v}_{\operatorname{rmax}}^{* }+ \left({1 -\mu }\right){v}_{\operatorname{rmin}}^{* }$
为了降低变换器的总谐波失真 THD(total harmonic distortion),可调整其分配系数$\left({0 \leq \mu \leq 1}\right)$。转子参考相电压${v}_{\mathrm{{rk}}}^{* }$ 由定子有功和无功控制系统提供; RSC 门控信号${q}_{\mathrm{{rk}}}$ 可生成比较参考电压${v}_{\mathrm{{rk0}}}^{* }$
图3$d - q$ 参考系下的 DFIG 等效电路。所有转子侧的变量都归算到定子侧。
图3可知, DFIG 的电压和磁通方程可表示为
${\overline{\mathbf{v}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}= {r}_{\mathrm{s}}{\overline{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{\overline{\mathbf{\lambda }}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ \mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}}{\overline{\mathbf{\lambda }}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}$
${\overline{\mathbf{v}}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}= {r}_{\mathrm{r}}{\overline{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{\overline{\mathbf{\lambda }}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ \mathrm{j}\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){\overline{\mathbf{\lambda }}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}$
${\overline{\mathbf{\lambda }}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}= {l}_{\mathrm{s}}{\overline{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{m}}{\overline{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}$
${\bar{\mathbf{\lambda }}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}= {l}_{\mathrm{m}}{\bar{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{r}}{\bar{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}$
${\tau }_{\mathrm{e}}= p{l}_{\mathrm{m}}\Im \left({{\overline{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{a}}{\overline{\mathbf{i}}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{{\mathrm{a}}^{* }}}\right)$
$ p\left({{\tau }_{\mathrm{e}}- {\tau }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)= J\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}+ F{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}$
式中:$\bar{v}\text{、}\bar{i}\text{、}\bar{\lambda }$ 分别为$d - q$ 参考系下电压、电流、磁通的复向量;下标$\mathrm{s}$$\mathrm{r}$ 分别表示定子和转子两侧; 上标$\mathrm{a}$ 表示任意参考系;${\omega }_{\mathrm{a}}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为任意参考系的转速和转子转速;${\tau }_{\mathrm{e}}$${\tau }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为电转矩和机械转矩。DFIG 参数:${r}_{\mathrm{s}}$${r}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为定子和转子电阻;${l}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{l}_{\mathrm{s}}= {l}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)$${l}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({{l}_{\mathrm{r}}= {l}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)$ 分别为定子自感和转子自感;${l}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}$${l}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}$ 为定子和转子漏电感;${l}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为定转子互感;$F$ 为摩擦系数;$J$ 为转动惯量;$p$ 为极对数。本文采用功率不变的帕克变换,通过静止参考系$\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}}= 0}\right)$ 中的定子电流$\left({{i}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}},{i}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ 和电压$\left({{v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}},{v}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ 计算 DFIG 有功$\left({P}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 和无功$\left({Q}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 功率,其中下标$\mathrm{s}$ 表示静止参考系。
${P}_{\mathrm{s}}= {v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{s}}= {v}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}{\dot{l}}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}}{\dot{l}}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}$
通过式(18)和式(19)的有功功率和无功功率值,可计算 DFIG 视在功率${S}_{\mathrm{s}}$,即
${S}_{\mathrm{s}}= \sqrt{{P}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}+ {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}$
由式 (16),可通过静止参考系中的定子$\left({{i}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}},{i}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ 和转子$\left({{i}_{\mathrm{r}d}^{\mathrm{s}},{i}_{\mathrm{r}q}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ 电流计算出 DFIG 电转矩${\tau }_{\mathrm{e}}$
${\tau }_{\mathrm{e}}= p{l}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{i}_{\mathrm{r}d}^{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{s}}- {i}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}}{i}_{\mathrm{r}q}^{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
所提双变换器的运行需要电流和电压之间的同步,以减少定子电流零交叉失真。如表1所示, 变换器的开关状态取决于电流方向: 当${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}\geq 0$ 时,${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}$ 可以在 0 和$- E$ 之间切换; 当${i}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}< 0$ 时,${v}_{\mathrm{{sk}}}$ 可在 0 和$E$ 之间切换。故该变换器只能在相位电压和电流极性相反时, 实现整个参考周期的电压正弦波波形。电流的同步是通过将 DFIG 无功功率控制为${Q}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }= 0\mathrm{\;V}$ 来实现的。
所提控制系统可分为 SSC 和 RSC 这 2 个控制回路, 如图4所示。
图4(a)所示的 SSC 控制回路执行零序电流抑制。由于 SSR 和 SSC 连接在同一直流端口上, 且由于三相系统的天然不平衡, 在开式绕组系统中会出现 1 个零序电流环, 增加了系统的导通损耗, 降低了 DFIG 的运行效率,并导致转矩脉动。零序电流${i}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}$ 为定子相电流之和$\left({{i}_{\mathrm{s}1},{i}_{\mathrm{s}2}\text{和}{i}_{\mathrm{s}3}}\right)$$1/3$
${i}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{i}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{s}2}+ {i}_{\mathrm{s}3}}{3}$
利用功率不变的 Park 变换, 定义静止参考系中$d - q$ 定子参考电压$\left({v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}\right.$$\left.{v}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}\right)$
${v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}= \sqrt{3}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\sin \left({\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\right)$
${v}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}= \sqrt{3}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\cos \left({\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\right)$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }$ 为 DFIG 定子基准电压均方根;${\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }$ 为定子基准电压相位,由 DFIG 额定频率值设定。将零序电流值${i}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}$ 与其基准电流值${i}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{s}}}$ 进行比较,并由谐振比例积分控制器 (PI-R) 控制为 0, 得到零序电压基准电流值$\left({v}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}\right)$。零序电压可写成零序电流的函数
${v}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}= {r}_{\mathrm{s}}{\dot{i}}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{\dot{i}}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}$
由式(25)可将零序电流传递函数可变换为
${G}_{\mathrm{{io}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}/\left({\frac{{l}_{\mathrm{{ls}}}}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}s + 1}\right)$
SSC 可用一阶传递函数表示为
${G}_{\mathrm{{vs}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{so}}}^{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{1}{\left({T}_{\mathrm{v}}s + 1\right)} $
式中,${T}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为电压源时间常数。PI-R 控制器设计可以用传统的 PI 控制器来近似计算比例增益和积分增益, 故控制器传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}}{s}= \left({\frac{{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}}{{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}}s + 1}\right)$
式中,${K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{n}}$${K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{n}}$ 分别为比例增益和积分控制器增益。 开环传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{{oIo}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{i}}/{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}{s\left({{T}_{\mathrm{v}}s + 1}\right)} $
由式 (29) 可知, 闭环传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{{olo}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{i}}/{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{v}}{s}^{2}+ s +\left({{K}_{\mathrm{i}}/{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)} $
其中,闭环传递函数的极点为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{m}}}= \frac{{l}_{{\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{s}}}}{4{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}\\{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{m}}}= \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}{4{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}\end{array}\right.$
图4(b)为 RSC 的控制方框图。本文采用级联控制的方法实现了电压定向控制 VOC(voltage oriented control),其中定子有功功率和无功功率由$d$$q$ 转子电流分量解耦控制。使用定子电压参考系, 将参考系的$d$ 轴与定子电压轴对齐,即$d$ 轴的值不变$\left({{v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}= \sqrt{3}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right), q$ 轴的值为$0\left({{v}_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{v}}= 0}\right)$。由式 (18) 和式 (19), 结合式(14), 可得转子电流的函数
${P}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{s}}{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}}- \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}}{i}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{s}}= -\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}q}^{\mathrm{v}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}}+ \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{v}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}}{i}_{\mathrm{r}q}^{\mathrm{v}}$
式中,上标$\mathrm{v}$ 表示定子电压参考系。由于 DFIG 的轴转速与定子有功功率成正比,故可通过控制转子电流来控制 DFIG 的转速和定子无功功率。将实际功率值与参考值进行比较, 并由 PI 控制器进行控制, PI 控制器产生定子电压参考值$\left({i}_{rd}^{v *}\right.$$\left.{i}_{rq}^{v *}\right)$ 中的转子电流参考值;然后,使用参考定子电压相位$\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }\right)$, 将这些电流转换到静止基准坐标系$\left({i}_{rd}^{{s}^{* }}\right.$$\left.{i}_{rq}^{{s}^{* }}\right)$,并将结果与测量值进行比较。转子相位$\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$ 用于将转子电压转换到转子参考系$\left({{v}_{rd}^{{r}^{* }}\text{和}{v}_{rq}^{{r}^{* }}}\right)$。最后,利用 Park 变换将转子电压的$d - q$ 参考值转换到自然参考系, 作为 RSC 的 PWM 策略中的 RSC 参考相位电压$\left({v}_{\mathrm{{rk}}}^{* }\right)$。本文采用无传感器方法来获得实验结果中的转子相位。由式(12)$\sim$ 式(15)中 DFIG 模型的方程, 可以将 DFIG 转子电压写成转子电流的函数
${v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}= {r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}{\bar{i}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{r}}\sigma \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}{\bar{i}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}+ {e}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{a}}$
泄漏系数$\sigma$${r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}$ 定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sigma =\frac{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{l}_{\mathrm{r}}- {l}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{l}_{\mathrm{r}}}\\{r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}= {r}_{\mathrm{r}}+ \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}\left({{l}_{\mathrm{r}}- {l}_{\mathrm{r}}\sigma }\right)}{{l}_{\mathrm{s}}}\end{array}\right.$
采用与 SSC 控制器设计相似的方法, 转子电流${G}_{\mathrm{{ir}}}\left( s\right)$ 、电压源${G}_{\mathrm{{vr}}}\left( s\right)$ 和控制器${G}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}\left( s\right)$ 的传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{{ir}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{r}d}^{\mathrm{s}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{r}d}^{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{\left( 1/{r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}\right)}{\left({\sigma {l}_{\mathrm{r}}/{r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}}\right) s + 1}$
${G}_{\mathrm{{vr}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{rd}}}^{\mathrm{s}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{sr}}}^{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{v}}s + 1}$
${G}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{b}}}}{s}= \left({\frac{{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{w}}}{{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{w}}}}s + 1}\right)$
式中,${K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{a}}}$${K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{a}}}$ 分别为比例增益和积分控制器增益。图5为转子电流控制系统方框图。
闭环传递函数的实同极点
${G}_{\mathrm{{cIr}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{i}}}/{r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{v}}{s}^{2}+ s +\left({{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{i}}}/{r}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}}\right)} $
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{a}}}= \frac{\sigma {l}_{\mathrm{r}}}{4{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}\\{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{r}}}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{{rs}}}}{4{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}\end{array}\right.$
${G}_{\mathrm{{cpq}}}\left( s\right)$ 为控制器传递函数
${G}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( s\right)}{{I}_{\mathrm{r}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
${G}_{q}\left( s\right)= \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( s\right)}{{I}_{\mathrm{r}q}^{\mathrm{v}}}= \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
${G}_{\mathrm{{clr}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{4{T}_{\mathrm{v}}s + 1}$
${G}_{\mathrm{{cp}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}}{{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}}s + 1 $
式中,${K}_{{\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{m}}}$${K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{w}}}$ 分别为比例控制器增益和积分控制器增益。有功无功控制系统框图如图6所示。
由式(41)~式(44)定义闭环传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{c}{P}_{\mathrm{c}}}\left( s\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{c}{Q}_{\mathrm{c}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{\frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{{sd}}}^{\mathrm{v}}{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{w}}}s +{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{{sd}}}^{\mathrm{v}}{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{w}}}}{4{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}}{{s}^{2}+ \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{{sd}}}^{\mathrm{v}}{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{w}}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{s}}}{4{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}s +\frac{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{{sd}}}^{\mathrm{v}}{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{w}}}}{4{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{T}_{\mathrm{v}}}}$
式(45)的分母可以表示为二阶系统的多项式特征$\left({{s}^{2}+ {2\xi }{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}}\right)$,其中${\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为固有振荡频率,$\xi$ 为阻尼因子。控制器增益为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{w}}}= \frac{8{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{T}_{\mathrm{v}}\xi {\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}- {l}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}\\{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{w}}}= \frac{4{l}_{\mathrm{s}}{T}_{\mathrm{v}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}}{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}{V}_{\mathrm{s}d}^{\mathrm{v}}}\end{array}\right.$
本文设定参数:${T}_{\mathrm{v}}= {10}\mathrm{{ms}},\xi ={0.8},{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}= {20}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$。对于所提变换器, 所需的最小直流端口电压为峰值电压$\left({\sqrt{2}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }}\right)$。这样,调制指数$m$ 可以定义为
$ m =\frac{\sqrt{2{V}_{\mathrm{s}}}}{E}$
将所提系统与 DFIG-DC 连接系统和双 VSI 连接系统在组件数量、直流端口电压、谐波畸变、转矩纹波和半导体损耗进行比较分析。
表2为所提系统与 DFIG-DC 系统[2] 和双 VSI 系统[12] 在 IGBT 开关数量、二极管数量和直流链路电压的比较,可知:本文方法比 DFIG-DC 系统和双 VSI 系统具有更多的组件, 例如, 比 DFIG-DC 系统多 6 个 IGBT, 比双 VSI 系统多 6 个二极管。此外, 本文方法下的直流端口电压最低,与传统系统相比,可降低每个开关的电压应力,从而降低开关损耗。此外, 由于采用了降额 IGBT 变换器, RSC 和 SSC 的额定功率为总功率的 30%, 与双 VSI 系统相比,所提方法的成本具有优势。
图7为三类连接系统的运行仿真波形图。表3为 DFIG 的仿真实验参数。开关频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$, DFIG 运行在额定功率附近,发电功率为${500}\mathrm{\;W}$。考虑在相同调制指数为 0.89、相同额定定子电压${V}_{\mathrm{s}}= {220}{V}_{\mathrm{{rms}}}$ 的情况下运行。该系统的直流端口电压为${350}\mathrm{\;V}$, DFIG-DC 和双 VSI 系统的直流端口电压为${606.22}\mathrm{V}$。 对于 DFIG-DC 系统采用文献[14]的控制方法。
图7(a)所示, 由于 DFIG-DC 系统的定子端直接连接到 1 个不可控的二极管桥式整流拓扑上, 因此该系统的相电压为非正弦电压。双 VSI 系统和本文方法的电压分别表现为二电平波形。图7(b)为三类系统的电流波形。由于 DFIG-DC 系统的电压为非正弦电压,故其电流为畸变电流,第 5、7、11 和 13 次电流谐波分量较高。尽管本文方法比双VSI 系统具有更高的电流 THD, 但其主要谐波仅出现在开关频率(10kHz)处,仅增加了电流纹波。相比之下, 所提系统在电流畸变方面的性能明显优于 DFIG-DC 系统。
转矩脉动表示机械系统中的振动和损失。图7(c)为 3 类连接系统的转矩图。通过比较电磁转矩的最大值和平均值,计算出相对转矩脉动。由图7(c)可知, DFIG-DC 系统出现高转矩振荡, 具有显著的低频成分, 接近定子电压频率的 6 倍。双 VSI 和本文方法在转矩振荡方面表现相似, 均出现在开关频率(10kHz)附近的第 1 个显著频率分量处。由于所提系统可在直流端口电压较低的情况下运行, RSC 调制指数较高, 因此该系统的性能略优于双 VSI 系统。
功率损耗主要为 IGBT 的传导损耗和开关损耗, 以及二极管的传导损耗和开关损耗。表4总结了传导损耗${P}_{\mathrm{{cd}}}$ 、开关损耗${P}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 和总损耗${P}_{\mathrm{{to}}}$。数值按照 DFIG 功率(500W)归一化,参数与前面的仿真相同。DFIG-DC 系统具有最低的总功率损耗,主要是因为产生的大部分功率是由二极管整流器提供的,且大部分开关损耗来自于 RSC。虽然所提方法元件数量较多, 但功率损耗比双 VSI 系统低 37.1%。由于直流端口电压较低,与 DFIG-DC 系统类似,大部分功率由 SSR 提供,降低了 SSC 的开关损耗。
为了验证所提双变换器连接系统的有效性, 本文对如图1所示双变换器 DFIG-based WECS 到直流微电网的连接系统进行了仿真分析。其中,转子电流和功率控制增益设置为${K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{w}}}= {1.42},{K}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{w}}}= {481.45},{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{w}}}=$ ${0.79}\times {10}^{-3},{K}_{{i}_{\mathrm{w}}}= {0.0452}$; 零序定子电流增益为${K}_{{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{w}}}=$ ${1.00},{K}_{\mathrm{i}}= {377.50}$; 直流端口电压为${350}\mathrm{\;V},{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{* }= {220}\mathrm{\;V}$; 分配系数$\mu$ 为 0.5,开关频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$图8为有功和无功控制暂态仿真图。初始定子基准有功功率为${250}\mathrm{\;W}$,在$t ={1.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时设置为${500}\mathrm{\;W}$
无功基准保持在$0\mathrm{\;V}$,有功/无功功率随基准变化如图8(a)所示。随着发 DFIG 提供功率的增加, 定子电流幅值增大,如图8(b)所示。转子电流的幅值和频率都发生了变化,如图8(c)所示。
${P}_{\mathrm{s}}= {500}\mathrm{\;W},{Q}_{\mathrm{s}}= 0\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,图9为该拓扑的稳态仿真波形。假定通过调节无功功率为 0,每个相的定子电压和电流变成${180}^{\circ }$ 相移。相电压与电流之间的同步减小了二极管零交叉失真的影响。
定子电压是阶梯式电压,有 3 个电平$(- E/2\text{、}0$$E/2$ ),这是因为双变换器使用 1 个单一直流端口。SSC 和 SSR 的电压分别如图9(b)图9(c)所示。有功和无功功率控制效果图如图9(d)所示, 功率控制系统将功率值快速调节到参考值。可以看出,大部分功率$\left({ \approx {70}\%}\right)$ 是由 SSR 处理的。发电机相电流为平衡的恒频正弦三相波形,如图9(e)所示。转子电流为平衡的恒频正弦波形,如图9(f)所示。电机以恒定的转子转速和电转矩运行, 无明显振荡,分别如图9 $\left(\mathrm{\;g}\right)$图9 $\left(\mathrm{\;h}\right)$ 所示。仿真结果表明, PWM 策略和控制系统能够达到所提出的目标。
另外,本文还在实验中对图10(a)所示的拓扑结构进行实验验证。直流端口电压为${350}\mathrm{\;V}$,定子基准有功功率为${500}\mathrm{\;W}$,无功参考功率为$0\mathrm{\;V}$,基准相电压为${220}\mathrm{\;V}$,分配因子$\mu$ 为 0.5,开关频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$。 实验装置为基于 IGBT 的转换器,以及数字信号处理器(DSP), 其型号为 TMS320F28335, 3 个定子相电流$\left({{i}_{\mathrm{s}1},{i}_{\mathrm{s}2}\text{和}{i}_{\mathrm{s}3}}\right)$ 和 2 个转子相电流$\left({i}_{\mathrm{r}1}\right.$$\left.{i}_{\mathrm{r}2}\right)$
图11为该拓扑的稳态实验结果。图11(a)-(c) 分别为 DFIG 相位电压、SSC 和 SSR 的电压。图11(d)为 DFIG 定子有功/无功功率控制效果。定子电流和转子电流为正弦波,畸变小,分别如图11(e)和 (f)所示。如图11(g)和11(h)所示,转子转速和电转矩均无明显振荡。所有结果与图8的仿真结果完全一致, 证明了所提系统的可行性。
本文提出了 1 种基于双变换器的新型连接系统,该连接系统可将 DFIG 与直流微电网相连。详细讨论了 DFIG 连接系统的工作原理、PWM 策略及定子有功和无功控制。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法保证了系统稳定运行,转子转速和电转矩无明显的振荡;此外,该控制策略有效地减小了零序电流,明显改善了定子相电流波形;通过所提方式,可在 SSC 中使用低额定值的变换器, 降低了系统的总运行成本和功率损耗;另外, 在电流畸变和转矩振荡方面, 所提方法的性能与双 VSI 系统相似, 但明显优于 DFIG-DC 系统。由此可见, 所提方法具有 DFIG-DC 系统的低功耗损耗和双 VSI 系统的低转矩脉动、低畸变电流的双重优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877084)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.170
  • 接收时间:2021-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-24
  • 修回日期:2021-08-31
  • 录用日期:2021-09-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877084)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877084)
作者信息
    1 国网河南省电力公司 鹤壁供电公司 鹤壁 458030
    2 国家电网江苏省电力有限公司 技能培训中心 苏州 215000
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