Article(id=1153375945797919577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1639411200000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-14, revisedDate=1649779200000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-13, acceptedDate=1649865600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-14, onlineDate=1752915854167, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915854167, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915854167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915854167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375946817135454, articleId=1153375945797919577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=High-precision Discrete-time Frequency-locked Loop with Low Computational Cost, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To satisfy the low sampling frequency, low computational cost and high accuracy requirements of renewable energy generation systems in the grid voltage detection link, a high-precision discrete-time frequency-locked loop (FLL) which does not need to call trigonometric functions is proposed. First, the open-loop transfer function of discrete-time reduced-order generalized integrator (d-ROGI) is derived according to the expression of voltage based on complex numbers under the static coordinate system. Then, a d-ROGI with a low approximation error is derived according to the relationship between the unknown parameter of the open-loop transfer function and frequency. On this basis, the FLL for estimating the unknown parameter is constructed, the second-order small-signal model of the FLL is established, and the corresponding parameter tuning method is given. Finally, experimental results show that the FLL has a higher detection accuracy at a low sampling frequency than the most commonly used third-order numerical integrator discretization method. At the same time, it has a lower computational cost and requires less storage according to the comparison of computation cost.

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为满足可再生能源发电系统对并网电压检测环节的低采样率、低计算量和高精度要求,提出1种避免调用三角函数的高精度离散锁频环。首先根据静止坐标系下的电压复数表达推出离散降阶广义积分器的开环传函;接着利用该开环传函的未知参数和频率关系推出低近似误差的离散降阶广义积分器;最后构造估计该未知参数的锁频环,建立该离散锁频环的二阶小信号模型,给出参数整定方法。实验结果表明:相比于最常用的三阶数字积分器离散化方法,所提离散锁频环在低采样率下具有更高的检测精度;对比统计表显示,所提离散锁频环计算量具有更少的计算成本和存储需求。

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肖宇(1970-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能仪器与智能数据处理。E-mail: 279556759@qq.com。

黄瑞(1989-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:用电信息采集通信技术。E-mail:228296810@qq.com。

刘谋海(1990-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:智能电能计量新技术。E-mail: 2207892891@qq.com。

刘小平(1971- ),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能电气量测与应用。E-mail:Lxp123456@163.com。

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肖宇(1970-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能仪器与智能数据处理。E-mail: 279556759@qq.com。

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肖宇(1970-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能仪器与智能数据处理。E-mail: 279556759@qq.com。

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黄瑞(1989-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:用电信息采集通信技术。E-mail:228296810@qq.com。

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黄瑞(1989-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:用电信息采集通信技术。E-mail:228296810@qq.com。

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刘谋海(1990-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:智能电能计量新技术。E-mail: 2207892891@qq.com。

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刘谋海(1990-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:智能电能计量新技术。E-mail: 2207892891@qq.com。

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刘小平(1971- ),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能电气量测与应用。E-mail:Lxp123456@163.com。

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刘小平(1971- ),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能电气量测与应用。E-mail:Lxp123456@163.com。

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articleId=1153375945797919577, language=CN, label=图10, caption=测试 3 的实验波形, figureFileSmall=XyK2fsm4ASvZu9xO0GY3Og==, figureFileBig=vdShHIum8oFfJON+TdkvNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032487056528218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375945797919577, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison of computational cost among FLLs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FLLs 加/减/乘 开方 三角 存储/移位
所提离散 FLL ${25}+ {13n}$ 1 $1 + n$ 0 $3 +{2n}$
三阶数值积 分器型 FLL ${29}+ {16n}$ 1 $1 + n$ 0 7+6n
离散谐振器 型 FLL ${22}+ {10n}$ 1 $1 + n$ $2 +{2n}$ $3 +{2n}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032487132025692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375945797919577, language=CN, label=表1, caption=锁频环的计算量对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FLLs 加/减/乘 开方 三角 存储/移位
所提离散 FLL ${25}+ {13n}$ 1 $1 + n$ 0 $3 +{2n}$
三阶数值积 分器型 FLL ${29}+ {16n}$ 1 $1 + n$ 0 7+6n
离散谐振器 型 FLL ${22}+ {10n}$ 1 $1 + n$ $2 +{2n}$ $3 +{2n}$
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高精度低计算量的离散锁频环
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肖宇 1, 2 , 黄瑞 1, 2 , 刘谋海 1, 2 , 刘小平 1, 2
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(6): 153-162
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(6): 153-162
高精度低计算量的离散锁频环
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肖宇1, 2 , 黄瑞1, 2 , 刘谋海1, 2 , 刘小平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 国网湖南省电力有限公司 长沙 410004
  • 2 智能电气量测与应用技术湖南省重点实验室 长沙 410004
  • 肖宇(1970-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能仪器与智能数据处理。E-mail: 279556759@qq.com。

    黄瑞(1989-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:用电信息采集通信技术。E-mail:228296810@qq.com。

    刘谋海(1990-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:智能电能计量新技术。E-mail: 2207892891@qq.com。

    刘小平(1971- ),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:智能电气量测与应用。E-mail:Lxp123456@163.com。

High-precision Discrete-time Frequency-locked Loop with Low Computational Cost
Yu XIAO1, 2 , Rui HUANG1, 2 , Mouhai LIU1, 2 , Xiaoping LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Hunan Electric Power Co., Ltd Changsha 410004 China
  • 2 Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Electrical Measurement and Application Technology Changsha 410004 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.153
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为满足可再生能源发电系统对并网电压检测环节的低采样率、低计算量和高精度要求,提出1种避免调用三角函数的高精度离散锁频环。首先根据静止坐标系下的电压复数表达推出离散降阶广义积分器的开环传函;接着利用该开环传函的未知参数和频率关系推出低近似误差的离散降阶广义积分器;最后构造估计该未知参数的锁频环,建立该离散锁频环的二阶小信号模型,给出参数整定方法。实验结果表明:相比于最常用的三阶数字积分器离散化方法,所提离散锁频环在低采样率下具有更高的检测精度;对比统计表显示,所提离散锁频环计算量具有更少的计算成本和存储需求。

锁频环  /  计算量  /  离散化精度

To satisfy the low sampling frequency, low computational cost and high accuracy requirements of renewable energy generation systems in the grid voltage detection link, a high-precision discrete-time frequency-locked loop (FLL) which does not need to call trigonometric functions is proposed. First, the open-loop transfer function of discrete-time reduced-order generalized integrator (d-ROGI) is derived according to the expression of voltage based on complex numbers under the static coordinate system. Then, a d-ROGI with a low approximation error is derived according to the relationship between the unknown parameter of the open-loop transfer function and frequency. On this basis, the FLL for estimating the unknown parameter is constructed, the second-order small-signal model of the FLL is established, and the corresponding parameter tuning method is given. Finally, experimental results show that the FLL has a higher detection accuracy at a low sampling frequency than the most commonly used third-order numerical integrator discretization method. At the same time, it has a lower computational cost and requires less storage according to the comparison of computation cost.

Frequency-locked loop (FLL)  /  computational cost  /  discretization accuracy
肖宇, 黄瑞, 刘谋海, 刘小平. 高精度低计算量的离散锁频环. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 153 -162 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.153
Yu XIAO, Rui HUANG, Mouhai LIU, Xiaoping LIU. High-precision Discrete-time Frequency-locked Loop with Low Computational Cost[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 153 -162 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.153
电网电压检测环节是可再生能源发电系统与电网保持同步, 实现电压暂态控制和频率惯量支持等功能的关键环节[1-4]。随着电网中分布式发电和非线性负载的广泛应用, 电网电压的波形质量难以获得保证, 频率偏移、谐波污染和三相电压不平衡等电压质量问题时常发生。在这种情况下, 快速、 准确地检测电网电压是可再生能源发电系统面临的巨大挑战之一。
锁频环 FLL(frequency-locked loop)作为电网电压检测的基本方法, 近十年来受到了广泛关注。区别于广为人知的锁相环 PLL(phase-locked loop)[5-7], FLL 建模于静止坐标系, 而 PLL 建模于旋转坐标系, 固有的建模方式使 FLL 的实现更为直接。相较于 PLL, FLL 对相位跳变扰动的敏感性更弱, 因为结构决定了其反馈变量为频率而不是相位。考虑到 FLL 静止坐标系下的建模方式, 其性能改进较 PLL 更为困难[8-12]。文献[13]从 PLL 的观点反推了 1 种 PI 型 FLL, 该思路较新颖, 利用 FLL 内嵌降阶广义积分器 ROGI(reduced-order generalized integrator) 对 FLL 动态进行加速,能够实现 FLL 频率动态降阶, 使 FLL 的阻尼和稳定性得到提升。
由于 FLL 所依赖的 ROGI 需要跟踪交流信号而非直流信号[14],因此常用于锁相环积分器离散化的前向差分法精度较差。为了获得较前向差分法离散化更高的精度, 三阶数字积分器法被广泛应用。该方法具有清晰的连续域对应关系, 同时离散开环传函时无代数环, 但在低采样频率下无法保证较高的检测精度。文献[15]提出基于离散谐振器的高精度 FLL, 但由于涉及到观测器理论, 其推导和实现较复杂; 其缺乏准确的线性化模型, 因此最优的整定难以确保; 此外该 FLL 需要在线调用三角函数, 消耗的计算资源也较大。文献[16] 提出基于卡尔曼滤波的 FLL, 植入了时变的观测器增益, 在大范围频率波动下有一定好处, 然而其离散化实现较复杂, 无法避免调用三角函数, 也缺乏准确的线性化模型。
综上所述, 在实现 FLL 高离散化精度的工作中, 三角函数的调用是必要的, 但鉴于三角函数计算成本昂贵且运算过程复杂, 在谐波补偿抑制场合应尽量避免使用。例如, 基于 ROGI 的每个谐波控制均需 2 次额外的三角函数运算, 而实现并网逆变器的谐波控制功能[4] 则需要多个 ROGI 并行处理, 即需要三角函数运算的次数更多, 计算成本将大幅增加, 且过大的计算延迟将降低数字控制系统的稳定性。此外, 虽然计算成本较低的数字信号处理器 DSP(digital signal pro-cessor)备受企业青睐, 但对于定点型 DSP 而言, 实现快速精确的三角函数计算(如三角函数表制作)也较复杂。因此,避免三角函数的调用有助于减少工程人员在实现繁琐代码上消耗的时间。
为了解决上述计算量和离散精度的折衷问题, 本文提出 1 种高精度低计算量的三相离散 FLL, 同时建立更加准确的线性化模型来反映离散 FLL 的性能,更好地整定参数。
首先, 定义静止坐标系下的两相正交信号为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{v}_{\alpha }\left( t\right)\\{v}_{\beta }\left( t\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} V\cos \left({\phi \left( t\right)}\right)\\ V\sin \left({\phi \left( t\right)}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中:${v}_{\alpha }$${v}_{\beta }$ 分别为对应的两相正交信号;$V$ 为幅值;$\varphi \left( t\right)$ 为瞬时相位,$\phi \left( t\right)= {\int }_{0}^{t}\omega \left(\tau \right)\mathrm{d}\tau +\varphi,\omega \left(\tau \right)$ 为角频率,$\tau$ 为区别于$t$ 的时间变量,$\varphi$ 为初相位。
上述两相正交信号可由三相电压信号通过 Clark 变换 (3/2 变换)得到。由于实际电网电压的不确定性, 谐波、噪声和不平衡分量等可能存在于输入信号, 因此可基于内模原则引入降阶广义积分器(在其他文献也称为复系数调谐器、复系数滤波器、复谐振器), 记为 ROGI, 其相应的模块如图1所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( s\right)}{\mathbf{v}\left( s\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( s\right)} =\frac{\lambda }{s - j{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}}\\\mathbf{v}\left( s\right)= {v}_{\alpha }\left( s\right)+ \mathrm{j}{\mathbf{v}}_{\beta }\left( s\right)\\\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( s\right)= {\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }\left( s\right)+ \mathrm{j}{\widehat{v}}_{\beta }\left( s\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\widehat{v}\left( s\right)$ 为估计的复变量电压;$v\left( s\right)$ 为输入复变量电压;$s$ 为拉普拉斯算子; 符号 “” 计为相应的被估计参量;${\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }$${\widehat{v}}_{\beta }$ 分别为输入信号${v}_{\alpha }$${v}_{\beta }$ 通过 ROGI 估计得到的输出;${\omega }_{\text{rogi }}$ 为相应 ROGI 的中心频率;$\mathrm{j}$ 为复变量算子;$\lambda$ 为 ROGI 的控制增益,$\lambda > 0$
式(2)开环表达对应的闭环传递函数为
$\frac{\widehat{v}\left( s\right)}{v\left( s\right)} =\frac{\lambda }{s -\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}+ \lambda }$
式(3)本质上为一阶复系数带通滤波器,其在中心频率处满足单位增益和零相位滞后。
由于实际电网频率存在波动, 特别是在弱电网下,频率允许偏移在${47}\sim {52}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,故为了实现上述 ROGI 对频率的自适应特性, 引入 FLL 来获得实时的频率信息$\widehat{\omega }$,并实时反馈给 ROGI,即用被估计的参数$\widehat{\omega }$ 代替${\omega }_{\text{rogi }}$, FLL 的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\widehat{\omega }}= \frac{\mu }{{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }^{2}+ {\widehat{v}}_{\beta }^{2}}e \\ e ={v}_{\beta }{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }- {\widehat{v}}_{\beta }{v}_{\alpha }\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\mu$ 为 FLL 增益,$\mu > 0;\bar{\mu }$ 为幅值归一化后的增益。
FLL 的由来存在诸多理解角度, 一种比较直观的理解为定义输出的信号轨迹满足
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }\left( t\right)\\{\widehat{v}}_{\beta }\left( t\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\widehat{V}\cos \widehat{\phi }\\\widehat{V}\sin \widehat{\phi }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中,$\widehat{V}\text{、}\widehat{\phi }$ 分别为参数$V\text{、}\phi$ 的估计量。
根据误差$e$ 的定义可推导出
$ e ={v}_{\beta }{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }- {\widehat{v}}_{\beta }{v}_{\alpha }= \widehat{V}V\sin \left({\phi -\widehat{\phi }}\right)$
考虑慢变或稳态频率$\left|{\omega \left({t +{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)- \omega \left( t\right)}\right|\leq \varepsilon$,此处$\varepsilon > 0$ 为充分小的正值;${T}_{\mathrm{s}}= f/{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为 1 个采样间隔,其中$f$ 为输入电压信号的频率,${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为采样频率。 式(6)的误差局部满足
$ e =\widehat{V}V\sin \left\lbrack {\left({\omega -\widehat{\omega }}\right) t +\varphi -\widehat{\varphi }}\right\rbrack \Rightarrow \\\mathop{\lim }\limits_{{t \rightarrow 0,\varphi -\widehat{\varphi }\in \left\lbrack {-\pi /2,\pi /2}\right\rbrack }}e\left({\omega -\widehat{\omega }}\right)> 0 $
这意味着当$\widehat{\omega }> \omega$ 时,有$e < 0$,那么 FLL 下一次迭代原则上应该减小; 同样地,当$\widehat{\omega }< \omega$ 时, 必有$e > 0$,那么 FLL 下一次迭代应该增大。根据上述定性描述, FLL 的迭代法则为
$\widehat{\omega }\left({t +{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)= \widehat{\omega }\left( t\right)+ e \Rightarrow \dot{\widehat{\omega }}\propto e $
式中,“$\propto$ ” 为正比符号。
通过上述离散形式的 FLL 表达, 可以得到式(4)连续域的 FLL, 其模块如图1所示, 运算符号记作$\left({\mathbf{v}- \widehat{\mathbf{v}}}\right)\circ \widehat{\mathbf{v}}= \operatorname{Im}\{\mathbf{v}\}\operatorname{Re}\{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\}- \operatorname{Re}\{\mathbf{v}\}\operatorname{Im}\{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\}$。为方便表述,本文将式(3)和式(4)构成的系统记作 ROGI-FLL。
由于实时数字控制系统大多在数字信号处理器中实现, 则 1.2 节连续域建模的 ROGI-FLL 不能直接实现, 因此本文开展了研究 ROGI-FLL 离散化方法的工作。如图1所示, 离散化的关键在于 ROGI 的积分器。由于 ROGI 要求跟踪交流信号, 故传统的前向差分法$1/s \rightarrow {z}^{-1}/\left({1 -{z}^{-1}}\right)$ 无法实现稳态无误差跟踪。为提升离散化精度, 通常使用三阶数值积分器法[11],可表示为
$\frac{1}{s}\rightarrow \frac{{T}_{s}}{12}\frac{{23}{z}^{-1}- {16}{z}^{-2}+ 5{z}^{-3}}{1 -{z}^{-1}}$
式中:${z}^{-1}$ 为单位延迟算子;“$\rightarrow$ ” 代表从$s$ 平面的算子映射到$z$ 平面的算子。
然而, 由于分母上的谐振关系不严格成立, 仍然无法实现理想的积分能力。文献[15]和文献[16] 从观测器或卡尔曼滤波器的角度提出了高精度的离散谐振器, 但其推导和实现过程复杂, 同时需要在线调用三角函数$\sin \left(\right)$$\cos \left(\right)$。因此,提出不需要调用三角函数的离散 FLL, 并保证该 FLL 的离散化精度比三阶数值积分器方法更高。
针对离散系统, 定义静止坐标系下的复信号为
$\mathbf{v}\left( k\right)= \underset{{v}_{\alpha }\left( k\right)}{\underbrace{V\cos \left({{\omega k}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \varphi }\right)}}+ \mathrm{j}\underset{{v}_{\beta }\left( k\right)}{\underbrace{V\sin \left({{\omega k}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \varphi }\right)}}= \\ V{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left({{\omega k}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \varphi }\right)} $
式中,$k$ 为当前的迭代点。
式(2)中连续域 ROGI,本质上需要实现在输入信号频率为无穷大增益时的一阶复系数传函。
离散信号代数关系为$\mathbf{v}\left({k - 1}\right)= V{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {\omega \left({k - 1}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \varphi }\right\rbrack }= \mathbf{v}\left( k\right)$ .${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\omega {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}$,类比连续域下的微分关系$\dot{\mathbf{v}}\left( t\right)= \mathrm{j}\omega \mathbf{v}\left( t\right)$,则考虑到连续域下的 ROGI 有
${\left| 1/\left( s -\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}\right)\right|}_{s =\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}}\rightarrow \infty $
式中,下标$s =\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}$ 为函数在自变量满足该下标时的取值, 下述类似表达也具有同样的含义。
那么同理可得$z$ 域下的等效传函为
${\left| 1/\left({z}^{-1}- {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\right|}_{z ={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}}\rightarrow \infty $
此时, 可得离散 ROGI 传函为
$\frac{\widehat{v}\left( z\right)}{v\left( z\right)- \widehat{v}\left( z\right)} =\frac{-{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\lambda }_{1}}{1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{z}^{-1}}$
式中,${\lambda }_{1}$ 类比于连续 ROGI 的增益$\lambda$
式(13)相应的模块记作最初的 d-ROGI,如图2所示。
图2无法数字实现,因为当前的输出$\widehat{v}\left( k\right)$ 又用作反馈变量, 即代数环。为解决该问题, 需要使反馈变量不再用作当前的输出, 而是滞后输出, 则存在关系式
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\left|{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{z}^{-1}\right|}_{z ={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}}= 1 \\\angle {\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{z}^{-1}{\left|{}_{z ={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}}= 0\right|}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
那么最初的 d-ROGI 便转换为
$\frac{\widehat{v}\left( z\right)}{v\left( z\right)- \widehat{v}\left( z\right)} =\frac{{\lambda }_{z}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{z}^{-1}}{1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{z}^{-1}}$
式中:${\lambda }_{z}$ 类比于连续 ROGI 的增益$\lambda$
此时, 式(15)相应的模块记作 d-ROGI, 如图3所示。该离散闭环传函在采样频率为$2\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 、中心频率为${\omega }_{\text{rogi }}= {100\pi }$ 且增益${\lambda }_{\mathrm{r}}= {0.02}$ 下的伯德图如图4所示。可以看出, 在较低采样频率下该传函仍能实现单位增益和零相位滞后的带通效果。
综上所述, 由于输入信号的频率未知, 需引入 FLL 达到自适应频率的目的, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{\omega }\left({k + 1}\right)= \widehat{\omega }\left( k\right)+ \frac{{\mu }_{z}}{{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }^{2}+ {\widehat{v}}_{\beta }^{2}}e\left( k\right)\\{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}= \widehat{\omega }\left( k\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,${\mu }_{z}$ 类比于连续 FLL 的增益$\mu$
当 ROGI 中心频率${\omega }_{\text{rogi }}$ 被式(16)估计的频率$\widehat{\omega }$ 代替, 可以定义式(15)中反映频率变化的参量作为${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}= \widehat{c}+ \mathrm{j}\widehat{q}$,其中参数$c$$q$ 满足$\widehat{c}= \cos \left({\widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right),\widehat{q}=$ $\sin \left({\widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$。如果直接实现该$\mathrm{d}$ -ROGI,则不可避免调用三角函数, 尽管用泰勒公式(Taylor’s Formula)能近似得到关系$\widehat{c}\approx 1 -{\widehat{\omega }}^{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}/2,\widehat{q}\approx \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,但其近似误差较大。
如何获得更加准确的参数$c$$q$ 至关重要。实际电网频率的额定值为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,且允许偏移的范围有限, 结合该约束信息, 将参数展开为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{c}= \cos \left({\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\underset{\cos \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}{\underbrace{{c}_{\mathrm{N}}}}- \sin \left({\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\underset{\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}{\underbrace{{q}_{\mathrm{N}}}}\\\widehat{q}= \sin \left({\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){c}_{\mathrm{N}}+ \cos \left({\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){q}_{\mathrm{N}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,$\Delta \widehat{\omega }$ 为偏离额定频率的值,其满足$\Delta \widehat{\omega }= \widehat{\omega }- {\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}$
相比于直接线性化参数$\widehat{c}$$\widehat{q}$,式(17)未知参数的线性化则更为准确, 利用泰勒公式近似表达$\cos \left({\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\approx 1 -{\left(\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}^{2}/2$$\sin \left({\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\approx \Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{c}= {c}_{\mathrm{N}}- \Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{q}_{\mathrm{N}}- {\left(\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}^{2}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}/2 \\\widehat{q}= {q}_{\mathrm{N}}+ \Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}- {\left(\Delta \widehat{\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}^{2}{q}_{\mathrm{N}}/2 \end{array}\right.$
整合可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{c}= {c}_{\mathrm{N}}- \Delta \widehat{\omega }{c}_{1}- \Delta {\widehat{\omega }}^{2}{c}_{2}\\\widehat{q}= {q}_{\mathrm{N}}+ \Delta \widehat{\omega }{q}_{1}- \Delta {\widehat{\omega }}^{2}{q}_{2}\\{c}_{1}= {T}_{\mathrm{s}}{q}_{\mathrm{N}},{c}_{2}= {T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}/2 \\{q}_{1}= {T}_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{N}},{q}_{2}= {T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}{q}_{\mathrm{N}}/2 \end{array}\right.$
式中:${c}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{、}{q}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{、}{c}_{1}\text{、}{c}_{2}\text{、}{q}_{1}$${q}_{2}$ 均为代数运算的中间变量。
考虑到参数${q}_{2}= {T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)/2 \sim O\left({T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{3}\right)$${c}_{2}= {T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}/2 \sim O\left({T}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}\right)$,即与采样时间的立方和平方同阶,$O$ 为同阶参量,因此其值远小于其他参数。 基于此, 式(15)中的传函可转换为低近似误差的传函, 即
$\frac{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( z\right)}{\mathbf{v}\left( z\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( z\right)} =\frac{{\lambda }_{z}\left({c +\mathrm{j}q}\right){z}^{-1}}{1 -\left\lbrack {\underset{c}{\underbrace{{c}_{\mathrm{N}}- {\Delta \omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{q}_{\mathrm{N}}}}+ \mathrm{j}\underset{q}{\underbrace{\left({q}_{\mathrm{N}}+ \Delta \omega {T}_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}\right)}}}\right\rbrack {z}^{-1}}$
当不关注频率检测而将其作为传函的自适应参量时,传函仅要求获得频率的偏移值即${\Delta \omega }$。考虑$c$$q$ 中的公因子${\Delta \omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,引入频率参数
$ w ={\Delta \omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}$
通过式(20)和式(21)即可得到最终的离散传函
$\frac{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( z\right)}{\mathbf{v}\left( z\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( z\right)} =\frac{{\lambda }_{z}\left({c +\mathrm{j}q}\right){z}^{-1}}{1 -\left\lbrack {\underset{c}{\underbrace{{c}_{\mathrm{N}}- w{t}_{\mathrm{N}}}}+ \mathrm{j}\underset{q}{\underbrace{\left({q}_{\mathrm{N}}+ w\right)}}}\right\rbrack {z}^{-1}}$
式中,${t}_{\mathrm{N}}= \tan \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
频率参数$w ={\Delta \omega }{T}_{s}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 与频率$\omega$ 存在同样的变化规律,即$\omega$ 变大,$w$ 也变大,因此构造 FLL 为
$\widehat{w}\left({k + 1}\right)= \widehat{w}\left( k\right)+ e\left( k\right)\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{N}}{\mu }_{z}}{\underset{{\bar{\mu }}_{z}}{\underbrace{{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }^{2}+ {\widehat{v}}_{\beta }^{2}}}}$
式(22)中的模块为复变量实现,即包含了复变量算子$\mathrm{j}$,在不支持复信号处理的 DSP 中无法直接应用, 也不利于工程人员根据模块图编写代码。因此, 需转换成容易理解的实变量模块图, 定义两相静止坐标系下的信号向量为
$\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}\left( k\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{v}_{\alpha }\left( k\right)\\{v}_{\beta }\left( k\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,$\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}\left( k\right)$ 为复变量信号$\mathbf{v}\left( k\right)$ 的向量表达。
为了将式(22)离散传函的复信号转换为向量信号, 首先定义误差信号分别为
${\varepsilon }_{x}\left( k\right)= {v}_{x}\left( k\right)- {\widehat{v}}_{x}\left( k\right)\;x \in \{\alpha,\beta \}$
接着根据离散 ROGI 的传函推得时域运算为
$\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( k\right)- \left({c +\mathrm{j}q}\right)\widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left({k - 1}\right)- {\lambda }_{z}\left({c +\mathrm{j}q}\right)\mathbf{e}\left({k - 1}\right)= 0 $
如果把上述代数多项式看作复算子$\Gamma$,那么通过代数处理 (实部与实部运算, 虚部与虚部运算), 可以得到简洁形式为
$\operatorname{Re}\{\Gamma \}+ \mathrm{j}\operatorname{Im}\{\Gamma \}= 0 $
为了使复算子恒为 0,则必有实部和虚部均为 0, 进而推得向量关系为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}}\left( k\right)= \underset{\widehat{\mathbf{r}}}{\underbrace{\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} c &- q \\ q & c \end{matrix}\right\rbrack }}\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}\left({k - 1}\right)+ {\lambda }_{z}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} c &- q \\ q & c \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \overrightarrow{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}\left({k - 1}\right)\\ c ={c}_{\mathrm{N}}- \widehat{w}{t}_{\mathrm{N}}\\ q ={q}_{\mathrm{N}}+ \widehat{w}\end{array}\right.$
公因子可转换为
$\overrightarrow{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}}\left( k\right)/{\widehat{\mathbf{r}}}^{-1}= \overrightarrow{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}}\left({k - 1}\right)+ {\lambda }_{2}\overrightarrow{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}\left({k - 1}\right)$
因此式(28)对应的模块如图5所示, 运算符号记作$\left({\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}- \widehat{\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}}}\right)\oplus \widehat{\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}}= {\varepsilon }_{\beta }{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }- {\varepsilon }_{\alpha }{\widehat{v}}_{\beta }$
为扩大应用范围,图5给出了所提结构提取$h$ 次谐波的数字实现模块。依据满足内模原理,给出任意$h$ 次目标信号的开环传函为
$\frac{{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}}_{h}\left( z\right)}{\mathbf{v}\left( z\right)- \widehat{\mathbf{v}}\left( z\right)- {\widehat{\mathbf{v}}}_{h}\left( z\right)} =\frac{{\lambda }_{h}\left({{c}_{h}+ \mathrm{j}{q}_{h}}\right){z}^{-1}}{1 -\left({{c}_{h}+ \mathrm{j}{q}_{h}}\right){z}^{-1}}$
式中参数满足:${c}_{h}= {c}_{h\mathrm{\;N}}- \left({hw}\right){t}_{h\mathrm{\;N}},{q}_{h}= {q}_{h\mathrm{\;N}}+ {hw}$
由于该 ROGI-FLL 已为离散结构, 其传统的连续域下 ROGI-FLL 的线性化模型无法直接使用, 需推出较文献[15-16]更为准确的模型。
为方便阅读, 直接给出针对该离散 FLL 的线性化模型, 其频率动态对应的二阶线性化模型表达式为
$\frac{\Delta \widehat{\omega }\left( s\right)}{{\Delta \omega }\left( s\right)} =\frac{{\mu }_{z}/{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{s}^{2}+ \underset{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\lambda }s +\underset{{k}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mu }_{z}/{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}}$
式(31)中的参数可以根据二阶系统来进行整定, 对应的模块如图6所示, 最优阻尼比整定为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda =\sqrt{2}{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{\mu }_{z}\\{\mu }_{z}= {\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}^{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\\{\lambda }_{z}= \sqrt{2}\lambda \sqrt{1 - c}/{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}\end{array}\right.$
文献 [10-11] 中的一阶模型为$\Delta \widehat{\omega }\left( s\right)/{\Delta \omega }\left( s\right)=$ ${\mu }_{z}/\left\lbrack {{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({s +{\mu }_{z}/{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}\right\rbrack$。与本文模型进行比较可以看出, 本文建立的模型实际上是考虑了 d-ROGI 的动态响应,模型阶数更高,且含有关于$\mathrm{d}$ -ROGI 带宽的控制增益, 参数整定更加合适, 模型准确性更好。
式(31)中线性化模型的推导过程:
定义输出信号的轨迹为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow{\widehat{\mathbf{v}}}\left( k\right)= {\left\lbrack \widehat{V}\cos \left(\widehat{\phi }\left( k\right)\right)\;\widehat{V}\sin \left(\widehat{\phi }\left( k\right)\right)\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\\dot{\widehat{\phi }}\left( k\right)= \widehat{\omega }\end{array}\right.$
FLL 的差分方程满足
$\Delta \widehat{\omega }\left({k + 1}\right)= \Delta \widehat{\omega }\left( k\right)+ \frac{{\mu }_{z}}{\widehat{V}}V\sin \left\lbrack {\phi \left( k\right)- \widehat{\phi }\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack $
因为频率和相位固有耦合, 所以在线性化时首要目标是移除式(34)中的非线性函数$\sin \left(\right)$,即
$\Delta \widehat{\omega }\left({k + 1}\right)\approx \Delta \widehat{\omega }\left( k\right)+ {\mu }_{z}V\left\lbrack {\phi \left( k\right)- \widehat{\phi }\left( k\right)}\right\rbrack /\widehat{V}$
频率为慢变或稳态信号, 因此式(35)可以转化为微分形式:${T}_{\mathrm{s}}\Delta \dot{\widehat{\omega }}\approx {\mu }_{z}V\left({\phi -\widehat{\phi }}\right)/\widehat{V}$。进而,定义幅值和相位小信号满足:$V ={V}_{\mathrm{N}}+ {\Delta V},\phi ={\phi }_{\mathrm{N}}+ {\Delta \phi }$。 那么微分方程可进一步线性化为
${T}_{\mathrm{s}}\Delta \dot{\widehat{\omega }}\approx \underset{\approx 1/{V}_{\mathrm{N}}- \Delta \widehat{V}}{\underbrace{\frac{1}{{V}_{\mathrm{N}}+ \Delta \widehat{V}}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{N}}+ {\Delta V}}\right){\mu }_{z}\left({{\Delta \phi }- \Delta \widehat{\phi }}\right)\approx \\{\mu }_{z}\left({{\Delta \phi }- \Delta \widehat{\phi }}\right)$
此时, FLL 的线性化关系已经确定, 接下来应该分析 d-ROGI 的动态响应。由于离散域的 d-ROGI 和连续域的 ROGI 从动态来说并无太大区别, 而连续域推导更为简洁, 故需要确定等效的、连续域的 ROGI。从幅频响应可以推出等效关系, 考虑其对直流信号具有同样的衰减能力, 应满足
${\left|\frac{\lambda }{s - j{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}}\right|}_{s = 0}= {\left|\frac{c +{jq}}{1 -\left({c +{jq}}\right){z}^{-1}}{\lambda }_{z}{z}^{-1}\right|}_{z = 1}$
进而得到增益关系
$\frac{\lambda }{{\omega }_{\text{rogi }}}= {\lambda }_{z}\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 -{2c}}}\Rightarrow {\lambda }_{z}\approx \frac{\lambda }{{\omega }_{\mathrm{N}}}\sqrt{2 -{2c}}$
式(38)意味给定增益${\lambda }_{z}$,则存在唯一对应的连续域 ROGI 满足增益$\lambda$,即建立了联系。此时,相位动态满足
$\widehat{\phi }= {\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{{\widehat{v}}_{\beta }}{{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }}\right)\Rightarrow \dot{\widehat{\phi }}= \frac{{\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }{\dot{\widehat{v}}}_{\beta }- {\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }{\widehat{v}}_{\beta }}{{\widehat{v}}_{\beta }{}^{2}+ {\widehat{v}}_{\alpha }{}^{2}}\overset{\text{ 代入ROGI的信号关系 }}{= }\\\frac{{\widehat{V}}^{2}\widehat{\omega }+ {\lambda e}}{{\widehat{V}}^{2}}= \widehat{\omega }+ \lambda \frac{e}{{\widehat{V}}^{2}}$
考虑到误差严格满足${T}_{\mathrm{s}}\Delta \dot{\widehat{\omega }}= {\mu }_{z}e/{\widehat{V}}^{2}$,因此相位动态有$\dot{\widehat{\phi }}\approx \widehat{\omega }+ {T}_{s}{\lambda \Delta }\dot{\widehat{\omega }}/{\mu }_{z}$。对式 (4) 的频率动态再次微分,满足$\Delta \ddot{\omega }\approx {\mu }_{z}\left({{\Delta \omega }- \Delta \dot{\widehat{\phi }}}\right)/{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,将其代入相位动态, 即可推得单输入输出的二阶线性化模型为
$\Delta \ddot{\widehat{\omega }}\approx \frac{{\mu }_{z}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({{\Delta \omega }- \Delta \widehat{\omega }- \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\lambda }{{\mu }_{z}}\Delta \dot{\widehat{\omega }}}\right)$
用拉普拉斯反变换可得二阶线性化频率动态模型。
验证所建立的离散 FLL 的线性化模型。采样频率为$2\mathrm{{kHz}}$。离散 FLL 的参数:${\lambda }_{z}= {0.1569}$,${\mu }_{z}= {18.44}$。线性化模型的参数:${k}_{\mathrm{p}}= {314},{k}_{\mathrm{i}}= {36885}$图7为频率为$2\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 阶跃变化后的动态响应,可以看出线性化模型接近真实的动态。
通过实验对比本文所提离散 FLL 的动态和稳态性能。使用可编程的交流电压源生成输入电压, 利用模数转换板将其调理为适用于 DSP F28335(主频为${150}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ )处理器的弱电输入信号,采用仿真器在 DSP 的 PWM1 中断程序中进行代码调试和烧写, 通过 DSP 自带的数模转换模块将其输出至示波器上, 利用外设脉冲触发扰动进行波形捕获。
比较对象为常用三阶数值积分器法和离散谐振器型 FLL。常用三阶数值积分器法由固有的连续域模块实现, 因此具有同样准确的二阶线性化模型,其参数和所提离散 FLL 均满足${k}_{\mathrm{p}}= {314},{k}_{\mathrm{i}}=$ 36885; 离散谐振器型 FLL 由于仅有一阶小信号模型, 因此其 FLL 参数按照给定的一阶整定为 72230, 动态响应时间约为${20}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,为了公平比较,其离散谐振器的增益保证和 ROGI 一致的动态响应速度, 测试的采样频率为$2\mathrm{{kHz}}$
对比 3 组实验测试。测试 1: 在给定时刻, 三相电压信号中有一相发生电压跌落 70%;测试 2: 在给定时刻,三相电压信号频率跳变$- 1\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$;测试 3: 在给定时刻,三相电压信号频率跳变$2\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,且混入 20%的 -5 次谐波。测试 1 和测试 2 均添加了负序提取的 ROGI, 测试 3 添加了 -5 次的 ROGI。为了方便观察动态响应, 提取信号的幅值进行比较, 相位偏差有一致的比较趋势, 将不再显示。
图8为测试 1 的实验波形。可以看出:本文所提 FLL 和离散谐振器型 FLL 均有较好的频率检测精度; 三阶数值积分器型 FLL 存在稳态频率偏差, 在高精度频率检测应用中不能满足要求。此外, 在电压发生非对称跌落时, 本文所提 FLL 也有较离散谐振器型 FLL 更好的动态, 这主要是因为更加准确的线性化模型为其提供了更好的参数整定指导。
图9为测试 2 的实验波形。可以看出, 在频率发生跳变时, 本文所提 FLL 较离散谐振器型 FLL 具有更平滑的跟踪性能, 其频率和幅值检测精度也高于三阶数值积分器型 FLL。
图10为测试 3 的实验波形。在谐波污染的环境下可以看出, 本文所提的 FLL 确保了相对高的检测精度, 而三阶数值积分器型 FLL 检测精度较差。
表1为 3 种离散 FLL 的计算量对比。为方便观察,额外需要提取分量的个数记为$n$,不含$n$ 的为基频正序提取结构的对比。可以看出, 所提 FLL 避免了计算成本昂贵的三角运算, 同时较三阶数值积分器型 FLL 有更少的存储要求和基本运算。
本文提出 1 种高精度低计算量离散 FLL, 不需要在线调用三角函数, 同时建立了较已有离散 FLL 更为准确的小信号模型。实验结果显示, 本文所提 FLL 比最常用的数值积分器型 FLL 有更高的精度。同时, 由于更好的参数整定指导, 所提离散 FLL 较离散谐振器 FLL 也有更好的动态性能。计算量统计结果进一步显示了所提离散 FLL 低计算量的优势。
  • 国家电网公司科技资助项目(5216AG20000D)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.153
  • 接收时间:2021-12-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-14
  • 修回日期:2022-04-13
  • 录用日期:2022-04-14
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5216AG20000D)
国家电网公司科技资助项目(5216AG20000D)
作者信息
    1 国网湖南省电力有限公司 长沙 410004
    2 智能电气量测与应用技术湖南省重点实验室 长沙 410004
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