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Owing to their merits including continuous input and output current, high efficiency and high power density, non-isolated Superboost converters are widely applied in spacecraft power systems. However, the switching loss of the device will increase in a scenario with a high step-up ratio, resulting in a decrease in the converter efficiency. To solve this problem, a zero-voltage switching pulse-width modulation (ZVS-PWM) Superboost converter with low voltage stress is proposed. By introducing a resonant tank, the main switch can be turned on or off under ZVS, and the auxiliary switch can be turned on under zero current switching and turned off under ZVS. Besides, all the diodes are operating under soft-switching. As a result, the switching loss is reduced effectively, and the converter efficiency is improved without increasing the voltage and current stress of the main power device. The operation principle, soft-switching conditions and device stress are analyzed in detail, and the state-space averaging approach is used to estimate the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of the proposed converter. In addition, its feasibility was verified by a prototype with 100 kHz and 400 W.

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非隔离型 Superboost 变换器具有输入输出电流连续、效率高和功率密度高等优点,因此在航天器电源系统中被广泛应用。但在高电压增益场合中,器件开关损耗增加,导致变换器效率降低。为此,提出1种低电压应力 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器,通过引入谐振支路实现主开关的零电压开通和零电压关断及辅助开关的零电流开通和零电压关断,并且所有二极管均实现了软开关,从而有效降低了开关损耗,在未增加主功率器件电压和电流应力的基础上提高了变换器的效率。详细分析了所提变换器的工作原理、软开关实现条件及器件应力,采用状态空间平均法分析了该变换器的稳态和动态特性,并通过1台400W/100 kHz 样机验证了所提变换器的可行性。

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庞玉婷(1996–), 女,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换及软开关技术。E-mail:pangyuting@whu.edu.cn。

杨华(1977-),男,硕士,研究员。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13801706176@139.com。

程新(1984-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail: 15000870352@139.com。

邱燕(1979-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13701705944@163.com。

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庞玉婷(1996–), 女,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换及软开关技术。E-mail:pangyuting@whu.edu.cn。

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庞玉婷(1996–), 女,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换及软开关技术。E-mail:pangyuting@whu.edu.cn。

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杨华(1977-),男,硕士,研究员。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13801706176@139.com。

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杨华(1977-),男,硕士,研究员。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13801706176@139.com。

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程新(1984-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail: 15000870352@139.com。

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程新(1984-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail: 15000870352@139.com。

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邱燕(1979-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13701705944@163.com。

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器件名称 电压应力 电流应力
Q ${U}_{0}$ ${I}_{\text{in }}$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ ${U}_{0}$ $\geq {I}_{\text{in }}$
D ${U}_{0}$ ${I}_{\text{in }}$
${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ ${U}_{0}$ ${I}_{\text{in }}$
${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ ${U}_{0}$ $\geq {I}_{\text{in }}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032477279609303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946112492380, language=CN, label=表1, caption=功率器件电应力, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件名称 电压应力 电流应力
Q ${U}_{0}$ ${I}_{\text{in }}$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ ${U}_{0}$ $\geq {I}_{\text{in }}$
D ${U}_{0}$ ${I}_{\text{in }}$
${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ ${U}_{0}$ ${I}_{\text{in }}$
${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ ${U}_{0}$ $\geq {I}_{\text{in }}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032477338329561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946112492380, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Circuit parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
输入电压${U}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 35
输出电压${U}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 100
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100
主开关管 Q IRF250P224
辅助开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ IRFP250N
二极管$\mathrm{D}$${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 2DK35200T
电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 400、400、3
电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 33、33、0.01、100
电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}}/\Omega$ 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154032477397049819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375946112492380, language=CN, label=表2, caption=电路参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
输入电压${U}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 35
输出电压${U}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 100
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100
主开关管 Q IRF250P224
辅助开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ IRFP250N
二极管$\mathrm{D}$${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 2DK35200T
电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 400、400、3
电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 33、33、0.01、100
电阻${R}_{\mathrm{d}}/\Omega$ 2
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一种低电压应力高效率 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器
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庞玉婷 , 杨华 , 程新 , 邱燕
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(6): 33-42
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(6): 33-42
一种低电压应力高效率 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器
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庞玉婷 , 杨华 , 程新 , 邱燕
作者信息
  • 上海空间电源研究所 上海 200245
  • 庞玉婷(1996–), 女,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换及软开关技术。E-mail:pangyuting@whu.edu.cn。

    杨华(1977-),男,硕士,研究员。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13801706176@139.com。

    程新(1984-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail: 15000870352@139.com。

    邱燕(1979-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:功率电子变换及航天电源系统。E-mail:13701705944@163.com。

ZVS-PWM Superboost Converter with Low Voltage Stress and High Efficiency
Yuting PANG , Hua YANG , Xin CHENG , Yan QIU
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources Shanghai 200245 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.33
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非隔离型 Superboost 变换器具有输入输出电流连续、效率高和功率密度高等优点,因此在航天器电源系统中被广泛应用。但在高电压增益场合中,器件开关损耗增加,导致变换器效率降低。为此,提出1种低电压应力 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器,通过引入谐振支路实现主开关的零电压开通和零电压关断及辅助开关的零电流开通和零电压关断,并且所有二极管均实现了软开关,从而有效降低了开关损耗,在未增加主功率器件电压和电流应力的基础上提高了变换器的效率。详细分析了所提变换器的工作原理、软开关实现条件及器件应力,采用状态空间平均法分析了该变换器的稳态和动态特性,并通过1台400W/100 kHz 样机验证了所提变换器的可行性。

软开关  /  Superboost 变换器  /  低电压应力  /  直流-直流变换器

Owing to their merits including continuous input and output current, high efficiency and high power density, non-isolated Superboost converters are widely applied in spacecraft power systems. However, the switching loss of the device will increase in a scenario with a high step-up ratio, resulting in a decrease in the converter efficiency. To solve this problem, a zero-voltage switching pulse-width modulation (ZVS-PWM) Superboost converter with low voltage stress is proposed. By introducing a resonant tank, the main switch can be turned on or off under ZVS, and the auxiliary switch can be turned on under zero current switching and turned off under ZVS. Besides, all the diodes are operating under soft-switching. As a result, the switching loss is reduced effectively, and the converter efficiency is improved without increasing the voltage and current stress of the main power device. The operation principle, soft-switching conditions and device stress are analyzed in detail, and the state-space averaging approach is used to estimate the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of the proposed converter. In addition, its feasibility was verified by a prototype with 100 kHz and 400 W.

Soft-switching  /  Superboost converter  /  low voltage stress  /  DC-DC converter
庞玉婷, 杨华, 程新, 邱燕. 一种低电压应力高效率 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 33 -42 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.33
Yuting PANG, Hua YANG, Xin CHENG, Yan QIU. ZVS-PWM Superboost Converter with Low Voltage Stress and High Efficiency[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 33 -42 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.33
电源系统是航天器最重要的分系统之一, 其性能直接影响航天器的寿命。由于航天器内部空间有限且工作环境特殊, 为了保证负载长期稳定工作, 电源系统需具有输入输出电流连续、效率高和功率密度高等特点[1-2]。隔离型变换器功率密度低、效率低且电压增益固定, 而非隔离型拓扑不存在高频变压器[3],但克服了上述缺点,因此非隔离型变换器更适用于航天器电源系统。常用的非隔离型拓扑有 Weinberg、Boost 和 Superboost 等[4-6]。Weinberg 拓扑具有输入输出电流连续、控制和驱动方式简单等优点, 但其电压增益有限, 最高仅能实现 2 倍的升压比;Boost 拓扑克服了电压增益有限的缺点, 但其输出电流不连续, 需采用较大的输出滤波器, 导致了变换器体积和质量较大的问题; Superboost 拓扑与 Boost 拓扑拥有相同的电压增益, 其拓扑通过在输出侧增加滤波电感有效地减小了变换器的体积与质量, 此外其拓扑输入输出电流连续、控制简单且效率高[7-8],更适用于航天器电源系统中大功率电池放电领域。
为了实现变换器的小型化和轻型化, 需提高脉冲宽度调整 PWM(pulse width modulation)变换器的开关频率[9]。然而,提高开关频率会带来开关损耗增加和电磁干扰问题, 软开关技术是解决上述问题的有效办法之一[10-11]。MOSFET 因具有开关速度快、关断损耗小等优点, 更适合于低压高频应用场合, 但其输出电容会造成较大开通损耗, 而采用零电压开关 ZVS(zero voltage switch)技术可以克服上述缺点[12-13]
近年来, 各国学者陆续提出多种 ZVS 技术方案[14-23]。文献[14-17]提出的谐振电路实现了主开关管的 ZVS, 但电感串联在主功率回路中, 功率管导通损耗增加, 同时功率管的电压和电流应力较大, 需要选用更高电压等级的开关管。文献[18-21]提出的有源缓冲电路与主回路并联, 仅在开关瞬间工作, 谐振电流仅流过辅助回路, 解决了功率管电应力大和导通损耗大的问题, 但同时也引入了新的问题。例如: 文献[18]提出的软开关电路辅助管硬关断, 使得开关损耗增加, 削弱了软开关的优势; 文献[19]提出的软开关电路电压增益不受占空比限制, 不易实现输出电压恒压控制; 文献[20-21]提出的软开关电路结构复杂, 采用多个谐振电感或耦合电感使得铁耗增加且分析复杂; 文献[22-23]提出的软开关电路结构简单, 在不增加主回路功率管电压和电流应力的前提下实现了开关管的 ZVS,克服了上述软开关电路的缺陷。
综上所述, 本文基于文献[22-23]提出的软开关电路, 提出 1 种新型低电压应力高效率 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器, 在不增加主回路功率管电压和电流应力的情况下, 旨在实现主开关管的 ZVS 及辅助管的零电流开通、零电压关断, 并且所有二极管均可实现软开关。本文详细分析所提变换器的工作原理、软开关实现条件及器件应力; 建立变换器的小信号模型, 得出稳态特性和动态特性表达式; 搭建 1 台${400}\mathrm{\;W}/{100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的原理样机,验证所提变换器的可行性。
本文所提 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器工作原理如图1所示。图中, 虚线框外的部分为传统 Superboost 变换器;虚线框内的部分为 ZVS 缓冲电路,其由辅助开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 、辅助二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 、谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 、谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 构成,其中${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 容值较小,利用开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 的结电容即可。
为了简化分析, 作以下假设: ① 功率管、电感和电容均为理想元件;② 电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$ 足够大, 满足:${C}_{1}\gg {C}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{C}_{2}\gg {C}_{\mathrm{a}}$,认为其端电压${U}_{{C}_{1}}\text{、}{U}_{{C}_{2}}$ 恒定;③ 电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 足够大,满足:${L}_{1}\gg {L}_{\mathrm{a}}$${L}_{2}\gg {L}_{\mathrm{a}}$, 认为其电流${I}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{I}_{{L}_{2}}$ 恒定。基于上述假设,将该变换器在 1 个周期内的工作过程划分为 8 个模态, 每个模态对应的等效电路如图2所示, 对应的主要波形如图3所示。
模态$1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(a)所示。在${t}_{0}$ 时刻之前,主开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 和辅助开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 处于关断状态,二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 导通,谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 两端的电压为 0 ; 在${t}_{0}$ 时刻,${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 开通,加在谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 上的电压为${U}_{{C}_{1}}$,其电流${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}$ 从 0 开始线性上升,辅助开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 实现了零电流开通,流过二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 的电流从${I}_{i}$ 开始线性下降。在此模态中,
${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)$
${i}_{\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right)= {I}_{\text{in }}- \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)$
${t}_{1}$ 时刻,流过电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的电流上升为${I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,流过二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 的电流下降为 0,$\mathrm{D}$ 自然关断,模态 1 结束, 该模态持续时间为
${t}_{01}= \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{\text{in }}}{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}$
模态$2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(b)所示。电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 与电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 谐振,${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 两端电压逐渐减小,电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电流继续增加,在此模态中,
${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= {I}_{\text{in }}+ \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{a}1}}\sin \left\lbrack {{\omega }_{1}\left({t -{t}_{1}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${u}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\left( t\right)= {U}_{{C}_{1}}\cos \left\lbrack {{\omega }_{1}\left({t -{t}_{1}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\omega }_{1}= \frac{1}{\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}};{Z}_{\mathrm{a}1}= \sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}}$
${t}_{2}$ 时刻,电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 两端电压降为 0,流过电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的电流达到最大值,该模态所持续的时间为
${t}_{12}= \frac{\pi }{2}\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
模态$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(c)所示。当电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 两端电压降为 0 时,开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 的反并联二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 导通,此时开通$\mathrm{Q}$,即可实现$\mathrm{Q}$ 的零电压开通。
模态$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(d)所示。在${t}_{3}$ 时刻,关断${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$,由式 (4) 可知此时流过${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的电流为
${I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{3}\right)= {I}_{\text{in }}+ \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{a}1}}$
在此模态中,电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 所储存的能量经过二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 给电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 充电。由于起始时刻${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 两端电压为 0,因此开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 实现了零电压关断。在此模态中电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电流与电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的电压分别为
${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= {I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{3}\right)\cos {\omega }_{2}\left({t -{t}_{3}}\right)$
${u}_{{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= {I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{3}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}\sin {\omega }_{2}\left({t -{t}_{3}}\right)$
式中:${\omega }_{2}= \frac{1}{\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}};{Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}= \sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}}$
${t}_{4}$ 时刻,电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电压上升至${U}_{{C}_{1}}$,此时二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 导通,${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 的电流和此模态持续的时间分别为
${I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right)= \sqrt{{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}^{2}\left({t}_{3}\right)- \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}^{2}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}^{2}}}$
${t}_{34}= \frac{1}{{\omega }_{2}}\arcsin \left(\frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{3}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}}\right)$
模态$5\left\lbrack {{t}_{4},{t}_{5}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(e)所示。${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电压被${D}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 钳位至${U}_{{C}_{1}}$,加在${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 两端的电压为$-{U}_{{C}_{1}}$, 使得${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电流线性下降,${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 所储存的能量经过${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 供给负载, 满足
${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= {I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right)- \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t -{t}_{4}}\right)$
${t}_{5}$ 时刻,${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电流下降为 0,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 自然关断。此模态持续的时间为
${t}_{45}= \frac{{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{4}\right){L}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}$
模态$6\left\lbrack {{t}_{5},{t}_{6}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(f)所示。此模态工作状态与不带软开关的 Superboost 电路相同,开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 开通,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 放电为负载供电。
模态$7\left\lbrack {{t}_{6},{t}_{7}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(g)所示。在${t}_{6}$ 时刻,主开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 关断。${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 两端电压从 0 开始线性上升至${U}_{{C}_{1}},{C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 两端电压从${U}_{{C}_{1}}$ 开始线性下降至 0,因此主开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 可以实现零电压关断。在此模态中
${u}_{{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left( t\right)= {U}_{{C}_{1}}- \frac{{I}_{\text{in }}}{{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)$
${u}_{{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\left( t\right)= \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)$
${t}_{67}= \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{{I}_{\text{in }}}$
模态$8\left\lbrack {{t}_{7},{t}_{8}}\right\rbrack$ : 其等效电路如图2(h)所示。在${t}_{7}$ 时刻,电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 完成充、放电,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 自然关断,$\mathrm{D}$ 自然导通。在此模态中,二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 续流, 电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 均充电,为下一周期做准备。
根据 1.1 节所述变换器工作原理,在模态$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ 中,当主开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 的反并联二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 导通时开通$\mathrm{Q}$,可实现$\mathrm{Q}$ 的零电压开通; 在模态$4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right\rbrack$ 中, 辅助管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 关断后,电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 两端的电压充电至${U}_{{C}_{1}}$, 可实现主开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 的零电压关断。因此,为确保该变换器在整个负载范围内开关管均能实现软开关, 必须满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{t}_{01}\geq \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }}{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}\\{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}},\max }\geq \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{Z}_{Q}}\end{array}\right.$
基于 1.1 节对 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器工作原理的分析结果, 本文对各功率器件的电流和电压应力进行了分析, 详细结果如表1所示。可知, 谐振电流仅流过辅助回路, 主功率管的电流和电压应力与硬开关时相同。
根据图3功率管的波形并结合各模态的工作原理,计算 1 个周期内${i}_{\mathrm{Q}}\text{、}{i}_{{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}}$${u}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 的平均值为
$\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{Q}}\right\rangle = d{I}_{\text{in }}- \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{\text{in }}}{2{Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}\tan \alpha }+ \frac{\alpha {I}_{\text{in }}}{{\omega }_{2}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}{U}_{{C}_{1}}}\right)$
$\left\langle {i}_{{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right\rangle =\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{2}}{2{U}_{{C}_{1}}}+ \sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\left({\frac{\pi {I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}{2}+ \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{a1}}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
$\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{D}}\right\rangle = d{U}_{{C}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{\omega }_{1}}\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)+ \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}^{2}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{2{I}_{\text{in }}}}\right\rbrack $
其中,$\alpha =\arcsin \left(\frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}\left({t}_{3}\right)\cdot {Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}}\right)$
将开关管等效为电流源, 将二极管等效为电压源[24],由此可得该变换器在 1 个周期内的平均模型如图4所示。根据状态空间平均法, 得状态方程
${L}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {i}_{{L}_{1}}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}= \langle d\rangle \left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle +\left\langle {u}_{\text{in }}\right\rangle -\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle +\\\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle }{{\omega }_{1}}\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)+ \frac{{\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle }^{2}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{2\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right\rangle }}\right\rbrack $
${L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{o}}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}= \langle d\rangle \left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle +\left\langle {u}_{\text{in }}\right\rangle -\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{o}}\right\rangle +\\\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle }{{\omega }_{1}}\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)+ \frac{{\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle }^{2}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{2\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right\rangle }}\right\rbrack \\{C}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}= \left\langle {i}_{{L}_{1}}\right\rangle -\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{Q}}\right\rangle -\left\langle {i}_{{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right\rangle =\left\langle {i}_{{L}_{1}}\right\rangle -\\\langle d\rangle \left\langle {i}_{i}\right\rangle -\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right\rangle }^{2}}{2{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle }+ \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right\rangle }{2{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\tan \alpha {Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}}\\{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{o}}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}= \left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{o}}\right\rangle -\frac{\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{o}}\right\rangle }{R}$
假设变换器在 1 个周期内的稳态量为${U}_{\text{in }}\text{、}{U}_{0}$${I}_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}D\text{、}{I}_{{L}_{1}}\text{、}{U}_{{C}_{1}}$; 扰动量为${\widehat{u}}_{\text{in }}\text{、}{\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}{\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}\widehat{d}\text{、}{\widehat{i}}_{{L}_{1}}$${\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{1}}$,其中扰动量的幅值远远小于稳态量幅值, 满足
$\left\langle {u}_{\text{in }}\right\rangle ={U}_{\text{in }}+ {\widehat{u}}_{\text{in }},\left\langle {u}_{\circ }\right\rangle ={U}_{\circ }+ {\widehat{u}}_{\circ },\left\langle {i}_{\circ }\right\rangle ={I}_{\circ }+ {\widehat{i}}_{\circ }\\\langle d\rangle = D +\widehat{d},\;\left\langle {i}_{{L}_{1}}\right\rangle ={I}_{{L}_{1}}+ {\widehat{i}}_{{L}_{1}},\\\left\langle {u}_{{C}_{1}}\right\rangle ={U}_{{C}_{1}}+ {\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{1}}$
稳态时, 扰动量为 0, 则将式(25)代入式(21)$\sim$ 式(24)中化简得稳态量为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{{C}_{1}}= {U}_{\mathrm{o}}\\ D{U}_{{C}_{1}}+ \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}}{T{C}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)+ \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}^{2}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}{2{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {U}_{{C}_{1}}\\{I}_{{L}_{1}}= D{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}+ \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{2}}{2{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{U}_{{C}_{1}}}- \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}{2{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\tan \alpha {Z}_{\mathrm{a}2}}\\{I}_{{L}_{1}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\end{array}\right.$
对式(26)进行化简得变换器的增益表达式为
$\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}= \frac{1}{1 - D -\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a}},\max }}{{4\pi }{f}_{2}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}}$
式中,${I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a},\max }}= {I}_{\text{in }}+ \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{al}}}}$。输出电流为${0.5}\sim {5.0}\mathrm{\;A}$ 时,
$\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{I}_{{L}_{\mathrm{a},\max }}}{{4\pi }{f}_{2}{I}_{\text{in }}}$ 远小于$1 - D$,此项可以被忽略,则电压增 对非线性方程式(21)$\sim$ 式(24)线性化并进行拉
益与硬开关时近似相等。 普拉斯变换得 s 域小信号模型为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\widehat{i}}_{{L}_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{L}_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{O}_{1}}\left( s\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 &\frac{1}{{L}_{1}}\left({D - 1 +\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)\frac{1}{{\omega }_{{I}_{1}}{T}_{s}}+ \frac{1}{2{\omega }_{2}{T}_{s}}}\right)& 0 \\ 0 & 0 &\frac{1}{{L}_{2}}\left({D +\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)\frac{1}{{\omega }_{{I}_{1}}{T}_{s}}+ \frac{1}{2{\omega }_{2}{T}_{s}}}\right)& -\frac{1}{{L}_{2}}\\\frac{1}{{L}_{1}}& 0 &- \frac{\left({C}_{s}+ {C}_{r}\right)}{2{C}_{1}{T}_{s}}& 0 \\\frac{1}{{L}_{2}}& 0 & 0 &- \frac{1}{R{C}_{2}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\widehat{i}}_{{L}_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{L}_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{2}}\left( s\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{U}_{{C}_{1}}\\{L}_{{L}_{1}}\\{L}_{{L}_{2}}\\{L}_{{L}_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{C}_{2}}\left( s\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{U}_{{C}_{1}}\\{L}_{{L}_{1}}\\{L}_{{L}_{2}}\\{L}_{{L}_{1}}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
根据式(28)得出输出电压传递函数, 发现其存在右半平面零点。文献[25-26]通过增加阻尼网络改善系统稳定性。增加阻尼网络后变换器在 1 个周期内的平均模型如图5所示, 其 s 域小信号模型为
$ s\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{u}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 &\frac{1}{{L}_{1}}\left({D - 1 +\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)\frac{1}{2{\omega }_{1}}+ \frac{1}{2{\omega }_{2}}\frac{1}{C}}\right)& 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &\frac{1}{{L}_{2}}\left({D +\left({\frac{\pi }{2}- 1}\right)\frac{1}{\omega {T}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{2{\omega }_{2}{T}_{2}}}\right)& -\frac{1}{{L}_{2}}& 0 \\\frac{1}{{L}_{2}}& 0 &- \frac{\left({{C}_{a}+ {C}_{r}}\right)}{2{C}_{1}{T}_{2}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{a}{C}_{1}}& 0 &\frac{1}{{R}_{a}}\left(\begin{matrix}{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\end{matrix}\right)\\ 0 &\frac{1}{{C}_{2}}& 0 &- \frac{1}{R{C}_{2}}& 0 \\ 0 &\frac{1}{{C}_{2}}& 0 &- \frac{1}{R{C}_{2}}& 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\ 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{{C}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}}{{L}_{1}}\\\frac{{C}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}}{{L}_{2}}\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{2}}\left( s\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{{\varepsilon }_{1}}\left( s\right)\\ 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{{L}_{1}}{{C}_{1}}\\{L}_{1}\\{L}_{2}\\{L}_{1}\\{L}_{2}\\{L}_{1}\\{L}_{2}\\{L}_{1}\\{L}_{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
从而得到输出电流${\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 对占空比$\widehat{d}\left( s\right)$ 的传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}$
${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{\left({R{C}_{2}s + 1}\right)\left({2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{L}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{K}_{0}{s}^{3}+ {b}_{1}{s}^{2}+ {b}_{2}s + 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)}{\left({R{C}_{2}{L}_{2}{s}^{2}+ {L}_{2}s + R}\right)\left\lbrack {2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{L}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{s}^{3}+ {a}_{1}{s}^{2}+ {a}_{2}s + 2{\omega }_{2}- {\omega }_{1}- \pi {\omega }_{2}+ 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({1 - D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack }$
输出电压${\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 对占空比$\widehat{d}\left( s\right)$ 的传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}$
${G}_{\text{ud }}\left( s\right)= \frac{R\left({2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{L}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}{s}^{3}+ {b}_{1}{s}^{2}+ {b}_{2}s + 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)}{\left({R{C}_{2}{L}_{2}{s}^{2}+ {L}_{2}s + R}\right)\left\lbrack {2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{L}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{s}^{3}+ {a}_{1}{s}^{2}+ {a}_{2}s + 2{\omega }_{2}- {\omega }_{1}- \pi {\omega }_{2}+ 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({1 - D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack }$
式中:${a}_{1}= 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({{C}_{1}+ {C}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right){L}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){C}_{\mathrm{d}}{L}_{1};{a}_{2}= {R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}\left\lbrack {2{\omega }_{2}- {\omega }_{1}- \pi {\omega }_{2}+ 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({1 - D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack +{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){L}_{1};$ ${b}_{1}= {R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{L}_{1}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left({2{\omega }_{2}- {\omega }_{1}- \pi {\omega }_{2}- 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ {\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){L}_{1}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}+ 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({{C}_{1}+ {C}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right){L}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{U}_{0};{b}_{2}= {L}_{1}{I}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left({2{\omega }_{2}- {\omega }_{1}- }\right.$ $\left.{\pi {\omega }_{2}- 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ {\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{L}_{1}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({{C}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)+ 2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}$
本文所提 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器输出电流和输出电压对占空比的传递函数${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\text{、}{G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}$ 的频率特性仿真波形分别如图6(a)(b)所示, 可知: 增加合适的阻尼网络后, 右半平面零点消失, 提高了系统稳定性。上述过程给出了输出电流和输出电压对占空比的传递函数表达式及 Bode 图, 为变换器控制环路设计提供了理论依据和模型基础。
为了验证本文所提 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器的工作原理,在实验室搭建 1 台${400}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的原理样机, 其实物如图7所示, 实验条件和电路参数如表2所示。
典型的电压电流实验波形如图8所示。其中图8(a)(b)为主开关管与辅助开关管漏源极电压和电流波形,可知$\mathrm{Q}$ 实现了零电压开关,${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 实现了零电流开通、零电压关断, 有效降低了开关管的开关损耗。图8(c)为轻载时主开关管漏源极电压和电流波形, 可以看出主开关管不能完全实现软关断, 且由式(17)可知变换器在轻载时最难实现软开关。由于模态 4 时电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 储存的能量不足使电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 电压充至${U}_{{C}_{1}}$,关断时主管漏源极电压瞬间上升至${U}_{{C}_{1}}- {U}_{{C}_{a}}$,之后开关管$\mathrm{Q}$ 漏源极电压线性增加, 电容${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 两端电压线性下降,因此主开关管不能完全实现软关断,与理论分析基本吻合。图8(d)为二极管电压和电流波形,可以看出二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 导通之前电压先降为 0 后电流上升, 其在关断之前电流先减小为 0 后电压上升, 由此消除了二极管的反向恢复问题。与理论分析基本吻合。
图9为相同工作条件下, 本文所提 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器与普通硬开关 Superboost 变换器的变换效率曲线。由于普通硬开关 Superboost 变换器中 MOS 管 Q 发热较为严重,导致实验中不能测量到${350}\mathrm{\;W}$${400}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时的效率,因此图9中软开关和硬开关的效率比较点数不一致。由图9可知, 轻载时本文所提变换器效率提升不明显, 一方面是因为流经辅助支路的电流恒定, 通态损耗不变, 而此时主开关管的开关损耗较小; 另一方面是由于轻载时主开关管关断难以完全实现 ZVS,因此软开关效果不明显。随着负载的增加, 开关损耗增加, 同时主开关管关断时可以完全实现 ZVS, 因此提升效果愈加明显;300 W 时效率最高为 96.3%,与硬开关相比效率提升了 1%,满载效率可达到 95.4%;对于开通时间越长的 MOSFET, 其效率提升越明显, 同时谐振电感和电容的选取也影响效率的提升。
本文提出了 1 种低电压应力高效率 ZVS-PWM Superboost 变换器, 通过增加辅助谐振网络实现了功率器件的软开关, 减小了开关损耗, 提高了变换器的效率, 增加了变换器的额定容量, 并且主功率器件电压和电流应力与硬开关时相同; 通过状态空间平均法建立了变换器的小信号模型, 得出了变换器稳态与动态特性表达式, 结果表明谐振网络对变换器电压增益的影响较小; 通过增加阻尼网络消除了开环传递函数右半平面零点, 提高了系统稳定性; 搭建了 1 台${400}\mathrm{\;W}/{100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的原理样机,实验波形验证了理论分析的正确性,${300}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时效率最高为 96.3%,与硬开关相比效率提升了 1%,满载效率可达到 95.4%。综上所述,所提变换器具有较高的效率且未增加电应力, 因此适用于航天器电源系统中大功率电池放电领域。此外, 本文所提变换器的功率密度可以进一步提升。
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.33
  • 接收时间:2021-10-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-13
  • 修回日期:2022-01-25
  • 录用日期:2022-02-26
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    上海空间电源研究所 上海 200245
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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