Article(id=1153695641936056769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1629734400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-24, revisedDate=1635782400000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-02, acceptedDate=1635868800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-03, onlineDate=1752992075665, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992075665, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992075665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992075665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695643982877128, articleId=1153695641936056769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Hybrid Bridge Dual-LLC Resonant Converter under Fixed-frequency PWM Control, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem of wide frequency range and large circulating current with the traditional frequency-controlled LLC resonant converter in wide output voltage applications, a fixed-frequency PWM controlled hybrid bridge dual-LLC resonant converter is studied. According to the difference in the primary-side structure, the converter has three forms of topology, i.e., half-bridge-half-bridge, half-bridge-full-bridge and full-bridge-full-bridge, in which the primary-side structure is in parallel and the two transformers on the secondary-side are in series. Compared with the traditional frequency-controlled LLC converter, the three topologies always work at the resonant frequency, which reduces the switching frequency range. In addition, under the PWM control strategy, the three topologies can achieve 2, 3 and 4 times voltage gain, respectively, thereby adapting to wide voltage scenarios. At the same time, the circuit has a low circulating current loss and a good soft switching performance. Simulink simulation and experimental results verified the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

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针对宽输出电压应用中传统频率控制 LLC 谐振变换器工作频率范围宽且存在较大循环电流的问题,提出1种定频 PWM控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器。根据原边侧结构的不同,所提变换器有3种拓扑结构形式,分别为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器、半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器、全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器。其中,原边侧结构并联输入,2个变压器二次侧串联输出。相较于传统频率控制 LLC变换器,3种拓扑形态始终在谐振频率点工作,缩小了开关频率范围;在PWM控制策略下,可以分别实现2倍电压增益、3倍电压增益和4倍电压增益以适应宽电压场合;电路中循环电流损耗低,软开关性能良好。Simulink 仿真和实验结果验证了所提方案的可行性。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.com。

宋豪杰(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:LLC 谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制理论。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.com。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.com。

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宋豪杰(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:LLC 谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

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宋豪杰(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:LLC 谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

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刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

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刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

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熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制理论。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

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熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制理论。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2015. 30(4): 1876-1886., articleTitle=Double-phase high-efficiency, wide load range high-voltage/low-voltage LLC DC/DC converter for electric/hybrid vehicles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154033007020204790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, awardId=HBSEES201902, language=EN, fundingSource=Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System(HBSEES201902), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154033007095702264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, awardId=HBSEES201902, language=CN, fundingSource=太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154033002322584173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, xref=null, 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figureFileSmall=xSwkAfauc0O/iFzpg8ykPg==, figureFileBig=6rq2xU5Bm3xQvrro1z7FgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006554637034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=ZVS waveforms of full-bridge-full-bridge dual-LLC converter when $D ={0.2}$, figureFileSmall=qzGvMDDcDef0KPjY+vfjwQ==, figureFileBig=v8103T4NvKwf9wJO8LnhNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006613357291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, language=CN, label=图19, caption=${D}= {0.2}$ 时全桥-全桥双 LLC 变换器的 ZVS 波形, figureFileSmall=qzGvMDDcDef0KPjY+vfjwQ==, figureFileBig=v8103T4NvKwf9wJO8LnhNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006659494636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=ZVS waveforms of full-bridge-full-bridge dual-LLC converter when $D ={0.5}$, figureFileSmall=b9HTnaTiO0wMtfJsYdAGRg==, figureFileBig=VPgqdDvVcni6z3Z7RnTZ1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006734992110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, language=CN, label=图20, caption=${D}= {0.5}$ 时全桥-全桥双 LLC 变换器的 ZVS 波形, figureFileSmall=b9HTnaTiO0wMtfJsYdAGRg==, figureFileBig=VPgqdDvVcni6z3Z7RnTZ1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006785323760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison of performance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项 开关管 数量 二极管 数量 变压器 数量 调制 方法 软 开关 增益 范围
文献[11] 6 6 2 PWM ZVS 1~2
文献[12] 4 4 2 PS ZVS 0~1
文献[14] 4 4 2 PFM ZVS 0.5 ~1.25
文献[16] 8 0 2 PFM ZVS 1~1.25
本文 6 4 2 PWM ZVS 0.5~1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154033006839849714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641936056769, language=CN, label=表1, caption=性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项 开关管 数量 二极管 数量 变压器 数量 调制 方法 软 开关 增益 范围
文献[11] 6 6 2 PWM ZVS 1~2
文献[12] 4 4 2 PS ZVS 0~1
文献[14] 4 4 2 PFM ZVS 0.5 ~1.25
文献[16] 8 0 2 PFM ZVS 1~1.25
本文 6 4 2 PWM ZVS 0.5~1.5
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定频 PWM 控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器研究
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潘健 , 宋豪杰 , 刘松林 , 熊嘉鑫
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(5): 120-132
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(5): 120-132
定频 PWM 控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器研究
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潘健 , 宋豪杰 , 刘松林 , 熊嘉鑫
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
  • 潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.com。

    宋豪杰(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:LLC 谐振变换器。E-mail: 2483358077@qq.com。

    刘松林(1994-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。E-mail: 1178144337@qq.com。

    熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制理论。E-mail: 850334270@qq.com。

Research on Hybrid Bridge Dual-LLC Resonant Converter under Fixed-frequency PWM Control
Jian PAN , Haojie SONG , Songlin LIU , Jiaxin XIONG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.120
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针对宽输出电压应用中传统频率控制 LLC 谐振变换器工作频率范围宽且存在较大循环电流的问题,提出1种定频 PWM控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器。根据原边侧结构的不同,所提变换器有3种拓扑结构形式,分别为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器、半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器、全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器。其中,原边侧结构并联输入,2个变压器二次侧串联输出。相较于传统频率控制 LLC变换器,3种拓扑形态始终在谐振频率点工作,缩小了开关频率范围;在PWM控制策略下,可以分别实现2倍电压增益、3倍电压增益和4倍电压增益以适应宽电压场合;电路中循环电流损耗低,软开关性能良好。Simulink 仿真和实验结果验证了所提方案的可行性。

定频 PWM控制  /  谐振变换器  /  宽输出电压  /  软开关

Aimed at the problem of wide frequency range and large circulating current with the traditional frequency-controlled LLC resonant converter in wide output voltage applications, a fixed-frequency PWM controlled hybrid bridge dual-LLC resonant converter is studied. According to the difference in the primary-side structure, the converter has three forms of topology, i.e., half-bridge-half-bridge, half-bridge-full-bridge and full-bridge-full-bridge, in which the primary-side structure is in parallel and the two transformers on the secondary-side are in series. Compared with the traditional frequency-controlled LLC converter, the three topologies always work at the resonant frequency, which reduces the switching frequency range. In addition, under the PWM control strategy, the three topologies can achieve 2, 3 and 4 times voltage gain, respectively, thereby adapting to wide voltage scenarios. At the same time, the circuit has a low circulating current loss and a good soft switching performance. Simulink simulation and experimental results verified the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Fixed-frequency PWM control  /  resonant converter  /  wide output voltage  /  soft switching
潘健, 宋豪杰, 刘松林, 熊嘉鑫. 定频 PWM 控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 120 -132 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.120
Jian PAN, Haojie SONG, Songlin LIU, Jiaxin XIONG. Research on Hybrid Bridge Dual-LLC Resonant Converter under Fixed-frequency PWM Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 120 -132 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.120
LLC 谐振变换器结构简单,具有在全负载范围内实现开关管零电压导通 ZVS(zero voltage switching)和整流二极管零电流关断 ZCS(zero current switching) 等优点, 被广泛应用在航天系统、电动汽车电池充电、服务器电源[1-5] 等领域。然而,传统变频控制 LLC 谐振变换器应用在宽电压场合时, 开关调频范围较大,不利于变压器等磁性元件的优化设计, 降低了系统的功率密度[6-7]。同时,当开关频率偏离谐振频率时,系统效率迅速下降[8]。当开关频率低于谐振频率时, 谐振变换器的原边侧电路出现较大的循环电流, 降低了系统效率; 当开关频率高于谐振频率时, 谐振变换器副边侧整流二极管失去 ZCS 特性,产生反向恢复损耗,而且输出电压不易调节。 因此,传统频率控制 LLC 谐振变换器不适用于较宽的电压应用场合[9]
为了克服传统变频 LLC 谐振变换器在宽电压应用中的缺点, 使其工作在谐振频率点或附近, 国内外研究人员提出了多种改进方案。文献[10-11]从拓扑结构副边侧进行改进,分别提出了基于 4 倍压整流器的 LLC 谐振变换器和两相次级侧交错 LLC 谐振变换器。这 2 种变换器通过控制副边侧增加的开关管, 采用 PWM 调制实现 2 倍电压增益范围, 并缩小了开关频率范围。但使用的元器件较多,增加了系统设计难度。文献[12]从原边侧结构出发,研究了 1 种定频移相控制双半桥 LLC 谐振变换器来实现宽输出电压范围。该变换器由 2 个半桥 LLC 谐振变换器交错并联组成, 开关频率固定在谐振频率, 且具有较好的电压调节性能。然而, 在开始移相瞬时变换器原边侧电路存在较大的环流损耗。文献 [13-14]从原边侧半桥和全桥混合结构出发,分别提出了定频 PWM 控制双桥 LLC 谐振变换器和 1 种半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器。文献[13]通过 PWM 控制全桥和半桥之间的工作时间百分比来调节输出电压,可实现 2 倍的电压增益范围。文献[14]中的变换器由半桥 LLC 和全桥 LLC 混合组成, 有 2 个 LLC 谐振槽, 通过 PWM 控制策略进行模式切换, 使变换器具有低增益模式和中增益模式,并结合频率控制来调节输出电压, 可实现 2.5 倍的增益。但该方案控制方式较为复杂,增加了系统设计成本。
基于此, 本文研究了 1 种定频 PWM 控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器,根据原边侧半桥、全桥组成形式的不同,变换器有 3 种拓扑形态,在定频 PWM 控制下调节输出电压, 开关频率等于谐振频率, 可分别实现 2 倍、 3 倍和 4 倍电压增益, 且电路中的环流损耗较低, 可适应宽输出电压的应用场合。
混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器如图1所示。图1(a)为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器, 由 2 个半桥 LLC 电路混合组成。第 1 个半桥 LLC 电路由开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 、 谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ (谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}$ 、谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}$ 、励磁电感$\left.{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}\right)$ 、 高频变压器${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 组成; 第 2 个半桥 LLC 电路由开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 、谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ (谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 、谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 、励磁电感$\left.{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}\right)$ 、高频变压器${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 组成。其中, 2 个变压器二次侧串联输出,且变压器的变比相等,即${n}_{1}= {n}_{2}= {n}_{0}$。二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 和输出滤波电容${C}_{0}$ 构成整流滤波电路,$R$。 为电路负载。图1(b)图1(c)图1(a)仅在原边侧的结构不同。图1(b)为半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器,由半桥 LLC 和全桥 LLC 电路混合组成,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 组成全桥桥臂,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 组成半桥桥臂。图1(c)为全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器, 由 2 个全桥 LLC 谐振变换器共用 1 个开关桥臂混合组成,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 和开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 分别构成全桥桥臂。图中,${V}_{\text{in }}\text{、}{V}_{\text{o }}$ 分别为输入、输出电压;${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 分别为谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 和谐振槽 II 的输入电压;${i}_{{L}_{d}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 分别为 2 个谐振槽的谐振电流;${i}_{{L}_{m1}}$${i}_{{L}_{m2}}$ 为原边侧电路励磁电流。
变换器采用定频 PWM 调制策略,开关频率等于谐振频率。图2(a)为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的调制波形,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 以固定${50}\%$ 占空比互补导通; 开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的占空比均互补导通,即${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的占空比为$D,{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 的占空比为$1 -{D}_{\circ }{v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 为 2 个谐振槽的输入电压。通过改变占空比调节变换器的输出电压增益,$D$ 的变化范围为 0~0.5。 1 个开关周期中变换器有 3 种工作模式。当$D = 0$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 保持断开,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 保持闭合,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${50}\%$ 占空比互补导通。此时,原边侧能量仅从谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 向副边传递, 变换器相当于工作在半桥 LLC 模式。在这种状态下,有最小电压增益${G}_{\min }= n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}/{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= 1/2$。当$0 < D <{0.5}$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 仍以 50%占空比互补导通。此时,随着占空比$D$ 的增大,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 向副边传递的能量越来越多,谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 保持不变。当$D ={0.5}$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 的驱动信号相同,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}$ 的驱动信号相同,且均以 50%占空比导通。 这时, 变换器等效工作在 2 个半桥 LLC 谐振变换器模式,有最大电压增益${G}_{\max }= n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}/{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= 1$。因此,变换器的增益范围${G}_{\text{range }}= 2$
图2(b)为半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的调制波形。桥臂$\mathrm{B}\left({{\mathrm{S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}}\right)$ 以 50% 占空比互补导通,桥臂$A\left({{S}_{1}\text{、}{S}_{2}}\right)$ 和桥臂$C\left({{S}_{5}\text{、}{S}_{6}}\right)$ 均采用 PWM 控制,在整个工作过程中,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 的驱动信号相同,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 的驱动信号相同,且${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 的占空比分别互补导通。当占空比$D = 0$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 保持断开,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 保持闭合,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 以 50%占空比互补导通正常工作。此时, 原边侧能量仅从谐振槽 I 向副边传递, 变换器相当于工作在半桥 LLC 模式。在这种状态下,有最小电压增益${G}_{\min }= n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}/{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}=$ $1/2$。随着占空比$D$ 的变化,2 个谐振槽输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 向副边侧传递更多能量。当$D ={0.5}$ 时,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 等效工作在全桥 LLC 模式, 谐振槽 II 等效工作在半桥 LLC 模式,变换器有最大电压增益${G}_{\max }= n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}/$ ${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {1.5}$。因此,变换器的电压增益范围${G}_{\text{range }}= 3$
图2(c)为全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的调制波形。开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 以 50%占空比互补导通,桥臂 A$\left({{\mathrm{S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}}\right)$ 和桥臂$\mathrm{B}\left({{\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}}\right)$ 均采用 PWM 控制,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 的驱动信号相同,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的驱动信号相同。在起始时刻占空比$D = 0$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 以 50%占空比互补导通,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 断开,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 闭合,此时原边侧能量仅从谐振槽 II 传递给负载, 变换器等效工作在半桥 LLC 模式,有最小电压增益${G}_{\min }= 1/2$。当$D ={0.5}$ 时,变换器等效工作在 2 个全桥 LLC 模式, 有最大电压增益${G}_{\max }= 2$。因此,变换器的增益范围为${G}_{\text{range }}= 4$
对半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器这一拓扑形式在$0 < D <{0.5}$ 情况下的稳态特性进行分析,其他 2 种拓扑形式可按照类似过程分析其工作原理。半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的关键波形如图3所示, 1 个开关周期包含 8 种工作模态,如图4所示。
为了便于变换器的稳态分析, 做如下假设: ① 变换器中所有开关管$\left({{\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{6}}\right)$ 均为理想元器件,且开关管的寄生电容相等; ②2 个谐振槽的元器件参数相同,即${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}= {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}= {L}_{\mathrm{r}},{C}_{\mathrm{r}1}= {C}_{\mathrm{r}2}= {C}_{\mathrm{r}},{L}_{\mathrm{m}1}= {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}= {L}_{\mathrm{m}}$;③ 副边侧整流二极管均为理想元器件, 忽略其导通压降。
模态$1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(a)所示,在${t}_{0}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 导通,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 为 0,谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 为0,2个谐振槽中谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 和谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 分别发生串联谐振,励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 不参与谐振。 2 个变压器二次侧电压之和为${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$, 即${v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{{FG}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{o}}$,副边侧整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 导通。在${t}_{1}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 断开,模态 1 结束。谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$${i}_{{L}_{n}}$${i}_{{L}_{m}}$${v}_{{C}_{n}}$ 的表达式为
$\begin{cases}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left({t}_{0}\right)\cos \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack {n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}+ {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left({t}_{0}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot \\& \sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)}\right\rbrack /{Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left({t}_{0}\right)+ \frac{n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)}{{L}_{\mathrm{{m1}}}}\\{v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left({t}_{0}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)}\right\rbrack - n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}+ \\& \left\lbrack {{v}_{{D}_{\mathrm{r}}}+ {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left({t}_{0}\right)}\right\rbrack \cos \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)}\right\rbrack \end{cases}$
式中:${Z}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为特征阻抗,${Z}_{\mathrm{r}}= \sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{r}}/{C}_{\mathrm{r}}};{w}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振角频率,${w}_{\mathrm{r}}= 1/\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{r}}/{C}_{\mathrm{r}}};t$ 的定义域为$0 \leq t \leq \left({{0.5}- D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}/2$,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关周期。谐振槽 II 中的参数表达式可以类比于谐振槽 I,此处不再列出。
模态$2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(b)所示,在${t}_{1}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 断开。谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{n}}$${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 分别给开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的寄生电容和开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 的寄生电容充、放电。在${t}_{2}$ 时刻,触发信号到来,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{5}$ 导通后模态 2 结束。
模态$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(c)所示,在该模态下,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 的输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 由模态 1 的零电压上升为${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$, 谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 的输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 变为${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,此时 2 个谐振网络中谐振电感和谐振电容仍串联谐振, 谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{a}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{c}}$ 快速上升,励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{m}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{c}}$ 在钳位电压的作用下继续上升,2 个变压器二次侧电压${v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{FG}}}$ 保持不变,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 持续导通。在${t}_{2}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 断开,模态 3 结束。此时,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$${i}_{{L}_{0}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{m}}$${v}_{{c}_{a}}$ 的表达式为
$\begin{cases}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{n}}}\left({t}_{2}\right)\cos \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack {{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}- {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({t}_{2}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot \\& \sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack /{Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{n}}}\left({t}_{2}\right)+ \frac{n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}\left({t -{t}_{2}}\right)}{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}\\{v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({t}_{2}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack +{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}+ \\& \left\lbrack {{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}- {v}_{\mathrm{F}}\left({t,{t}_{2}}\right)}\right.\cos \left\lbrack {w\left({t -{t}_{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack \end{cases}$
模态$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(d)所示,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 均为正向流动,${i}_{{L}_{n}}$ 开始对开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的寄生电容分别充电、放电,${i}_{{L}_{c}}$ 开始对开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 的寄生电容分别充电、 放电。待开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 的寄生电容放电完成后,其漏源极电压为 0。在${t}_{4}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 实现 ZVS。
模态$5\left\lbrack {{t}_{4},{t}_{5}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(e)所示,在${t}_{4}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 导通,2 个谐振槽的输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 均为 0,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 开始下降,励磁电感仍然不参与谐振,励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{m}},{i}_{{L}_{m}}$ 在钳位电压的作用下继续线性上升。 2 个变压器二次侧电压之和${v}_{\mathrm{{EG}}}$ 仍等于${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$。在${t}_{5}$ 时刻,2 个谐振槽中的谐振电流等于励磁电流,模态 5 结束。该模态谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$${i}_{{L}_{a}}$${i}_{{L}_{m}}$${v}_{{C}_{a}}$ 的表达式为
$\begin{cases}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right)\cos \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{4}}\right)}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack {n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}+ {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot \\& \sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{4}}\right)}\right\rbrack /{Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right)+ \frac{n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}\left({t -{t}_{4}}\right)}{{L}_{\mathrm{{m1}}}}\\{v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{4}}\right)}\right\rbrack - n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}- \\& \left\lbrack {p{v}_{{D}_{\mathrm{a}}}+ {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right)}\right\rbrack \cos \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{4}}\right)}\right\rbrack \end{cases}$
模态$6\left\lbrack {{t}_{5},{t}_{6}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(f)所示,变换器进入开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的死区时间。在该模态中,2 个谐振槽中的谐振电流等于励磁电流,即${i}_{{L}_{a}}= {i}_{{L}_{ab}},{i}_{{L}_{a}}= {i}_{{L}_{ab}}$,且持续时间非常短。此时流过副边侧二极管的电流为 0,二极管实现$\mathrm{{ZCS}}$。谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{0}}$ 分别给开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的寄生电容放电、充电。在${t}_{6}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 零电压导通,模态 6 结束。
模态$7\left\lbrack {{t}_{6},{t}_{7}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4 $\left(\mathrm{\;g}\right)$ 所示,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 导通,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 的输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$$-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 的输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 为 0,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{a}}$${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 为负,2 个谐振网络中谐振电感和谐振电容分别发生串联谐振,励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{{ml}},}{L}_{\mathrm{m}2}$ 被负向电压钳位,励磁电流线性下降。 2 个变压器二次侧电压之和${v}_{\mathrm{{EG}}}$$-{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$,即${v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}+$ ${v}_{\mathrm{{FG}}}= -{V}_{\mathrm{o}}$,副边整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 导通。在这一模态,谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{d}}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{{ml}}}}$${v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}}$ 的表达式为
$\begin{cases}{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left({t}_{6}\right)\cos \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack {-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}- }\right.\\& \left.{{v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left({t}_{6}\right)}\right\rbrack \sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)}\right\rbrack /{Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left({t}_{6}\right)+ \frac{n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)}{{L}_{\mathrm{{mu}}}}\\{v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left( t\right)= &{i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{u}}}\left({t}_{6}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\sin \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)}\right\rbrack -\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- n{v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}}\right)+ \\& \left\lbrack {-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {v}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}- {v}_{\mathrm{F}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)\log \left\lbrack {{w}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right.\end{cases}$
模态$8\left\lbrack {{t}_{7},{t}_{8}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(h)所示,在${t}_{7}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 断开,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 仍然导通。 2 个谐振槽中的谐振电流等于励磁电流, 励磁电感参与谐振。变换器副边侧电流为 0,整流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 实现$\mathrm{{ZCS}}$。谐振电流${i}_{L\text{。 }}$ 开始对开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的寄生电容分别充电、放电,待开关${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的寄生电容放电完成后,${i}_{{L}_{n}}$ 反向流过${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的体二极管。在${t}_{8}$ 时刻,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 实现$\mathrm{{ZVS}}$,模态 8 结束。
通过基波分析法分析半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在定频 PWM 控制下的增益。半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器是由半桥 LLC (HBLLC) 变换器和全桥 LLC(FBLLC)变换器混合组成, 并且原边侧并联输入, 副边侧串联输出。因此, 该变换器的增益表达式为$G ={G}_{\mathrm{{HBLLC}}}+ {G}_{\mathrm{{FBLLC}}\circ }$
在 1 个开关周期中全桥 LLC 电路的谐振槽输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 为三电平方波电压,半桥 LLC 电路的谐振槽输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 为两电平方波电压,通过傅里叶分析可得各自的基波分量。
谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 的基波分量为
${V}_{\mathrm{{FHA}}}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{\pi }\sqrt{{10}- 6\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}\sin \left({wt}\right)$
谐振槽 II 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 的基波分量为
${V}_{\mathrm{{FHA}}}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{\pi }\sqrt{2 - 2\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}\sin \left({wt}\right)$
根据式(5)和式(6)可以计算得到全桥 LLC 谐振变换器和半桥 LLC 谐振变换器在定频 PWM 控制策略下的增益表达式, 即
${G}_{\mathrm{{FBLLC}}}= \frac{n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}= \frac{\sqrt{{10}- 6\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}$
${G}_{\mathrm{{HBLLC}}}= \frac{n{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{V}_{\text{in }}}= \frac{\sqrt{2 - 2\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}$
因此, 半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的增益表达式为
$ G ={G}_{\mathrm{{HBLLC}}}+ {G}_{\mathrm{{FBLLC}}}= \frac{\sqrt{2 - 2\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}+ \\\frac{\sqrt{{10}- 6\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}\;0 \leq D \leq {0.5}$
由式 (9) 可以看出, 半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的增益范围为 0.5~1.5,与理论分析一致,并且增益范围独立于负载和励磁电感, 其增益曲线如图5(b)所示。与传统频率调制技术相比,本文研究的 PWM 控制策略使得原边侧开关管以固定的开关频率工作在谐振频率点,缩小了频率调节范围, 有利于变压器的优化设计,减小了系统体积。半桥- 半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器和全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的增益曲线图分别见图5(a)图5(c)
同上述分析可得, 半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的增益表达式为
$ G ={0.5}+ \frac{\sqrt{2 - 2\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}\;0 \leq D \leq {0.5}$
全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的增益表达式为
$ G =\frac{\sqrt{2 - 2\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}+ \frac{\sqrt{{10}- 6\cos \left({2\pi D}\right)}}{4}\\ 0 \leq D \leq {0.5}$
在 Simulink 中进行仿真, 3 种拓扑形态的系统参数:输入电压恒定为${240}\mathrm{\;V}$,谐振频率为${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$, 谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}1}= {L}_{\mathrm{r}2}= {17\mu }\mathrm{H}$,谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}1}= {C}_{\mathrm{r}2}= {150}\mathrm{{nF}}$,励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}1}= {L}_{\mathrm{m}2}= {130\mu }\mathrm{H}$,变压器匝比${n}_{1}= {n}_{2}= {0.8}$。在定频 PWM 控制策略下, 半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器可实现 2 倍增益, 半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器可实现 3 倍增益, 全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器可实现 4 倍增益,仿真结果分别如图6~图10所示。
图6~图8分别为 3 种拓扑形态在不同占空比下的稳态波形图,${i}_{{L}_{n}}$${i}_{{L}_{n}}$ 分别为谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 、谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 的谐振电流,${i}_{{L}_{\text{ml }}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{ml }}}$ 分别为谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 、谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 的励磁电流。可以看出,3 种拓扑形态在$D = 0$$D ={0.5}$ 时,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 均为正弦波形式,此时变换器中循环电流损耗较小; 随着占空比的变化, 3 种拓扑形态中流过励磁电感的电流${i}_{{L}_{ml}}$${i}_{{L}_{ml}}$ 较小,原边侧能量可以最大化的传递到负载,提高系统效率。因此, 在整个工作过程中,变换器的环流损耗较低。${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 为 2 个谐振槽的输入电压。在半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器中,电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 保持为$0\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平形式不变。在起始时刻,${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 电压为 0 ; 随着占空比的增大,${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$$0\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平之间变化,并且${V}_{\text{in }}$ 电平状态逐渐增加; 在占空比$D ={0.5}$ 时,${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 均处于两电平模式变化, 且变化趋势相同。由 2 个谐振槽的输入电压运行过程可以看出:半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在$D = 0$ 时可以等效为半桥 LLC 模式; 在$D ={0.5}$ 时等效工作在 2 个半桥 LLC 模式,与理论分析一致。同理, 可分析半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在$D = 0$ 时,${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 工作在$-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\text{、}0$ 两电平状态,${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 为 0,变换器等效工作在半桥LLC 模式;随着占空比变化到 0.5 时,${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 工作在$\pm {V}_{\mathrm{{in}}},{v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 工作在$0\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 两电平状态, 此时变换器等效工作在 1 个全桥 LLC 和 1 个半桥 LLC 模式。全桥-全桥双LLC 谐振变换器在定频 PWM 控制策略下, 等效工作模式从半桥 LLC 变化到 2 个全桥 LLC 模式。
图9为半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的软开关波形。可以看出, 在负载范围内不同输出电压条件下,原边侧开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 的触发信号${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}}$ 到来之前,其漏源极电压${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 均下降至 0,因此开关管较好实现了 ZVS,减小了开关损耗。当变换器副边电流${i}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}$${i}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}}$ 均为 0 时,整流二极管实现 ZCS,无反向恢复损耗。因此, 变换器具有较好的软开关性能。同样, 半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器和全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器也具有良好的软开关性能。
图10为传统频率控制和定频 PWM 控制下谐振变换器的性能对比波形图[15]。可以看出:相较于传统 PFM 控制, 定频 PWM 控制下谐振变换器原边侧电路循环电流明显降低, 有助于提高系统效率;同时开关频率等于谐振频率,有利于磁性元件的优化设计,减小了系统体积。
基于 4.1 节的仿真结果, 搭建实验平台进一步验证, 实验平台如图11所示。实验参数与仿真参数一致, 6 个原边开关管型号为 IPW65R041CFD, 整流二极管型号为 APT30DQ60B。
图12~图15为半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的实验波形。其中,图12(a)为占空比$D ={0.2}$ 时 6 个开关管的驱动信号,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 的占空比均为${20}\%$,与开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 驱动信号互补导通;${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 以 50%占空比互补导通。图12(b)为电路中电流稳态波形,${i}_{{L}_{a}}$${i}_{{L}_{a}}$ 分别为谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 、谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 的谐振电流, 可见实验结果与仿真结果一致。图13为原边侧开关管 ZVS 实验波形及谐振槽 I 和谐振槽 II 输入电压。可以看出,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$ 均较好地实现了 ZVS。谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$$-{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\text{、}0\text{、}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 三电平模式变化,谐振槽$\mathrm{{II}}$ 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$$0\text{、}+ {V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平模式变化, 与仿真波形一致。图14图15分别为占空比$D ={0.5}$ 时的稳态实验波形。由图14(a)中可以看出,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{5}$ 触发信号一致,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 触发信号一致,且 6 个开关管均以 50%占空比导通。图14(b)为这一稳态时的 2 个谐振电流波形${i}_{{L}_{a}}$${i}_{{L}_{a}}$,二者均为正弦波形式,与仿真结果相同。图15为变换器的 ZVS 波形和 2 个谐振槽的输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$。此时${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$$\pm {V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平模式工作,${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$$0\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平模式工作,则谐振槽$\mathrm{I}$ 等效为传统全桥 LLC 模式,谐振槽 II 等效为传统半桥 LLC 模式,因此半桥-全桥双LLC 谐振变换器有最大增益${G}_{\max }= {1.5}$, 与理论分析一致。同时原边侧开关管也可以实现 ZVS。
图16为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在不同占空比下谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{a}}$${i}_{{L}_{a}}$ 和 2 个谐振槽输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 的实验波形。可以看到: 在占空比$D$ 变化为 0.5 时,${i}_{{L}_{a}}$${i}_{{L}_{c}}$ 呈正弦波形式变化;谐振槽 II 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 在整个工作中保持$0\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平状态不变;谐振槽 I 输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 在占空比$D$ 为 0 时处于零电平状态, 不向副边侧传递能量, 此时半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器等效工作在传统半桥 LLC 模式, 有最小电压增益${G}_{\min }= {0.5}$; 随着占空比$D$ 增大,电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$$0\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平状态过渡,且${V}_{\text{in }}$ 高电平状态不断增加,到占空比$D ={0.5}$ 时,${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 均以$0\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平模式变化, 此时变换器相当于工作在 2 个传统半桥 LLC 模式,有最大电压增益${G}_{\max }= 1$。因此,半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在定频 PWM 控制策略下有 2 倍的增益。图17为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在不同占空比下的 ZVS 波形,其中原边侧开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}$ 的触发信号为${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}2}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}4}$,漏源极电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}2}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}4}$。可以看出, 开关管的触发信号到来之前, 其漏源极电压已下降为 0,因此开关管较好地实现了 ZVS。
图18~图20为全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器的实验波形。其中,图18为变换器在不同占空比下的稳态波形,由 2 个谐振槽输入电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 变化形式可以看出,与仿真实验中占空比$D ={0.2}$$D =$ 0.5 时的波形一致。在起始时刻,电压${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 为 0 电平状态,电压${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$$0\text{、}- {V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平模式工作,这时全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器等效工作为传统半桥 LLC 模式,有最小电压增益${G}_{\min }= {0.5}$; 随着占空比的变化,在$D ={0.5}$ 时,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{n}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 为正弦波形式, 并且${v}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$ 均以$\pm {V}_{\text{in }}$ 两电平模式变化,此时变换器等效工作在 2 个传统全桥 LLC 模式, 有最大电压增益${G}_{\max }= 2$。因此,全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器有 4 倍的增益。
图19图20分别为全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器在$D ={0.2}$$D ={0.5}$ 时 ZVS 波形,可以看出,开关管较好地实现了 ZVS。因此, 通过仿真和实验验证了本文所提方案的有效性。
将半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器方案与现有方法进行比较, 如表1所示。通过比较变换器的拓扑结构、调制方法、增益范围及软开关性能,可以看出:文献[16]使用的开关管数量最多,且增益范围有限;文献 [11]采用 PWM 控制,缩小了开关频率范围,而增益范围仅有 2 倍;文献[12]方案具有较好的电压调节性能和 ZVS 特性, 但在移相过程中有较大的循环电流; 文献[14]中变换器需要进行模式切换, 并结合频率控制来调节电压, 控制方式实现较为复杂。综合对比结果表明,本文所提的定频 PWM 控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器具有一定的优势。
本文研究了 1 种定频 PWM 控制混合桥双 LLC 谐振变换器, 以适应宽输出电压范围的应用。根据原边侧半桥、全桥组成形式的不同,变换器有 3 种拓扑形态,分别为半桥-半桥双 LLC 谐振变换器、半桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器、全桥-全桥双 LLC 谐振变换器。相较于传统的频率控制, 3 种拓扑的开关频率等于谐振频率,缩小了工作频率范围,有利于磁性元件的优化设计。通过 PWM 控制策略调节电压, 可以实现较宽的电压增益范围, 并且增益范围独立于励磁电感和负载。同时,在工作过程中电路循环电流损耗低以及软开关性能良好。最后搭建仿真和实验平台验证了研究内容的有效性。
  • 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.120
  • 接收时间:2021-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-24
  • 修回日期:2021-11-02
  • 录用日期:2021-11-03
基金
Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System(HBSEES201902)
太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
作者信息
    湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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