Article(id=1153375946510951261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1638028800000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-28, revisedDate=1644422400000, revisedDateStr=2022-02-10, acceptedDate=1645718400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-25, onlineDate=1752915854336, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915854336, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915854336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915854336, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375947324646241, articleId=1153375946510951261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Single-switch High-gain DC-DC Converter Based on Fuzzy Immune-Single Neuron PID Control, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A novel single-switch high-gain converter with no transformers and no coupled inductors is studied in this paper. Since the voltage lifting unit is added to the Boost converter, the voltage gain of the converter is improved, the voltage stresses of the switch and diodes are reduced, and the conduction loss of the switch is reduced under the condition of a small duty cycle. As a result, the efficiency of the converter is improved. To further improve the dynamic performance and anti-disturbance capability of the converter, the immune feedback mechanism is introduced based on the analysis of a single neuron controller. A fuzzy immune-single neuron PID control strategy is studied in this paper, in which the fuzzy immune control is combined with the single neuron smart controller to realize self-tuning of the single neuron proportional coefficient. Finally, a simulation study of the proposed converter and control strategy was carried out, and an prototype with an output of 200 V/0.5 A was designed for experimental verification. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed converter can obtain a higher voltage gain under a smaller duty cycle. Compared with the traditional PID control strategy, the proposed fuzzy immune-single neuron PID control strategy can more effectively suppress system disturbances and improve the dynamic performance of the converter, indicating a stronger adaptive capability and a stronger robustness.

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针对1种无变压器、无耦合电感的新型单开关高增益直流变换器,通过将电压升举单元引入 Boost 变换器来实现在较小占空比情况下提高电压增益,降低开关管、二极管电压应力,减小开关管的导通损耗,从而提高变换器的效率。为了进一步提高变换器的动态性能与抗扰动能力,在分析单神经元控制器的基础上引入免疫反馈机制,研究模糊免疫-单神经元PID控制策略,将模糊免疫控制与单神经元智能控制器结合,实现了单神经元比例系数的自整定。最后,对所提变换器和控制策略进行了仿真研究,并设计了1台输出200V/0.5A的实验样机进行实验验证,仿真和实验结果均表明:所提变换器可在较小占空比情况下获得较高电压增益;与传统的PID 控制策略相比,所提模糊免疫-单神经元PID控制策略能更有效地抑制系统扰动,提高变换器的动态性能,具有更强的自适应能力和鲁棒性。

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万陆峰(1995-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: 15754312795@163.com。

徐玉珍(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: xyz@fzu.edu.cn。

金涛(1976-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析、新能源技术。E-mail: jintly@fzu.edu.cn。

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万陆峰(1995-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: 15754312795@163.com。

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万陆峰(1995-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: 15754312795@163.com。

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徐玉珍(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: xyz@fzu.edu.cn。

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徐玉珍(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: xyz@fzu.edu.cn。

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金涛(1976-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析、新能源技术。E-mail: jintly@fzu.edu.cn。

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金涛(1976-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析、新能源技术。E-mail: jintly@fzu.edu.cn。

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拓扑结构 增益$M$ MOS 管数量 MOS 管电压应力 变换器最高效率
高增益 Sepic 变换器[11] $\frac{D}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 1 ${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 91.40%/100 W
低纹波二次型 Boost 变换器[12] $\frac{1}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 2 ${V}_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}\left({1 - D}\right){V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 94.23%/13 W
高增益低应力 DC/DC 升压变换器[13] $\frac{1}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 1 ${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 90.83%/144 W
本文所提变换器 $\frac{\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right)}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 1 $\frac{{V}_{0}}{2 - D}$ 92.10%/100 W
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497424846953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=CN, label=表1, caption=高增益变换器性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑结构 增益$M$ MOS 管数量 MOS 管电压应力 变换器最高效率
高增益 Sepic 变换器[11] $\frac{D}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 1 ${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 91.40%/100 W
低纹波二次型 Boost 变换器[12] $\frac{1}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 2 ${V}_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}\left({1 - D}\right){V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 94.23%/13 W
高增益低应力 DC/DC 升压变换器[13] $\frac{1}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 1 ${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 90.83%/144 W
本文所提变换器 $\frac{\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right)}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$ 1 $\frac{{V}_{0}}{2 - D}$ 92.10%/100 W
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497479372906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Fuzzy rule, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\Delta \mathbf{d}$ $d$
P Z $\mathrm{N}$
P $\mathrm{N}$ Z Z
Z Z Z Z
$\mathrm{N}$ Z Z P
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497542287467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=CN, label=表2, caption=模糊规则, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\Delta \mathbf{d}$ $d$
P Z $\mathrm{N}$
P $\mathrm{N}$ Z Z
Z Z Z Z
$\mathrm{N}$ Z Z P
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497609396332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Main circuit parameters of novel single-switch high-gain converter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
中间电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2.2
储能电容${C}_{3}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 4.7
储能电容${C}_{0}\text{、}{C}_{5}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 180.0
开关管 STW70N60M2
二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ MUR1560
电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.75、0.75、1.50
电感${L}_{4}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497668116589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=CN, label=表3, caption=新型单开关高增益变换器主要电路参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
中间电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2.2
储能电容${C}_{3}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 4.7
储能电容${C}_{0}\text{、}{C}_{5}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 180.0
开关管 STW70N60M2
二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ MUR1560
电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.75、0.75、1.50
电感${L}_{4}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497731031151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Dynamic output performance of converter when ${v}_{\text{in }}$ changes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入电 压变化 PID 控制 模糊免疫-单神经 元 PID 控制
电压 过冲/V 恢复时 间/ms 电压 过冲/V 恢复 时间/ms
${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跃变至 60 V 13.5 62 3.25 18
${60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跌落至 36 V -6.1 71 -2.80 21
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497798140017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=CN, label=表4, caption=${v}_{\text{in }}$ 变化时,变换器器输出动态性能, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入电 压变化 PID 控制 模糊免疫-单神经 元 PID 控制
电压 过冲/V 恢复时 间/ms 电压 过冲/V 恢复 时间/ms
${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跃变至 60 V 13.5 62 3.25 18
${60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跌落至 36 V -6.1 71 -2.80 21
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497861054579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Dynamic output performance of converter when ${i}_{0}$ changes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载电流 变化情况 PID 控制 模糊免疫-单神经 元 PID 控制
电压过 冲/V 恢复时 间/ms 电压过 冲/V 恢复时 间/ms
负载电流由 0.25 A 跳变 为 0.50 A -8.2 51 -4.1 25
负载电流由 0.50 A 跳变 为${0.25}\mathrm{\;A}$ 8.5 55 5.1 22
), ArticleFig(id=1154032497915580533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946510951261, language=CN, label=表5, caption=${i}_{0}$ 变化时,变换器输出动态性能, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载电流 变化情况 PID 控制 模糊免疫-单神经 元 PID 控制
电压过 冲/V 恢复时 间/ms 电压过 冲/V 恢复时 间/ms
负载电流由 0.25 A 跳变 为 0.50 A -8.2 51 -4.1 25
负载电流由 0.50 A 跳变 为${0.25}\mathrm{\;A}$ 8.5 55 5.1 22
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基于模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制单开关高增益直流变换器
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万陆峰 1 , 徐玉珍 1 , 金涛 1
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(6): 13-24
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(6): 13-24
基于模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制单开关高增益直流变换器
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万陆峰1 , 徐玉珍1 , 金涛1
作者信息
  • 福州大学 电气工程与自动化学院 福州 350108
  • 万陆峰(1995-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: 15754312795@163.com。

    徐玉珍(1975-),女,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子变流技术。E-mail: xyz@fzu.edu.cn。

    金涛(1976-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析、新能源技术。E-mail: jintly@fzu.edu.cn。

Single-switch High-gain DC-DC Converter Based on Fuzzy Immune-Single Neuron PID Control
Lufeng WAN1 , Yuzhen XU1 , Tao JIN1
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering and Automation Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.13
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针对1种无变压器、无耦合电感的新型单开关高增益直流变换器,通过将电压升举单元引入 Boost 变换器来实现在较小占空比情况下提高电压增益,降低开关管、二极管电压应力,减小开关管的导通损耗,从而提高变换器的效率。为了进一步提高变换器的动态性能与抗扰动能力,在分析单神经元控制器的基础上引入免疫反馈机制,研究模糊免疫-单神经元PID控制策略,将模糊免疫控制与单神经元智能控制器结合,实现了单神经元比例系数的自整定。最后,对所提变换器和控制策略进行了仿真研究,并设计了1台输出200V/0.5A的实验样机进行实验验证,仿真和实验结果均表明:所提变换器可在较小占空比情况下获得较高电压增益;与传统的PID 控制策略相比,所提模糊免疫-单神经元PID控制策略能更有效地抑制系统扰动,提高变换器的动态性能,具有更强的自适应能力和鲁棒性。

单开关  /  高增益  /  低应力  /  单神经元PID控制器  /  模糊免疫自整定

A novel single-switch high-gain converter with no transformers and no coupled inductors is studied in this paper. Since the voltage lifting unit is added to the Boost converter, the voltage gain of the converter is improved, the voltage stresses of the switch and diodes are reduced, and the conduction loss of the switch is reduced under the condition of a small duty cycle. As a result, the efficiency of the converter is improved. To further improve the dynamic performance and anti-disturbance capability of the converter, the immune feedback mechanism is introduced based on the analysis of a single neuron controller. A fuzzy immune-single neuron PID control strategy is studied in this paper, in which the fuzzy immune control is combined with the single neuron smart controller to realize self-tuning of the single neuron proportional coefficient. Finally, a simulation study of the proposed converter and control strategy was carried out, and an prototype with an output of 200 V/0.5 A was designed for experimental verification. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed converter can obtain a higher voltage gain under a smaller duty cycle. Compared with the traditional PID control strategy, the proposed fuzzy immune-single neuron PID control strategy can more effectively suppress system disturbances and improve the dynamic performance of the converter, indicating a stronger adaptive capability and a stronger robustness.

Single switch  /  high gain  /  low stress  /  single neuron PID controller  /  fuzzy immune self-tuning
万陆峰, 徐玉珍, 金涛. 基于模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制单开关高增益直流变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.13
Lufeng WAN, Yuzhen XU, Tao JIN. Single-switch High-gain DC-DC Converter Based on Fuzzy Immune-Single Neuron PID Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.13
随着能源需求日益增加, 使用传统化石能源造成的环境问题日趋严重,新型绿色能源的发展和利用成为当下研究的热点。由于各种绿色能源发电的输出直流电压一般为${30}\sim {60}\mathrm{\;V}$,而并网逆变器的输出直流电压为${360}\sim {600}\mathrm{\;V}$,因此由太阳能电池板、燃料电池等新能源设备构成的微网、并网系统对DC-DC变换器电压增益提出了更高的要求[1-2]。 传统 DC-DC 变换器若要在较宽输入电压范围内保持输出电压稳定, 其占空变化范围较大, 这会导致系统稳定性变差、控制电路变复杂等一系列问题。 此外, 为保证开关管的有效导通和关断, 防止出现开关管直通现象, 必须限制开关管的占空比, 这制约了传统 DC-DC 变换器实现宽输入电压范围的电压增益。
目前, 提高 DC-DC 变换器电压增益常见的方法有: 利用变压器提高电压增益, 但变压器的体积较大且存在漏感, 会增加系统损耗及噪声等一系列问题[3]; 利用耦合电感提高变换器电压增益, 拓宽输入电压变化范围, 但漏感同样会影响变换器的效率, 且开关管的电压应力较高[4-6]; 通过变换器级联方法实现输入电压范围变宽, 但开关管数目繁多、控制回路设计复杂等一系列问题限制了该类变换器的应用范围[7-8]。综上所述,本文提出 1 种新型单开关高增益直流变换器, 在传统 Boost 电路基础上结合电压升举单元在降低开关管电压应力的同时使单开关具有控制简单、输入电流连续、效率高等特点。
此外, 由于负载变化和外界干扰的不确定性, 传统的 PID 控制不能保证高电压增益 DC-DC 变换器在宽输入和负载大范围变化时的动态响应性能。 神经网络在逼近任意线性或非线性系统方面均具有较强的自学习和自适应能力。例如, 单神经元自适应 PID 控制器不但具有结构简单、学习能力强等特点, 而且能适应外界干扰的变化, 具有较强的鲁棒性,但其神经元比例系数$K$ 对控制器整体的鲁棒性有较大的影响:$K$ 越大,系统的调节时间越短, 收敛的快速性越好; 反之,$K$ 越小,则系统的调节时间越长, 但系统的稳定性越好[9-10]。为了使单神经元 PID 控制器同时具有快速响应能力和较好的稳定性, 本文结合模糊免疫控制策略对神经元比例系数$K$ 进行在线自整定,实时调节单神经元控制器的神经元比例系数$K$ 的大小,以达到改善系统控制性能的目的。
本文对所提变换器的电压增益关系、功率器件电压应力和控制策略进行详细分析, 并采用 MATLAB/simulink 进行仿真研究,最后搭建 1 台输入额定电压为${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、输出电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、额定功率为${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的实验样机进行仿真和实验,旨在验证所提变换器及控制策略的有效性。
本文所提的 1 种新型单开关高增益直流变换器如图1所示, 该变换器是由 Boost 电路和 2 个电压升举单元共同作用于开关管构成的。
为分析稳态特性, 对变换器做如下假设:
(1)开关管、二极管、电感、电容均为理想器件;
(2)电容${C}_{0}\sim {C}_{4}$ 足够大,在 1 个开关周期内电容电压被认为是固定值;
(3)变换器的开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 远大于变换器的最大特征频率;
(4)电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$${L}_{3}$ 工作在电流连续模式下,电感${L}_{4}$ 工作在电流断续模式下。
在 1 个开关周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 内,该变换器有 3 种工作模态,变换器的主要工作波形如图2所示,其中${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$ 为开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 的驱动信号;${i}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{3}}$ 分别为主开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 、电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}$ 上的电流;${i}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}\sim {i}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{5}}$ 分别为二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ 上的电流。变换器工作模式等效电路如图3所示。
模态$\mathrm{I}\left\lbrack {{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图3(a)所示,开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 导通。 电源${V}_{\text{in }}$ 通过${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$$\mathrm{S}$ 对电感${L}_{1}$ 进行充电;${C}_{4}$ 通过${C}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$$\mathrm{S}$ 对电感${L}_{2}$ 进行充电; 输出电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 对负载$R$ 供电; 同时${C}_{4}$${C}_{2}$ 串联通过$\mathrm{S}$${L}_{3}$ 进行充电,并通过${\mathrm{D}}_{4}\text{、}{L}_{4}$ 对电容${C}_{3}$ 充电,直至${V}_{{C}_{3}}$${V}_{{C}_{4}}$${V}_{{C}_{2}}$ 之和; 二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ 因承受反压而截止。 电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}\text{、}{L}_{4}$ 两端的电压分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{{L}_{1}}= {V}_{\text{in }}\\{v}_{{L}_{2}}= {V}_{{C}_{4}}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}\\{v}_{{L}_{3}}= {V}_{{C}_{4}}+ {V}_{{C}_{2}}\\{v}_{{L}_{1}}= {V}_{{C}_{3}}+ {V}_{{C}_{1}}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}\end{array}\right.$
模态 II$\left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图3(b)所示,开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 仍导通,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 关断;${C}_{4}$${C}_{2}$ 不再对电容${C}_{3}$ 充电。其他电流回路与工作模态$\mathrm{I}$ 一致。电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$${L}_{3}$ 和电容${C}_{3}$ 两端的电压分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{{L}_{1}}= {V}_{\text{in }}\\{v}_{{L}_{2}}= {V}_{{C}_{4}}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}\\{v}_{{L}_{3}}= {V}_{{C}_{4}}+ {V}_{{C}_{2}}\\{v}_{{C}_{5}}= {V}_{{C}_{5}}+ {V}_{{C}_{6}}\end{array}\right.$
模态 III$\left\lbrack {{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图3(c)所示,开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 关断。输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}$ 通过电感${L}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 向电容${C}_{4}$ 充电;电感${L}_{2}$ 通过${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 向电容${C}_{2}$ 进行充电,同时输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}$ 、电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{3}$ 、电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 通过回路${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {L}_{1}- {C}_{1}- {\mathrm{D}}_{3}- {L}_{3}- {C}_{3}- {\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ 向输出电容${C}_{0}$ 、负载$R$ 放电。 电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}$ 和电容${C}_{3}$ 两端的电压分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{{L}_{1}}= {V}_{\text{in }}- {v}_{{C}_{4}}\\{v}_{{L}_{2}}= -{V}_{{C}_{2}}= -{V}_{{C}_{1}}\\{v}_{{L}_{3}}= {V}_{{C}_{4}}+ {V}_{{C}_{2}}+ {V}_{{C}_{3}}- {V}_{{C}_{0}}\\{v}_{{C}_{1}}= {V}_{{C}_{2}}+ {V}_{{C}_{3}}\end{array}\right.$
为了得到变换器电压增益$M$ 与占空比$D$ 的关系,对变换器作如下分析。
当变换器稳态工作时,在 1 个工作周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 内, 电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}$ 伏秒平衡公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{in }}D =\left({-{V}_{\text{in }}+ {V}_{{C}_{4}}}\right)\left({1 - D}\right)\\\left({{V}_{{C}_{4}}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}}\right) D ={V}_{{C}_{2}}\left({1 - D}\right)\\\left({{V}_{{C}_{4}}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}}\right) D ={V}_{{C}_{1}}\left({1 - D}\right)\\\left({{V}_{{C}_{4}}+ {V}_{{C}_{2}}}\right) D =\left({{V}_{{C}_{4}}- 2{V}_{{C}_{1}}- 2{V}_{{C}_{2}}}\right)\left({1 - D}\right)\end{array}\right.$
稳态时,电容${C}_{3}$ 上的电压满足关系:${v}_{{C}_{3}}= {v}_{{C}_{4}}+ {v}_{{C}_{2}}$, 由式 (4) 可得到电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{3}\text{、}{C}_{4}$ 和输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的平均值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{{C}_{4}}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{1 - D}\\{V}_{{C}_{1}}= {V}_{{C}_{2}}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}D}{1 - D}\\{V}_{{C}_{3}}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}\left({1 + D}\right)}{1 - D}\\{V}_{0}= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right)}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
由式(5)可知,稳态时的电压增益$M$
$ M =\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{V}_{\text{in }}}= \frac{\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right)}{{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}}$
根据图3中变换器各工作模态下的等效电路和式( 4 )、式( 5 )可知,开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 及二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$${\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ 所承受的电压应力分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\mathrm{D}\text{-stress }}= {V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{4}\text{-stress }}= {V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{5}\text{-stress }}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{2 - D}\\{V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{-stress }}= {V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}\text{-stress }}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({1 - D}\right)}{\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right)} \\{V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{-stress }}= \frac{2{V}_{\mathrm{o}}D}{\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right)} \end{array}\right.$
由式 (7)可知, 功率开关器件电压应力均小于输出电压${V}_{0}$表1为本文所提新型单开关直流高增益变换器与高增益 Sepic 变换器[11]、低纹波二次型 Boost 变换器[12] 、高增益低应力$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 升压变换器[13] 的性能对比;图4表1中高增益变换器的电压增益曲线, 此时变换器工作在电感电流连续模式。可见: 本文所提新型单开关直流增益变换器仅用 1 个功率$\mathrm{{MOS}}$ 管,结构简单;且在相同占空比下, 拥有更大的电压增益、功率器件电压应力较小。
单神经元自适应 PID 控制器由具有自学习和自适应能力的单神经元构成, 其结构简单、抗扰动能力强, 因此本文采用单神经元 PID 控制器来代替传统 PID 控制器, 以改善单开关高增益直流变换器在传统 PID 控制时存在动态性能不佳的问题。单神经元 PID 控制器原理如图5所示。
图5中的单神经元 PID 控制器中有 3 个输入, 分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}\left( k\right)= e\left( k\right)\\{x}_{2}\left( k\right)= {\Delta e}\left( k\right)= e\left( k\right)- e\left({k - 1}\right)\\{x}_{3}\left( k\right)= e\left( k\right)- {2e}\left({k - 1}\right)+ e\left({k - 2}\right)\end{array}\right.$
图5中,$r\left( k\right)\text{、}y\left( k\right)$ 分别为变换器期望输出与实际输出;$d\left( k\right)$ 为控制器的输出信号;$K$ 为神经元的输出比例系数;${w}_{i}\left( k\right)$ 为神经元各输入信号${x}_{i}\left( k\right)$ 的连接权值, 单神经元控制器自学习和自适应能力主要取决于连接权值${w}_{i}\left( k\right)$ 在线调整。
权值${w}_{i}\left( k\right)$ 的在线调整主要分为无监督的 Hebb、 有监督的 Hebb 和有监督的 Delta 等学习规则。为了增强单神经元控制器的学习能力和自适应能力, 增强控制的实时性, 同时使被控对象的输出能够准确、无超调的跟踪参考值, 文献[14-15]在有监督的 Hebb 学习规则基础上进行了改进, 提出了 1 种权系数${w}_{i}\left( k\right)$ 参考实际经验在线修正控制算法,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} d\left( k\right)= d\left({k - 1}\right)+ K\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{3}{w}_{i}^{\prime }\left( k\right){x}_{i}\left( k\right)\\{w}_{i}^{\prime }\left( k\right)= \frac{{w}_{i}\left( k\right)}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{3}\left|{{w}_{i}\left( k\right)}\right|} \\{w}_{i}\left( k\right)= {w}_{i}\left({k - 1}\right)+ {\eta }_{i}e\left( k\right) d\left( k\right)\left\lbrack {e\left( k\right)+ {\Delta e}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
采用上述改进算法后, 连接权系数的修正不仅需要根据神经网络学习原理来确定, 还需要根据实际经验的参考来确定, 本文采用权系数参考实际经验在线修正单神经元控制算法。
改进后的控制器需要调整 4 个参数, 即 3 个权值学习速率${\eta }_{i}$ 和 1 个神经元比例系数${K}_{0}$ 本文将采用不同的权值学习速率进行分析, 并通过观察各参数调节量大小对系统的影响程度进行调整。$K$ 值的选取直接影响控制器性能,$K$ 值越大,控制器快速性越好, 但超调量加大, 可能导致系统不稳定; 反之,当$K$ 值选择过小,系统的稳定性会变好,但牺牲了系统响应的速度, 降低了系统的跟踪能力。
为对神经元比例系数$K$ 进行整定,本文引入了基于模糊免疫控制原理的参数自整定方法。免疫 PID 控制器是借鉴生物系统的免疫机理而设计出来的 1 种控制算法。为了增强控制系统的抗干扰能力, 本文综合生物免疫机制与单神经元 PID 控制算法研究 1 种新型的控制模型。为了方便分析, 进行如下的假设: 在免疫过程中,假定第$k$ 代的抗原数量为$\varepsilon \left( k\right)$,由抗原刺激增强细胞${T}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 的输出为${T}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( k\right)$, 抑制细胞${T}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 对能产生抗体细胞$\mathrm{B}$ 的影响为${T}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( k\right)$,此条件下,二者的浓度为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( k\right)= {k}_{1}\varepsilon \left( k\right)\\{T}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( k\right)= {k}_{2}f\left\lbrack {S\left( k\right),{\Delta S}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack \varepsilon \left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${k}_{1}$ 为正激励因子;${k}_{2}$ 为负激励因子;$f\left(\cdot \right)$ 为非线性函数,是表征抑制细胞${T}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 抑制量的函数, 即表征细胞抑制扰动能力的大小;$S\left( k\right)$ 为第$k$$\mathrm{B}$ 细胞接受的总刺激;${\Delta S}\left( k\right)$ 为因刺激产生的$\mathrm{B}$ 细胞浓度的变化量。$S\left( k\right)$${\Delta S}\left( k\right)$ 分别定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} S\left( k\right)= {T}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( k\right)- {T}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( k\right)\\{\Delta S}\left( k\right)= S\left( k\right)- S\left({k - 1}\right)\end{array}\right.$
联立式(10)和式(11)可得 B 细胞接受的总刺激为
$ S\left( k\right)= {k}_{1}\left\{{1 -{k}_{3}f\left\lbrack {S\left( k\right),{\Delta S}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}\varepsilon \left( k\right)$
式中,${k}_{3}= {k}_{2}/{k}_{1}$
以单神经元 PID 控制器为例, 由式 (9) 可知权系数参考实际经验在线修正单神经元 PID 控制器的输出为
$ d\left( k\right)= d\left({k - 1}\right)+ K\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{3}{w}_{i}^{\prime }\left( k\right){x}_{i}\left( k\right)$
在进行相关的控制调节中, 为确保控制器能够有效消除偏差, 需要合理地调节免疫和控制系统的相关性。将输入偏差$e\left( k\right)$ 作为抗原数量$\varepsilon \left( k\right)$,并在简化分析基础上将控制器输出信号$d\left( k\right)$ 作为$\mathrm{B}$ 细胞所受到的刺激量之和$S\left( k\right)$,在此条件下免疫控制系统基于单神经元 PID 控制器进行控制。神经元比例系数为
$ K ={k}_{1}\left\{{1 -{k}_{3}f\left\lbrack {d\left( k\right),{\Delta d}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
由式(14)可知: 神经元比例系数$K$ 不仅依赖于${k}_{1}$ 、非线性函数$f\left(\cdot \right)$${k}_{3}$ 的选取,而且与控制输出也存在一定的相关性; 在采用免疫调节时, 其关键在于非线性函数$f\left(\cdot \right)$ 的选择。
由于模糊控制本身具有的特性, 可以利用模糊规则逼近非线性函数$f\left(\cdot \right)$ : 输入变量$d\text{、}{\Delta d}$ 与输出变量$f\left({d,{\Delta d}}\right)$ 被 3 个模糊集模糊化,分别为 “正”(P)、 “0”(Z)、和“负”(N)这 3 种语言值描述;按照“细胞接受的刺激越大(小)则抑制能力越小(大)”的原则 [16-18]建立模糊规则,如表2所示。
为了提高算法的执行效率, 输入变量和输出变量还需要选取合适的隶属函数, 而隶属函数的选择往往会影响到模糊控制的效果: 隶属函数曲线形状较尖的模糊子集, 其分辨率较高, 控制灵敏度也较高,如三角型隶属函数; 相反, 隶属函数曲线形状较缓,控制特性也较平缓,系统稳定性较好,如高斯型隶属函数。本文选取三角型函数和高斯型隶属函数相结合的形式: 在远离平衡点(误差较大的区域)时,采用低分辨率的高斯型隶属函数; 在靠近平衡点(误差较小的区域)时, 采用较高分辨率的模糊集。为了方便数字实现, 本次选取的输入和输出隶属度函数如图6所示。
经上文分析和假设后, 应用 Mamdani 模糊推理和 centroid 解模糊算法进行处理, 可得到非线性函数$f\left\lbrack {d\left( k\right),{\Delta d}\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack$,将其代入式(14)即可得到神经元比例系数$K$图7为变换器控制系统框图,其中虚线框内为单神经元 PID 控制器。模糊免疫推理以被控对象输入值$d\left( k\right)$ 和被控对象输入值变化率${\Delta d}\left( k\right)$ 作为输入,利用模糊控制规则可以在线对神经元比例系数$K$ 进行自整定,使控制器具有较强的鲁棒性。
为了验证前述理论分析的正确性, 本文使用 MATLAB/Simulink 软件搭建了仿真模型, 其中输出功率为${100}\mathrm{\;W}$,输入电压为${40}\mathrm{\;V}$,输出电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,工作频率为${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
本文所提新型单开关高增益变换器的主要器件型号和参数如表3所示。
电路工作在 CCM 模式下稳态时, 关键器件开关周期电压电流仿真波形如图8所示,其中${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$ 为功率开关$\mathrm{S}$ 的驱动信号,流经电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{3}\text{、}{L}_{4}$ 的电流分别为${i}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{2}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{3}}\text{、}{i}_{{L}_{4}}$,流经开关管$\mathbf{S}$ 的电流为${i}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$。二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 、开关管电压$\mathrm{S}$ 两端的电压分别为${v}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}$${v}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}}$${v}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}}$${v}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{4}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{DS}}}$,其中流过二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 的电流与流过电感${L}_{4}$ 的电流相同。由图8可知, 变换器仿真电压、电流波形与理论分析波形相符。
为验证所提控制策略的有效性, 本文进行了动态仿真实验并与传统的 PID 控制策略进行对比。图9为满载情况下,输入侧电压${v}_{\text{in }}$${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跃变至${60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 再跌落至${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时的${v}_{0}$ 动态仿真波形,图10为输入侧电压稳定于${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、输出负载从半载上升至满载再减至半载时的${v}_{0}$ 动态仿真波形。由图9图10可知, 在输入电压和输出负载发生变化时, 相较于传统的 PID 控制策略, 本文所提模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略均具有电压过冲更小,恢复时间更短的特性。
图11为变换器分别在输入侧电压 ${v}_{\text{in }}$ 从 ${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跃变到 ${60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 再跌落至 ${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时、输入侧电压稳定于 ${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,输出负载从半载上升至满载再减至半载时的神经元比例系数 $K$ 变化波形,可知: 输出电压 ${v}_{0}$ 过冲越大,神经元比例系数 $K$ 值越小; 输出电压 ${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 跌落越大,神经元比例系数 $K$ 值越大。
为进一步验证理论分析的正确性, 搭建 2 台额定功率为${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的实验样机进行对比分析。本文所提新型变换器实验样机如图12(a)实验样机 1 所示, 文献[19]所提单开关直流高增益变换器的实验样机如图12(b)所示。
实验样机 1 和实验样机 2 在输入电压${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、 输出电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、输出功率为${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 下的稳态波形和关键参量稳态波形分别如图13图14所示, 可知其电压、电流波形与理论分析、仿真所得的波形一致。
图15为传统 PID 控制策略与本文所提模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略这 2 种控制方式下输入侧电压${v}_{\text{in }}$${36}\sim {60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跳变时变换器的输出电压${v}_{0}$ 动态响应波形,其相关动态性能统计结果如表4所示。可知: 相较于传统的 PID 控制策略,在输入电压${v}_{\text{in }}$${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 跃变到至${60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 再跌落至${36}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,采用本文所提模糊免疫一单神经元 PID 控制策略的输出电压${v}_{0}$ 过冲和跌落更小、 稳态恢复时间更快。
图16为传统 PID 控制策略与本文所提模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略这 2 种控制方式下输出负载在${50}\%$ 负载(0.25A)与${100}\%$ 负载(0.50A)之间跳变时变换器的输出侧电压${v}_{0}$ 动态响应波形,其动态性能统计结果如表5所示。可以看出:当负载从半载(0.25 A)突变至满载(0.50 A)后又突变至半载 (0.25A)时,相较于传统的的 PID 控制策略,采用本文所提模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略的输出电压${v}_{0}$ 跌落和过冲更小,恢复稳态时间更快。
图17为本文所提新型变换器与文献[19]所提单开关直流高增益变换器在相同输入条件${v}_{\text{in }}= {40}\mathrm{\;V}$${f}_{\mathrm{s}}= {100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 、输出${v}_{\mathrm{o}}= {200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时变换器效率随输出功率的变化曲线, 可以看出: 在整个输出功率范围内, 本文所提变换器的工作效率均高于文献[19]单开关直流高增益变换器的工作效率;当负载功率为满载 (100W)时,变换器工作效率最高为 92.1%。
本文提出了 1 种新型单开关直流高增益变换器并采用模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略进行控制, 通过理论分析、仿真和实验研究得到如下结论。
(1)与传统的高增益变换器相比,本文所提基于 Boost 变换器并结合电压升举单元的新型单开关高增益直流变换器结构简单, 能在较小占空比下实现高增益, 且具有功率开关器件和电容的电压应力小等特点。
(2)本文提出了模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略, 通过将免疫反馈原理引入到单神经元控制来实现对单神经元 PID 控制中神经元比例系数$K$ 的自整定; 相对于传统 PID 控制, 采用本文所提模糊免疫-单神经元 PID 控制策略时, 变换器的输出电压过冲更小,恢复时间更短,动态响应性能更好。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977039)
  • 校科研启动基金资助项目(2019-JJFDKY-24)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.13
  • 接收时间:2021-11-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-28
  • 修回日期:2022-02-10
  • 录用日期:2022-02-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977039)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977039)
Start-up Foundation for University Scien-tific Research(2019-JJFDKY-24)
校科研启动基金资助项目(2019-JJFDKY-24)
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    福州大学 电气工程与自动化学院 福州 350108
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.13
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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