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Since the existing capacity load ratio calculation methods do not take into account the impact of different voltage levels on AC grid, they cannot ensure the optimization of the reliability and economy of AC grid at the same time. To solve this problem, a capacity load ratio calculation method for AC grid at multiple voltage levels is proposed on the basis of considering voltage levels. The power supply capacities of AC grid in high-and low-voltage modes are calculated, respectively. According to the power supply capacity, the discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to calculate the particle number of capacity load ratio at different voltage levels, and the optimal capacity load ratio calculation results of AC grid at multiple voltage levels are obtained, so as to realize the capacity configuration optimization of AC grid at multiple voltage levels. Experimental results show that the proposed method can optimize the transformer's capacity load ratio, and the power supply reliability, economy and satisfaction score of AC grid are higher.

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现有的容载比计算方法未考虑不同电压等级对交流电网的影响,导致交流电网可靠性与经济性无法同时达到最优,因此在考虑电压等级的基础上,提出多电压等级交流电网容载比计算方法。分别计算高压与低压模式下交流电网的供电能力,根据供电能力利用离散粒子群优化算法计算不同电压等级的容载比粒子数,得到多电压等级交流电网的最优容载比计算结果,从而实现多电压等级交流电网容量配置优化。实验结果表明,该方法能够使变压器容载比达到最优,优化后的交流电网供电可靠性、经济性及满意度均较高。

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任鹏(1984-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail:renpeng0927@163.com。

牛为华(1978-),女,博士,讲师。研究方向:电气设备故障诊断、图像处理。E-mail: tusiniuweihua@163.com。

李鹏(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: hbdllip@163.com。

张洋瑞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: dyyzhangyr@163.com。

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任鹏(1984-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail:renpeng0927@163.com。

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任鹏(1984-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail:renpeng0927@163.com。

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牛为华(1978-),女,博士,讲师。研究方向:电气设备故障诊断、图像处理。E-mail: tusiniuweihua@163.com。

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牛为华(1978-),女,博士,讲师。研究方向:电气设备故障诊断、图像处理。E-mail: tusiniuweihua@163.com。

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李鹏(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: hbdllip@163.com。

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李鹏(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: hbdllip@163.com。

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张洋瑞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: dyyzhangyr@163.com。

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张洋瑞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: dyyzhangyr@163.com。

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Power Capacitor & Reactive Power Compensation, 2020. 41(4): 102-108 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Reactive power optimization of power grid based on multi-strategy adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032415803695508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, awardId=9160717003, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(9160717003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032415849832853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, awardId=9160717003, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(9160717003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032409126363452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032409134752061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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指标 神经网络 算法 分区优化 方法 本文方法
总负荷量/MW 3.467 4.467 18.822
交流容量/MW 0.462 1.462 6.062
交流输电比例/% 11.9 32.0 32.2
引起电压失稳 故障数 12 24 0
总故障数 146 146 152
电压失稳概率 0.000383 0.004473 0
负荷系数期望值 0.612780 0.222513 6.546585
电压稳定安全 裕度 0.212781 -0.177487 6.147585
削减负荷概率 0.246566 0.246577 0.275551
削减负荷 期望值/MW 0.831504 1.358154 2.917415
相对削减 负荷量/% 0.024542 0.030955 0.015677
), ArticleFig(id=1154032415296184719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=可靠性计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 神经网络 算法 分区优化 方法 本文方法
总负荷量/MW 3.467 4.467 18.822
交流容量/MW 0.462 1.462 6.062
交流输电比例/% 11.9 32.0 32.2
引起电压失稳 故障数 12 24 0
总故障数 146 146 152
电压失稳概率 0.000383 0.004473 0
负荷系数期望值 0.612780 0.222513 6.546585
电压稳定安全 裕度 0.212781 -0.177487 6.147585
削减负荷概率 0.246566 0.246577 0.275551
削减负荷 期望值/MW 0.831504 1.358154 2.917415
相对削减 负荷量/% 0.024542 0.030955 0.015677
), ArticleFig(id=1154032415380070800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Calculation results of optimal capacity load ratio, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配电网 容载比 使用年限/a 年平均 费用/万元
等级 (《导则》建议)
高电压 2.37(1.7~2.0) 5.25 8458.96
低电压 2.48(1.9~2.1) 4.92 18395.12
), ArticleFig(id=1154032415484928401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, language=CN, label=表2, caption=最优容载比计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配电网 容载比 使用年限/a 年平均 费用/万元
等级 (《导则》建议)
高电压 2.37(1.7~2.0) 5.25 8458.96
低电压 2.48(1.9~2.1) 4.92 18395.12
), ArticleFig(id=1154032415539454354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Results of satisfaction score, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查对象 企业形象 期望度 价值感知 供电质量感知 服务质量感知 抱怨度 忠诚度 满意度得分
政府机构 82.3 82.9 81.5 82.3 85.3 83.6 82.6 82.9
配电网机构 81.2 81.9 80.8 77.2 83.9 78.5 81.5 80.7
用户 75.1 74.6 73.2 70.9 73.3 72.6 78.8 74.1
), ArticleFig(id=1154032415593980307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375947001684832, language=CN, label=表3, caption=满意度得分结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查对象 企业形象 期望度 价值感知 供电质量感知 服务质量感知 抱怨度 忠诚度 满意度得分
政府机构 82.3 82.9 81.5 82.3 85.3 83.6 82.6 82.9
配电网机构 81.2 81.9 80.8 77.2 83.9 78.5 81.5 80.7
用户 75.1 74.6 73.2 70.9 73.3 72.6 78.8 74.1
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多电压等级交流电网容载比计算方法
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任鹏 1 , 牛为华 2 , 李鹏 3 , 张洋瑞 1
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(6): 170-178
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(6): 170-178
多电压等级交流电网容载比计算方法
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任鹏1 , 牛为华2 , 李鹏3 , 张洋瑞1
作者信息
  • 1 国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 石家庄 050021
  • 2 华北电力大学 计算机系 保定 071003
  • 3 国网河北省电力有限公司 石家庄 050021
  • 任鹏(1984-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail:renpeng0927@163.com。

    牛为华(1978-),女,博士,讲师。研究方向:电气设备故障诊断、图像处理。E-mail: tusiniuweihua@163.com。

    李鹏(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: hbdllip@163.com。

    张洋瑞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电测量技术、用电信息采集技术。E-mail: dyyzhangyr@163.com。

Calculation Method for Capacity Load Ratio of AC Grid at Multiple Voltage Levels
Peng REN1 , Weihua NIU2 , Peng LI3 , Yangrui ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd Shijiazhuang 050021 China
  • 2 Department of Computer North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China
  • 3 State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd Shijiazhuang 050021 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.170
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现有的容载比计算方法未考虑不同电压等级对交流电网的影响,导致交流电网可靠性与经济性无法同时达到最优,因此在考虑电压等级的基础上,提出多电压等级交流电网容载比计算方法。分别计算高压与低压模式下交流电网的供电能力,根据供电能力利用离散粒子群优化算法计算不同电压等级的容载比粒子数,得到多电压等级交流电网的最优容载比计算结果,从而实现多电压等级交流电网容量配置优化。实验结果表明,该方法能够使变压器容载比达到最优,优化后的交流电网供电可靠性、经济性及满意度均较高。

多电压等级  /  交流电网  /  容载比  /  离散粒子群优化算法

Since the existing capacity load ratio calculation methods do not take into account the impact of different voltage levels on AC grid, they cannot ensure the optimization of the reliability and economy of AC grid at the same time. To solve this problem, a capacity load ratio calculation method for AC grid at multiple voltage levels is proposed on the basis of considering voltage levels. The power supply capacities of AC grid in high-and low-voltage modes are calculated, respectively. According to the power supply capacity, the discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to calculate the particle number of capacity load ratio at different voltage levels, and the optimal capacity load ratio calculation results of AC grid at multiple voltage levels are obtained, so as to realize the capacity configuration optimization of AC grid at multiple voltage levels. Experimental results show that the proposed method can optimize the transformer's capacity load ratio, and the power supply reliability, economy and satisfaction score of AC grid are higher.

Multiple voltage levels  /  AC grid  /  capacity load ratio  /  discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm
任鹏, 牛为华, 李鹏, 张洋瑞. 多电压等级交流电网容载比计算方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 170 -178 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.170
Peng REN, Weihua NIU, Peng LI, Yangrui ZHANG. Calculation Method for Capacity Load Ratio of AC Grid at Multiple Voltage Levels[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 170 -178 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.170
微电网所产生的电能均通过交流电的方式或必须经过直流环节接到微电网, 进而才能输送给电力用户。此外, 交流电网运行过程中直流负载介入较容易, 具有改善电能质量及减少供电环节等多种优势, 因此其具有非常广阔的应用前景。
当前, 容载比已成为检验电网可靠性与经济性的关键评价指标之一[1-2], 其取值合理与否直接关系到电网的供电可靠性和经济性。容载比是保证这两者同时合理定义、取值及应用的关键[3]。容载比超标会使变电站的储备量过大, 以致配电网资源浪费、耗资过大,经济性能较差;容载比偏小,会导致变电站储备量较小, 供电可靠性降低, 配电网无法满足供电需求[4]。因此根据最优容载比计算结果对多电压等级交流电网运行和容量配置进行优化具有重要意义。
相关领域学者及工程方面的技术员均对容载比的确定方法进行了一定研究, 不过大多在研究单一等级电压的电网。《城市电力网规划设计导则》(下文称《导则》)中具体描述了容载比的定义及相关计算公式, 同时指出其主要影响因素包括变压器运行率、负荷分散系数、变压器平均功率因数、负荷发展储备系数, 但未明确描述其经济性, 也无各参数具体的计算方法。
文献[5]针对小型直流微电网的优化运行和容量配置问题,以含直流负荷、蓄电池、光伏的直流微电网为研究对象, 建立以用户侧日收益最大为目标函数的微网能量优化模型, 并采用粒子群算法求解优化问题, 得到系统优化运行策略和最优容量配置;文献[6]提出了在市场环境下的电力平衡及变电容量需求计算方法, 统筹考虑配电网资源优化配置水平, 同时考虑电力平衡的充裕度、节能减排、新能源消纳及中压网架建设的整体经济效益和社会效益, 解决了现行计算方法存在的供电范围不能完全区分的问题。但上述 2 种方法均存在成本较高、 经济性能较差的弊端。
文献[7]提出了偏远地区配电网容载比的算法改进模型, 在《导则》给出的容载比计算模型的基础上做出修正, 充分考虑到偏远地区经济不发达、 供电范围大、人口稀疏、负荷分散、网络损耗大等影响因素, 使容载比的计算结果更契合当地的电网现状和用电水平, 然而此方法对于确定负荷发展储备系数仍缺少必要的理论依据; 文献[8]提出了基于神经网络算法的${10}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 配电变压器容载比计算方法, 通过构建负荷同时率与主要影响因素的映射关系, 确定配电变压器容载比; 文献[9]在分析配电网最大供电能力的条件下, 分析了配电网规划建设的效率及容载比问题, 一定程度上提高了配网的可靠性, 但其无法保证运行稳定性。
容载比的大小直接影响交流电网的可靠性与经济性, 传统的容载比计算方法未考虑不同电压等级对交流电网的影响, 导致交流电网可靠性与经济性无法同时达到最优, 因此本文提出 1 种基于离散粒子群优化DPSO(discrete particle swarm optimization) 算法的多电压等级交流电网容量配置优化方法。粒子群优化 PSO(particle swarm optimization)算法可实现在连续区域内搜索 1 个操作容易、直观、速度快的数值函数最佳值。但是因为其解被设置在离散空间内, 普通的 PSO 算法在初始计算中最后得到的解不一定是离散解空间的全局最佳解。因此本文选用离散粒子群优化算法解决离散变量优化问题, 提出基于改进离散粒子群算法多电压等级交流电网容载比的取值法。对不同电压等级的交流电网进行分区, 计算不同分区的供电能力, 据此确定不同电压等级的容载比粒子数, 避免在使用粒子群算法时错过容载比计算结果的最优值, 获取多电压等级容载比最优值, 以该结果为基础构建交流电网容量配置优化目标函数, 从而实现多电压等级交流电网容量配置优化。
交流电网等级变化主要是通过直流变压器实现的。在多电压等级交流电网中, 由于直流母线常产生电压波动, 因此利用直流变压器实现交流电网电压等级的控制, 直流变压器下交流电网存在 2 种运行模式:低压运行模式和高压运行模式。本文主要从这两方面出发对多电压等级交流电网进行分区处理, 并计算不同分区的供电能力, 在此基础上根据各个交流电网初始的变压器容量、台数随机生成不相同的电压等级容载比粒子群, 为实现最优容载比估计奠定坚实基础[10]
各配电台区是本文中低压配电网供电能力计算涉及的计算单元或分区。
1) 配电台区
不考虑低压线路间负荷的相互转供, 配变与低压线路配电台区的供电能力可以表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i}= \min \left\{{{S}_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i},\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{{LVL}}, i}}}{S}_{\mathrm{C}, l}}\right\}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i}$ 为配电台区$i$ 的供电能力;${S}_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i}$ 为配电台区$i$ 的配变容量;${S}_{\mathrm{C}, l}$ 为低压线路的持续极限输送容量;${\Omega }_{\mathrm{{LVL}}, i}$ 为配电台区$i$ 内所有低压出电的编号集合。
2)低压配电网
在配电台区(即单元),低压配电网供电能力的计算公式为
${C}_{\mathrm{{LV}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{LV}}}$ 为低压配电网的供电能力;${\Omega }_{\mathrm{{TD}}, i}$ 为低压配电网台区的编号集合。
1) 供电能力计算模型
站内、站间负荷转移时的电网供电能力与交流电网主变容量和台数、站内和站外主变间的联络方式、线路最大负荷及其变化趋势有关联。如停电最严重的区域为供电侧, 只考虑主变停运时(馈线计算单元的元件“$N - 1$ ”校验时)各设备安全容量约束。 在此情况下, 如果忽略元件功率损耗, 以馈线总负荷最大为目标, 可将本文中电网馈线计算单元供电能力计算模型的表达式[11]描述为
$\max {f}_{\mathrm{s}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{L}}}}{S}_{l}$
$\text{ s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l \in {\Omega }_{j}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}}}{S}_{l}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l \in {\Omega }_{j, k}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}}}{S}_{l}{\tau }_{l}\leq {S}_{\mathrm{N}, j}^{\mathrm{T}}\;j \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{T}}, k \in {\Omega }_{j}^{\mathrm{{TT}}}\\{S}_{l}+ {S}_{{l}^{\prime }}{\tau }_{{l}^{\prime }}\leq {S}_{\mathrm{C}, l}\;l \in {\Omega }_{j}^{\mathrm{{TL}}},{l}^{\prime }\in {\Omega }_{j, k}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}\\\;\text{ 且 }{l}^{\prime }\text{ 可由 }l\text{ 转带 }\\{S}_{j}= {S}_{0, j}+ \Delta {S}_{j}\;l \in {\Omega }_{j}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\tau }_{l}$ 为由线路$l$ 转移至线路${l}^{\prime }$ 的负荷占线路$l$ 总负荷的比例;${\tau }_{l}$ 为由线路${l}^{\prime }$ 转移至线路$l$ 的负荷占线路${l}^{\prime }$ 总负荷的比例;${S}_{{l}^{\prime }}$ 为馈线${l}^{\prime }$ 的负荷;${S}_{\mathrm{N}, j}^{\mathrm{T}}$ 为主变$j$ 的额定容量;${\Omega }_{\mathrm{T}}\text{、}{\Omega }_{\mathrm{L}}$ 分别为计算单元内所有主变编号、馈线编号的集合;${\Omega }_{j}^{\mathrm{{TT}}}$ 为与主变$j$ 直接联络的主变编号集合;${\Omega }_{j}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}$ 为主变$j$ 的中压出线编号集合;${\Omega }_{j, k}^{\mathrm{{TL}}}$ 为转移到主变$j$ 的中压出线编号集合(主变$k$ 停运时);${S}_{0, l}\text{、}\Delta {S}_{l}\text{、}{S}_{l}$ 分别为馈线$l$ 的现状负荷、负荷变化量、负荷总量。
根据式(4)可以看出, 在已知馈线现状负荷的具体分布与变化趋势的前提下, 若馈线计算单元的网络拓扑结构不变, 则可根据其具有唯一值的特点,计算交流电网的供电能力[12]
2)基于逐年负荷预测的供电能力计算
在某一交流电网馈线计算单元中, 已知式(4) 中的馈线逐年负荷预测结果$\Delta {S}_{l}$ 的情况下,可逐年进行主变停运“$N - 1$ ” 校验,主变或馈线容量要求不能实现时停止。
3) 基于等负荷增长率的供电能力估算
负荷发展包含诸多内容使其预测难以精确。若已知馈线现状负荷分布, 则可以根据经验预设各馈线负荷的变动趋势[13]。
本文通过对粒子群优化算法进行改进, 设计 1 种新的离散粒子群优化算法。利用新算法进行多电压等级交流电网最优容载比计算, 可以很好地解决具有多变量(其变量均为离散整数)、多约束条件的组合问题。与其他智能算法相比, 具有简单易实现、搜索速度快等优点的 DPSO 算法更适用于离散变量优化问题[14-15]。
依据 1.1 节中的交流电网分区与供电能力计算结果, 随机生成不相同的电压等级容载比粒子群。 对有限数目的任意不同电压等级供电能力的容载比离散值${s}_{i}\in R\left( R\right)$ 实数集)组成集合$S =\left\{{{s}_{1},{s}_{2},\cdots }\right.$,$\left.{s}_{n}\right\}$,令不同电压等级容载比计算速度值$v =\left({i \rightarrow j}\right)$,$i, j \in R$,其含义是容载比离散值从$i$ 转变成${j}_{0}$ 通过任意的有限速度值形成速度值集合$V =\left\{{{v}_{1},{v}_{2},\cdots }\right.$,$\left.{v}_{n}\right\}$,以此作为 DPSO 算法的离散速度值集。
综上所述, 依据容载比离散解值集及速度值集的运算规则合并算子,组成的 DPSO 算法公式[16-17]
${v}_{id}^{k + 1}= \omega {v}_{id}^{k}\oplus {c}_{1}\left({{p}_{\mathrm{i}d}\Theta {x}_{id}^{k}}\right)\oplus {c}_{2}\left({{p}_{\mathrm{g}d}\Theta {x}_{id}^{k}}\right)\frac{1}{2}$
${x}_{id}^{k + 1}= {x}_{id}^{k}\otimes {v}_{id}^{k + 1}$
式中:${v}_{id}^{k}\text{、}{x}_{id}^{k}$ 分别为第$i$ 个粒子第$d$ 维第$k$ 次迭代的速度和位置,$i\text{、}d$ 分别为粒子编号和维度,$k$ 为迭代次数;$\omega$ 为惯性权重因子,其数值大小决定当前速度的继承程度;${c}_{1}\text{、}{c}_{2}$ 为学习因子,为正数,其数值确定了其向个体与向全局的最优粒子继承程度;${p}_{\mathrm{i}d}$ 为个体最优值;${p}_{\mathrm{g}d}$ 为全局最优值;$\oplus \text{、}\Theta \text{、}\otimes$ 分别为加法、减法、乘法算子。
在结构上, 式(5)和式(6)基本与 PSO 算法相同, 考虑到不同电压等级的配电网具有不同的供电能力,定义不同状况下的 DPSO 算法运算算子。
1) 减法算子$\Theta$ (不同电压等级容载比离散解值集间)
相减运算一般适用于配电网中电压相差层级较小的情况, 其可得到不同电压等级下容载比粒子的离散速度值集,如${p}_{id}\Theta {x}_{id}^{k}$${p}_{\mathrm{g}d}\Theta {x}_{id}^{k}$ 的运算,离散值${i\Theta j}$ 得到的结果是粒子运动的速度值$\left({j \rightarrow i}\right)$,意味着离散值从$j$$i$
2)加法算子$\oplus$ (不同电压等级容载比离散速度值集间)
若交流电网中的电压等级相同, 则需要优化容载比粒子离散速度值以保障电网的供电效率, 通过加法算子可得离散速度值集间集结果。速度值$\left({i \rightarrow j}\right)\oplus \left({k \rightarrow m}\right)$ 运算,若$j = k$,得出$\left({i \rightarrow m}\right)$; 反之结果是$\left({i \rightarrow j}\right)$
3)乘法算子$\otimes$ (不同电压等级容载比常数与离散速度值集间)
若交流电网中的电压等级相差较大, 则容载比的选取较为困难, 此时需要构建不同电压等级粒子离散速度值集。$c$ 为(0,1)间的常数,${c}^{\prime }$ 为(0,1)间的随机数。若${c}^{\prime }\leq c$,则$c\left({i \rightarrow j}\right)= \left({i \rightarrow i}\right)$; 若$c\left({i \rightarrow j}\right)= \left({i \rightarrow i}\right)$,则$c\left({i \rightarrow j}\right)= {\left( i \rightarrow j\right)}$[18]
基于 DPSO 算法的多电压等级交流电网最优容载比计算过程如下。
(1)不同电压等级容载比粒子数大多数情况下取 20~40。针对大多数寻优问题, 选取 10 个不相同的电压等级容载比粒子足以得到较好结果, 但是对于更艰难的问题, 可挑选 100 或 200 个粒子。
(2)优化问题的问题解长度决定不同电压等级容载比粒子长度[19]。
(3)优化问题决定不同电压等级容载比粒子的范围, 在每维中, 范围可不同, 以保障经济性。
(4)在循环中,最大速度决定不同电压等级容载比粒子最大移动距离, 通常设定粒子的取值范围宽度, 若想确保不跳过可能最优值, 也可设置成不同电压等级容载比粒子离散值间最小距离。
(5)惯性权重大小与搜索动作大小有关, 若刚开始时, 搜索步伐较大可令速度变快; 若迭代次数增加, 步伐应逐渐减小, 以防错失不同电压等级容载比的最优解。通常设定最大和最小值, 迭代次数增加,惯性权重线性减小。
(6)学习因子${c}_{1}\text{、}{c}_{2}$ 通常按照经验值决定,可认为${c}_{1}= {c}_{2}$,取值为$0 \sim 4$,一般情况使用 0.2 或 0.5。
(7)边界条件:若不同电压等级容载比大于粒子边界, 粒子超过最大值, 取最大值; 低于最小值, 取最小值。
(8)其到达最大迭代次数或最小误差为其收敛条件[20]
(9)最后进行不同电压等级最优容载比计算, 得到多电压等级交流电网最佳容载比计算结果为
$ Q = C\left\lbrack {\omega {v}_{id}^{k}+ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left({{p}_{\mathrm{i}d}- {x}_{id}^{k}}\right)+ {c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left({{p}_{\mathrm{g}d}- {x}_{id}^{k}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中:$C$ 为常数;${r}_{1}\text{、}{r}_{2}$$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 之间的随机数。
为了测试本文方法的应用性能, 在某地区多电压等级交流电网中进行实例分析, 以 1 种配电网容载比的分区优化方法、基于神经网络算法的${10}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 配电变压器容载比优化方法为对比方法, 测试 3 种方法优化后的交流电网供电可靠性、经济性及用户满意度。实验均在相同实验环境中进行, 但采用 3 种方法进行性能测试时, 将本文方法实验环境中的变电器数量设置为$3 \sim 5$ 台,另外 2 种方法的实验环境中的变电器数量均为 2 台。
3 种方法优化后的交流电网供电可靠性计算公式为
$ K =\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left\lbrack {{N}_{i}S\left({{N}_{i}- 1}\right)/{N}_{i}}\right\rbrack }{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{N}_{i}S}$
式中:${N}_{i}$ 为变压器数量;$S$ 为单台变压器容量。
获取 3 种方法在实例分析地区预想故障集中, 共 150 个电网影响状态下的计算结果, 如表1所示。 最终可靠性对比如图1所示。
分析表1可知, 在电网可用输电能力方面, 神经网络算法和分区优化方法的削减负荷概率近似相同, 分区优化方法削减负荷期望值比神经网络算法大 263.4%,而分区优化方法的系统总负荷量比神经网络算法仅大 16.5%,相对削减负荷量神经网络算法优于分区优化方法。从整体看, 神经网络算法在可用输电能力及电压稳定性 2 个方面均优于分区优化方法; 在电压稳定性方面, 神经网络算法的 3 个有关电压稳定的可靠性指标均优于分区优化方法。本文方法削减负荷概率和削减负荷量期望值略大于分区优化方法, 由于前者的送电规模远大于后者, 因此前者的相对削减负荷量远小于后者。从整体看, 本文方法在可用输电能力及电压稳定性 2 个方面均优于分区优化方法; 在电压稳定性方面, 本文方法预想故障集中无导致电网电压失稳的故障, 3 个有关电压稳定的可靠性指标均优于分区优化方法。
图1可见, 交流电网低压、中压、高压层级下, 本文方法优化容载比之后, 交流电网供电可靠性始终高于配电网容载比的分区优化方法、基于神经网络算法的${10}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 配电变压器容载比优化方法。本文方法优化后的交流电网供电可靠性均为 0.96。
在分析多电压等级配电网容载比的经济性时, 按照建造成本、维护成本、电能损耗成本、资源浪费成本 4 个方面的经济性评价指标进行。
建造成本主要指变电站建造成本${Q}_{1}$,包括土地费用、施工费用和设备费用等, 可以根据历年各种费用统计资料, 按照各变电站内变压器的容量和数量直接得到。
维护成本${Q}_{2}$
${Q}_{2}= a{Q}_{1}H\frac{{\left( 1 + J\right)}^{n}- 1}{\left({1 + J}\right)- 1}$
式中:$a$ 为设备购买费用占扩建费用的比例,本文取${60}\%;H$ 为运行维护率,取$5\%;J$ 为年利率。
电能损耗成本${Q}_{3}$
${Q}_{3}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 0}}^{{n - 1}}\left\lbrack {P +\left({1 +\beta }\right)}\right\rbrack {Te}{\left( 1 + J\right)}^{n - t - 1}$
式中:$P$ 为空载损耗;$\beta$ 为年初负载率;$T$ 为时间;$e$ 为电价。
资源浪费成本${Q}_{4}$
${Q}_{4}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 0}}^{{n - 1}}\left\{{\frac{a{Q}_{1}}{H}\left\lbrack {P +\left({1 +\beta }\right)}\right\rbrack {\left( 1 + J\right)}^{n - t - 1}}\right\}$
以此为基础, 在采用本文算法求解配电网最优容载比时,粒子数取为 20 ; 粒子长度为 22 位,前 11 位为各变电站的数量, 后 11 位为各变电站的变压器类型; 前 11 位的粒子范围为 2~4, 后 11 位的范围分别由其类型决定。为了确保不跳过最优解, 取粒子的最大速度为 1 ;惯性权重随着迭代次数的增加而线性减小, 惯性权重最大取 0.9, 最小取 0.4 ; 个体学习因子和全局学习因子均取 0.2 ; 边界条件采用超过最大值取最大值, 低于最小值取最小值的处理方法; 收敛条件以迭代 1000 次为依据。 具体计算结果如表2所示。
表2的计算结果可知: 高电压等级配电网最优容载比低于低电压等级配电网的最优容载比,两者均比《导则》推荐的数值略大;从使用年限上看, 由于高压变电站是低压变电站的电源站, 2 种电压等级的变电站负荷增长速度相同, 因此负荷储备年限也近似相同; 单个高压变电站的年平均费用要比单个低压变电站的年平均费用高, 但是由于大多数配电网中低电压等级变电站的数量要远超过高电压等级变电站的数量, 因此低电压等级变电站总的年平均费用会超过高电压等级变电站总的年平均费用。3 种方法优化后的交流电网变电站应用经济性对比结果如图2所示。
图2可见, 交流电网不同电压层级容载比在本文方法优化后, 建造成本、维护成本、电能损耗成本、资源浪费成本始终最小,与配电网容载比的分区优化方法、基于神经网络算法的${10}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 配电变压器容载比优化方法相比, 本文方法优化后的交流电网变电站应用成本总值仅为 197.33 万元, 应用成本最低。
以政府机构、配电网机构及用户 3 种对象为例, 分别向这 3 种对象发送交流电网供电应用满意度调查问卷。满意度评分满分为 100 分, 依据从调查问卷观测点得到的数据信息逐层向上, 使用多指标综合评价法进行满意度评价。最终给出 3 种对象在企业形象、期望度、价值感知、供电质量感知、 服务质量感知、抱怨度和忠诚度 7 个方面的满意度得分, 如表3所示。
表3为依据, 得到最终的满意度评价结果, 如图3所示。
根据表3图3可知, 政府机构、配电网机构对本文方法优化后的交流电网供电应用满意度均高于 80.0%,用户对本文方法优化后的交流电网供电应用满意度为 74.1%。表明本文方法优化后的交流电网不同电压层级容载比能够有效提高供电性能。
对上述研究中电网容载比合格率较低的原因进行讨论。
现实生活的用电特点是, 降温负荷会在夏季高温期迅速增加, 使得负荷曲线很陡, 在气温不下降的情况下降温负荷也不下降。特别是近年来, 随着经济发展, 生活水平提高, 家电下乡等政策使用电比大幅提高, 降温电器的使用率逐年上涨。根据资料统计, 当前每百户的空调量在 75 台以上, 总用电负荷中降温负荷占比逐渐增大, 此负荷聚集在一起形成用电峰荷。如在最大负荷日, 电网的最大负荷比平时常温时高出${100}\mathrm{{MW}}$,其即为降温负荷。 由此可以看出, 由于商业网点和市区居民在分布上的不均衡, 使得变电站均匀分配负荷产生一定困难。因此, 夏天高温天气时此类变电站的容载比明显低于《导则》规定中的下限值, 使得电网中个别变电站容载比易出现合格率偏低的情况。
负荷预测是变电站布点和容量配置的基础, 负荷预测准确与否至关重要。近年来, 虽然电网在负荷预测与电力市场方面做了必要工作, 积累了丰富的第一手资料及经验, 但由于电力供需矛盾的转化、市场经济杠杆调节作用的加强, 电力负荷的预测也越发困难。本文认为造成电网容载比合格率较高的原因之一, 是在电力负荷预测方面对一些报表数据缺乏足够准确的科学分析, 使负荷预测不能精准贴合实际, 导致少数变电站在布点及容量上不合理,也导致了电网容载比合格率较低。
本文提出了基于 DPSO 算法的多电压等级交流电网容量配置优化方法, 深入研究了配电网最大供电能力和多电压等级配电网最优容载比。采用离散粒子群优化算法求解多电压等级配电网的最优容载比,通过实际算例进行验证,可以证明:按照本文方法进行优化后的交流电网供电可靠性均为 0.96 ; 优化后的交流电网变电站应用成本总值仅需 197.33 万元, 应用成本最低; 政府机构、配电网机构及用户对本文方法优化后的交流电网供电应用满意度均高于 96%。
针对算例分析地区电网容载比合格率较低的解决措施, 提出如下建议。
(1)电网建设应有的放矢。如今电网的建设和改造项目正在有步骤、有计划地进行,但实际运用中, 已经审批的项目还需进行详细复核, 如果出现不合实际的应及时调整, 防止变电容量上的 “放空”, 导致不合理投资。
(2)合理调整运行方式。根据对各变电站的实测结果, 再与近期会达到的负荷量和供电区域内的负荷性质相结合,负荷不能达到主变量的应停止 1 台主变, 留作备用。随着变电器运行在线分析系统不断投入使用, 通过合理地选择其运行方式和调节负荷曲线, 极大降低了电能损耗。对于接近或者已经超载运作的变电站, 应向生技部提出增容请求的同时, 根据实际接线状况进行手拉手工程, 将部分负荷转移到其他变电站, 有效解决实际工作中出现的紧急状况。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(9160717003)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.170
  • 接收时间:2021-08-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-31
  • 修回日期:2021-11-22
  • 录用日期:2021-12-16
基金
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(9160717003)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(9160717003)
作者信息
    1 国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 石家庄 050021
    2 华北电力大学 计算机系 保定 071003
    3 国网河北省电力有限公司 石家庄 050021
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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