Article(id=1153695643466981853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.294, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1638288000000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-01, revisedDate=1648137600000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-25, acceptedDate=1650556800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-22, onlineDate=1752992076031, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076031, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=294, endPage=299, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695643903189470, articleId=1153695643466981853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on On-line Measurement Method for MOSFET Junction Temperature Based on Turn-on Delay Time, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of industrial demand, higher requirements are put forward for the reliability of power transistors. The real-time measurement of device junction temperature can ensure the normal operation of the device, so it is very important. Through the research on the on-line measurement method for turn-on delay time, a measurement circuit is designed. By measuring the turn-on delay time at different junction temperatures, the relationship between them is established, the on-line measurement of device junction temperature is realized by measuring the turn-on delay time under actual working conditions, and the device junction temperature is deduced. The results measured using the proposed method are similar to those obtained by an infrared temperature gun. In this way, an on-line measurement method for MOSFET junction temperature based on turn-on delay time is proposed, providing a new idea for the on-line measurement of junction temperature in the future.

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随着工业需求的发展,对功率晶体管的可靠性提出了更高的要求。器件结温的实时测量因能够起到保证器件正常工作的作用而至关重要。通过对开通延迟时间在线测量方法的研究,设计测量电路测量不同结温下的开通延迟时间,建立二者关系;测量实际工况下的开通延迟时间,反推出器件结温,实现器件结温的在线测量。与红外测温枪测量结果进行对比,结果相近。所提基于开通延迟时间的 MOSFET 结溫的在线测量方法,为今后结温的在线测量提供了新思路。

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黄姣英(1977–),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: huangjy@buaa.edu.cn。

李昌林(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail:SY2114111@buaa.edu.cn.

王琪(1978-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:微电子。E-mail:wangqi@cesi.cn。

高成(1972-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: gaocheng@buaa.edu.cn。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018. 33(6): 5274-5282., articleTitle=Junction temperature measurement method for power MOSFETs using turn-on delay of impulse signal, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032940347547940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643466981853, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032940355936549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643466981853, companyId=1154032940347547940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Reliability and Systems Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032940360130854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643466981853, companyId=1154032940347547940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 开通延迟 时间/ns 温度 计算值/℃ 红外测温枪 测量值/℃ 绝对误差 绝对值/℃
1.0 936 33.7 36.3 2.6
1.5 956 36.0 34.5 1.5
2.0 1050 42.8 41.2 1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1154032946924216693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643466981853, language=CN, label=表1, caption=测量结果对比分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 开通延迟 时间/ns 温度 计算值/℃ 红外测温枪 测量值/℃ 绝对误差 绝对值/℃
1.0 936 33.7 36.3 2.6
1.5 956 36.0 34.5 1.5
2.0 1050 42.8 41.2 1.6
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基于开通延迟时间的MOSFET 结温的在线测量方法研究
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黄姣英 1 , 李昌林 1 , 王琪 2 , 高成 1
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024,22(5): 294-299
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024, 22(5): 294-299
基于开通延迟时间的MOSFET 结温的在线测量方法研究
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黄姣英1 , 李昌林1 , 王琪2 , 高成1
作者信息
  • 1 北京航空航天大学 可靠性与系统工程学院 北京 100191
  • 2 工业和信息化部电子第四研究院 北京 100037
  • 黄姣英(1977–),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: huangjy@buaa.edu.cn。

    李昌林(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail:SY2114111@buaa.edu.cn.

    王琪(1978-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:微电子。E-mail:wangqi@cesi.cn。

    高成(1972-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: gaocheng@buaa.edu.cn。

Research on On-line Measurement Method for MOSFET Junction Temperature Based on Turn-on Delay Time
Jiaoying HUANG1 , Changlin LI1 , Qi WANG2 , Cheng GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Reliability and Systems Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China
  • 2 The Fourth Electronic Research Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Beijing 100037 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.294
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随着工业需求的发展,对功率晶体管的可靠性提出了更高的要求。器件结温的实时测量因能够起到保证器件正常工作的作用而至关重要。通过对开通延迟时间在线测量方法的研究,设计测量电路测量不同结温下的开通延迟时间,建立二者关系;测量实际工况下的开通延迟时间,反推出器件结温,实现器件结温的在线测量。与红外测温枪测量结果进行对比,结果相近。所提基于开通延迟时间的 MOSFET 结溫的在线测量方法,为今后结温的在线测量提供了新思路。

结温  /  热敏电参数  /  开通延迟时间

With the development of industrial demand, higher requirements are put forward for the reliability of power transistors. The real-time measurement of device junction temperature can ensure the normal operation of the device, so it is very important. Through the research on the on-line measurement method for turn-on delay time, a measurement circuit is designed. By measuring the turn-on delay time at different junction temperatures, the relationship between them is established, the on-line measurement of device junction temperature is realized by measuring the turn-on delay time under actual working conditions, and the device junction temperature is deduced. The results measured using the proposed method are similar to those obtained by an infrared temperature gun. In this way, an on-line measurement method for MOSFET junction temperature based on turn-on delay time is proposed, providing a new idea for the on-line measurement of junction temperature in the future.

Junction temperature  /  thermistor parameter  /  turn-on delay time
黄姣英, 李昌林, 王琪, 高成. 基于开通延迟时间的MOSFET 结温的在线测量方法研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 294 -299 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.294
Jiaoying HUANG, Changlin LI, Qi WANG, Cheng GAO. Research on On-line Measurement Method for MOSFET Junction Temperature Based on Turn-on Delay Time[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 294 -299 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.294
随着信息电子化时代的来临, 电力电子系统被广泛用于航空航天等诸多领域, 因此对其可靠性要求越来越高[1]。根据相关电力电子系统可靠性调研报告可知, 功率器件是系统中的主要失效器件之一,温度是造成电力电子系统中功率器件失效的主要原因[2]。结温在监测系统状态、实施热管理和提升可靠性等方面起着重要作用,因此有必要进行结温在线测量的研究[3]。经过较长时间发展,器件结温的测量方法可以分为光学测量法、物理接触法、热网格模型法和热敏电参数法这 4 类。光学和物理测量法均需要先破坏器件, 在此阶段可能引入一些误差;热阻网格模型法[4] 是 1 种结温预测的方法,由于与实际工况存在偏差, 不能实现结温的在线测量; 仅有热敏电参数法能够在不破坏器件的情况下实现结温的在线测量。现阶段,已有诸多专家学者对基于热敏电参数的结温在线测量方法进行了研究。 根据热敏电参数各自的不同特点,主要可以分为基于通态特性、模块特性和瞬态特性这 3 种类型[5]。基于通态特性的结温在线测量方法主要有饱和压降法[6] 、大电流下通态压降法[7] 、阈值电压法[8-9] 等; 基于模块特性的结温在线测量方法主要有栅极内部电阻法[10] 、寄生电感法[11] 等; 基于瞬态特性的结温在线测量方法有漏极电流变化率法[12-13] 、集电极电流变化率法[14] 、开关延迟时间[15-17] 等。文献[17]提出了 1 种基于开通延迟时间的 MOSFET 结温的测量方法, 从器件的热阻和耗散功率入手计算出结温。
基于瞬态特性参数的方法由于更符合器件工作的实际状态而成为当前的研究热点。目前,国内已有一些以开通延迟时间作为热敏电参数进行结温在线测量的方法, 但是由于 MOSFET 开关性能的提升,较小的开通延迟时间对精确测量提出了更高的要求。本文对输入的栅源电压和开通延迟时间的选取进行优化, 同时与通过热阻和耗散功率来计算结温的方法不同,直接研究和建立开通延迟时间与结温的关系, 实现结温的在线测量, 从而避开热阻测量精确度不高的问题。在此基础上提出 1 种将叠加脉冲信号作为输入的方法, 通过增加栅极电阻及选取测量栅源电压和漏极电流上升至 50%的时间差作为开通延迟时间,使得用于监测的设备能够准确捕捉到波形, 从而准确测量开通延迟时间, 降低开通延迟时间测量的难度。增加栅极电阻主要是便于测量, 在对单个器件进行试验时可增加栅极电阻降低开关速度, 从而更易捕捉到开通波形。选取的开通延迟时间是电路整体带来的延迟时间,因此对于开关速度显著提升的器件可以通过继续增大栅极电阻的方式来增大延迟时间,降低测量难度。 在考虑参数变化及老化时,需要重新试验建立新的曲线。器件本身存在的寄生参数导致无法捕捉准确的电压及器件老化对开通波形的影响这类问题, 仍是该类方法的局限所在。
以型号为 IRFP260N 的 MOSFET 器件为研究对象, 研究基于开通延迟时间的 MOSFET 结温在线测量方法。测量不同结温下的开通延迟时间,建立开通延迟时间与结温的线性关系; 然后在实际工况下通过测量开通延迟时间能够反推出结温;最后与用红外测温枪测得的结果进行对比分析。
开通延迟时间是指在 MOSFET 器件开通的过程中,栅源电压增加、漏源电压保持不变、漏极无电流出现的这段时间。其表达式为
${t}_{\mathrm{{don}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{G}}{C}_{\mathrm{{iss}}}\ln \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}}$
式中:${t}_{\mathrm{{don}}}$ 为开通延迟时间;${R}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为栅极电阻;${C}_{\mathrm{{iss}}}$ 为输入电容;${V}_{\mathrm{{CS}}}$ 为栅源电压;${V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}$ 为阈值电压。${R}_{\mathrm{G}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{TH}}}$ 均为温度敏感参数,因此开通延迟时间也为热敏电参数。
性能较好的 MOSFET 管的开通延迟时间数值较小。一般而言,在测量时可以考虑测量${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$ 与漏极电流${I}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 上升沿之间的差值,以此作为开通延迟时间。除此之外, 在控制温度的情况下, 根据式 (1) 可知, 提高栅极电阻亦可增加开通延迟时间, 可使示波器在捕捉波形时更加容易,从而提高测量精度。
基于开通延迟时间的 MOSFET 结温在线测量方法的具体步骤如图1所示。
为了获取 MOSFET 管的开通延迟时间, 考虑到 MOSFET 本身的开通延迟时间较短, 对测量精度要求较高, 因此对测量方法进行改进。采用叠加脉冲信号到栅极电压上, 监测栅极电压和漏极电流,获取开通延迟时间。
脉冲开通延迟时间的测量电路如图2所示, 电路设计的主要思路为通过信号发生器产生脉冲信号, 利用运算放大器构建的加法器实现和栅极电压的叠加,输入到 MOSFET 管,监测栅极电压和漏极电流的上升沿变化,获取开通延迟时间。
图2中,电压源${V}_{1}$ 提供${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}},{V}_{2}$ 为信号发生器提供脉冲信号,${V}_{3}$ 提供${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}},{\mathrm{U}}_{1}$ 为运算放大器, 电压源${V}_{4}$${V}_{5}$ 分别为运算放大器提供$\pm {15}\mathrm{\;V}$ 电压,${\mathrm{M}}_{1}$ 为 MOSFET 管,${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为采样电阻,以便获取漏极电流。
根据图2设计且焊接完成的 PCB 板实物如图3所示。为防止其他器件或 PCB 板升温的影响, 利用导线将待测 MOSFET 单独引出, 放入恒温箱 (本次试验所用恒温箱为 HF-100FN 光电传输组件可靠性评价实验系统), 测量电路其余部分按照电路原理图搭建, 并放置双踪示波器的夹头于相应位置, 至此完成测量前的准备工作。
选取型号为 IRFP260N 的 MOSFET 器件进行试验,试验条件:${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$${3.7}\sim {4.1}\mathrm{\;V}$,脉宽为${100\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 的脉冲信号,${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$$1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;V}$,由于温度较高时 MOSFET 的测量信号异常,故设定温度上限为${95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,温度范围为${25}\sim {95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,步进值为${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。设置电源输入和信号发生器,调节测量条件,每次试验进行 3 次测量。
将器件进行开封处理,分别在${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$${1.0}\text{、}{1.5}$${2.0}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时测量开通延迟时间并反推结温,与此同时, 使用红外测温枪校准后测量 MOSFET 的芯片温度进行对比分析, 选取的红外测温法仅为验证本文方法的可行性。
由于 MOSFET 性能较好, 上升速度较快, 本试验选取测量栅源电压和漏极电流上升至 50%的时间差作为开通延迟时间。
图4${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时栅源电压${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$ 和漏极电流${I}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$ 的波形,图5${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}= {1.5}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、结温为${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时开通延迟时间的波形,第 1 次测量结果为${1.26\mu }\mathrm{s}$。完成器件的 3 次测量并取平均值以减少偶然误差。保持其他条件不变,调节漏极电压分别为${1.0}\mathrm{\;V}$${2.0}\mathrm{\;V}$,重复上述步骤,完成试验。
通过对数据进行线性拟合, 得到器件在不同漏极电压下开通延迟时间与结温的对应关系, 如图6所示。由拟合优度可以看出, 在不同漏源电压下, 每组试验数据二者的线性关系均较好, 但拟合曲线稍有差异。低温时,不同漏源电压下,开通延迟时间无较大差异,但随着温度上升,漏源电压越高, 器件的开通延迟时间越短。开通延迟时间的温度敏感性在${14}\sim {16}\mathrm{{ns}}/{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,拟合曲线在置信度${95}\%$ 的范围内可以接受, 可以认为开通延迟时间与结温呈较好的线性关系。
将器件进行开封处理, 接入电路后, 检测其工作情况正常。通电后稳定一段时间,待电流不发生变化后, 打开脉冲信号, 设置脉冲信号的幅值为${0.4}\mathrm{\;V}$,脉宽为${100\mu }\mathrm{s}$,漏源电压为$1\mathrm{\;V}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}= 1\mathrm{\;V}$ 时测得的开通延迟时间如图7所示,为${936}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$。根据测量得到的开通延迟时间,通过漏源电压为$1\mathrm{\;V}$ 下的校温曲线反推出实际工况下的结温为${33.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。使用红外测温枪校准后测量 MOSFET 的芯片温度为${36.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,二者相差${2.6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。其他条件保持不变,调节漏源电压为${1.5}\mathrm{\;V}$${2.0}\mathrm{\;V}$,测量结果如表1所示。
根据表1的计算结果得到 2 种方法相差$1 \sim {3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$, 证明了基于开通延迟时间结温在线测量方法的可行性。误差主要来源于人为原因及测量仪器 2 个方面,对误差进行如下分析。
(1)人为原因主要是读数时的精准度,为随机误差,本试验采用多次测量取平均值的方式来降低这一误差。
(2)恒温箱的温度是通过温度传感器显示到用户界面,此温度是温度传感器附近的温度,并非温箱内处处恒定的温度。一般来说,当升至设定温度$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后,可以认为温箱内处处温度达到设定值。
(3)使用的 MOSFET 为塑封器件,从热交换的角度出发,设定$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$,认为结温与环境温度近似相等, 可能存在偏差。
(4)器件开封可能会导致散热通道的改变,因此红外测温枪测量的温度可能与器件实际芯片温度存在一定误差。
本文通过对开通延迟时间在线测量方法的研究, 提出了 1 种基于开通延迟时间的 MOSFET 结温在线测量方法。该方法在实际应用中需要注意寄生参数和器件老化等对开通波形的影响, 未来需要对器件进行老化试验来优化。其中增加栅极电阻的方法可应用于对独立器件进行试验时监测结温。对于本身存在较大开通电阻的电路, 该方法的试验效果较好。测量器件在电路中的结温时,需要考虑额外增加栅极电阻对结温变化的影响。本文未对温度较高部分的结果进行验证, 且红外测温的精度有待提高, 未来需要继续提升测量精度。
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.294
  • 接收时间:2021-12-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-01
  • 修回日期:2022-03-25
  • 录用日期:2022-04-22
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    1 北京航空航天大学 可靠性与系统工程学院 北京 100191
    2 工业和信息化部电子第四研究院 北京 100037
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