Article(id=1153375944015340370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.225, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1639929600000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-20, revisedDate=1646496000000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-06, acceptedDate=1646755200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-09, onlineDate=1752915853742, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915853742, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915853742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915853742, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=225, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375944866784086, articleId=1153375944015340370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=SOC Prediction and Health Management System of UPS Based on EKF-Markov, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the demand of enterprises which produce UPS, a condition based maintenance(CBM) management system of UPS based on extended Kalman filter(EKF)-Markov is designed. Under the permission of users, the status data of online position and real-time operation of the equipment is visualized by using the geographic information system. Compared with the traditional post-maintenance scheme, the weighted method is used in data preprocessing to model the CBM of the data-driven collected information and reduce differences caused by different types of data. The EKF is used to eliminate the influence of noise on the sampling results, and the average error of state-of-charge(SOC)predicted using the algorithm is 0.434 3%. Combined with the Markov decision process, the UPS battery state is analyzed, the health management and CBM strategy in charge-change mode is implemented, and the maintenance time is reduced by 57.12% on average. Results show that compared with the traditional maintenance, the state prediction and health management system can improve the maintenance efficiency and accelerate the transformation from traditional planned maintenance to CBM mode.

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根据生产不间断电源企业的需求,设计了基于EKF-Markov 的不间断电源状态维修管理系统,在使用方许可的情况下,使用地理信息系统可视化显示设备在线位置及实时运行的状态数据。与传统事后维修方案相比,在数据预处理中运用加权的方法对数据驱动采集的信息进行状态维修建模,能够减少不同类型数据导致的差异;采用扩展卡尔曼滤波消除噪声对采样结果的影响,该算法下荷电状态预测的误差均值为0.4343%,结合马尔可夫决策过程对UPS电池状态进行分析,实行充/换电模式下的健康管理状态维修策略,维修时间平均减少了57.12%。研究结果表明,相较于传统维修方法,状态预测与健康管理系统的使用可提高维修效率,加速实现从传统的计划性维修到状态维修模式的转化。

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傅军栋(1972–), 男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统、智能建筑。E-mail: 8755915@qq.com。

陈浩杰(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统维修、管理系统。E-mail: 1033747409@qq.com。

孙翔(1994-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:视觉检测与非成像光学设计。E-mail: handysx2479@outlook.com。

刘深深(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统保护。E-mail: 862474581@qq.com。

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傅军栋(1972–), 男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统、智能建筑。E-mail: 8755915@qq.com。

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傅军栋(1972–), 男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统、智能建筑。E-mail: 8755915@qq.com。

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陈浩杰(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统维修、管理系统。E-mail: 1033747409@qq.com。

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陈浩杰(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统维修、管理系统。E-mail: 1033747409@qq.com。

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孙翔(1994-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:视觉检测与非成像光学设计。E-mail: handysx2479@outlook.com。

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孙翔(1994-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:视觉检测与非成像光学设计。E-mail: handysx2479@outlook.com。

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刘深深(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统保护。E-mail: 862474581@qq.com。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032452302529387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375944015340370, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Functional design of UPS’s each module, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块名 功能设计
地理信息模块 界面支持本地地图, 地理地图上显示 设备的分布情况
信息更新模块 主界面, 显示设备的主要参数 和运行状态
信息反馈模块 设备实时运行状态查询
管理系统维护 模块 更新系统中 UPS 设备的信息配置, 添加或删除
管理日志查询 与输出模块 故障输出, 将维修日志以表格的形式 导出等
), ArticleFig(id=1154032452382221166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375944015340370, language=CN, label=表1, caption=UPS 各模块功能设计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块名 功能设计
地理信息模块 界面支持本地地图, 地理地图上显示 设备的分布情况
信息更新模块 主界面, 显示设备的主要参数 和运行状态
信息反馈模块 设备实时运行状态查询
管理系统维护 模块 更新系统中 UPS 设备的信息配置, 添加或删除
管理日志查询 与输出模块 故障输出, 将维修日志以表格的形式 导出等
), ArticleFig(id=1154032452449330032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375944015340370, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Battery health data in different states, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 期望运行 时间/h 指数分布 参数 随机 故障率 健康等级
状态 1 30000 0.0005 0.01 1.000
状态 2 30000 0.0006 0.02 1.301
状态 3 30000 0.0020 0.05 2.058
状态 4 10000 0.0030 0.06 3.022
状态 5 5000 0.0010 0 4.000
), ArticleFig(id=1154032452503855985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375944015340370, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同状态下电池健康数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 期望运行 时间/h 指数分布 参数 随机 故障率 健康等级
状态 1 30000 0.0005 0.01 1.000
状态 2 30000 0.0006 0.02 1.301
状态 3 30000 0.0020 0.05 2.058
状态 4 10000 0.0030 0.06 3.022
状态 5 5000 0.0010 0 4.000
), ArticleFig(id=1154032452558381938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375944015340370, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Comparison among state maintenance strategies, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 初始 维修策略 监测间隔 时间/h 状态维修 策略 监测间隔 时间/h
状态 1 不采取 维修策略 30576 不采取 维修策略 26208
状态 2 不采取 维修策略 30576 预防性 维修策略 13104
状态 3 不采取 维修策略 30576 预防性 维修策略 13104
状态 4 不采取 维修策略 30576 预防性 维修策略 8760
状态 5 事后维修 30576 事后/紧急 维修 4368
), ArticleFig(id=1154032452621296499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375944015340370, language=CN, label=表3, caption=状态维修策略对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 初始 维修策略 监测间隔 时间/h 状态维修 策略 监测间隔 时间/h
状态 1 不采取 维修策略 30576 不采取 维修策略 26208
状态 2 不采取 维修策略 30576 预防性 维修策略 13104
状态 3 不采取 维修策略 30576 预防性 维修策略 13104
状态 4 不采取 维修策略 30576 预防性 维修策略 8760
状态 5 事后维修 30576 事后/紧急 维修 4368
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基于EKF-Markov 的UPS荷电状态预测与健康管理系统
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傅军栋 , 陈浩杰 , 孙翔 , 刘深深
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 225-233
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 225-233
基于EKF-Markov 的UPS荷电状态预测与健康管理系统
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傅军栋 , 陈浩杰 , 孙翔 , 刘深深
作者信息
  • 华东交通大学 电气与自动化工程学院 南昌 330013
  • 傅军栋(1972–), 男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统、智能建筑。E-mail: 8755915@qq.com。

    陈浩杰(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统维修、管理系统。E-mail: 1033747409@qq.com。

    孙翔(1994-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:视觉检测与非成像光学设计。E-mail: handysx2479@outlook.com。

    刘深深(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统保护。E-mail: 862474581@qq.com。

SOC Prediction and Health Management System of UPS Based on EKF-Markov
Jundong FU , Haojie CHEN , Xiang SUN , Shenshen LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Automation Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang 330013 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.225
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根据生产不间断电源企业的需求,设计了基于EKF-Markov 的不间断电源状态维修管理系统,在使用方许可的情况下,使用地理信息系统可视化显示设备在线位置及实时运行的状态数据。与传统事后维修方案相比,在数据预处理中运用加权的方法对数据驱动采集的信息进行状态维修建模,能够减少不同类型数据导致的差异;采用扩展卡尔曼滤波消除噪声对采样结果的影响,该算法下荷电状态预测的误差均值为0.4343%,结合马尔可夫决策过程对UPS电池状态进行分析,实行充/换电模式下的健康管理状态维修策略,维修时间平均减少了57.12%。研究结果表明,相较于传统维修方法,状态预测与健康管理系统的使用可提高维修效率,加速实现从传统的计划性维修到状态维修模式的转化。

不间断电源  /  状态维修  /  荷电状态预测  /  扩展卡尔曼滤波  /  马尔可夫决策  /  状态预测与健康管理

According to the demand of enterprises which produce UPS, a condition based maintenance(CBM) management system of UPS based on extended Kalman filter(EKF)-Markov is designed. Under the permission of users, the status data of online position and real-time operation of the equipment is visualized by using the geographic information system. Compared with the traditional post-maintenance scheme, the weighted method is used in data preprocessing to model the CBM of the data-driven collected information and reduce differences caused by different types of data. The EKF is used to eliminate the influence of noise on the sampling results, and the average error of state-of-charge(SOC)predicted using the algorithm is 0.434 3%. Combined with the Markov decision process, the UPS battery state is analyzed, the health management and CBM strategy in charge-change mode is implemented, and the maintenance time is reduced by 57.12% on average. Results show that compared with the traditional maintenance, the state prediction and health management system can improve the maintenance efficiency and accelerate the transformation from traditional planned maintenance to CBM mode.

Uninterruptible power supply(UPS)  /  condition based maintenance(CBM)  /  state-of-charge(SOC) prediction  /  extended Kalman filter(EKF)  /  Markov decision  /  state prediction and health management
傅军栋, 陈浩杰, 孙翔, 刘深深. 基于EKF-Markov 的UPS荷电状态预测与健康管理系统. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 225 -233 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.225
Jundong FU, Haojie CHEN, Xiang SUN, Shenshen LIU. SOC Prediction and Health Management System of UPS Based on EKF-Markov[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 225 -233 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.225
智能设备在生产和生活中的重要性越来越突出, 为了保障这些设备的正常运行, 通常使用不间断电源 UPS(uninterruptible power supply)来保障其供电的可靠性[1]。UPS 现已广泛运用于交通控制、 通信、智能控制和医疗系统等重要领域。
传统 UPS 电源故障维修依赖于现场检测, 但不同型号 UPS 设备表现出的故障会存在差异[2],使得电源的维护消耗了过多时间。将维修与管理系统相结合, 可以有效提高电气设备的维修效率, 延长使用寿命。例如, 地理信息系统 GIS( geographic information system) 提供空间要素信息, 可对地图的视觉化效果和数据集成进行操作, 可将已经损毁的电池取出并更换健康的电池, 这种结合充/换电维修策略的状态维修可以延长设备的使用寿命。
李静等[3] 对锂电池 UPS 未来三大发展方式进行分析, 肯定了锂电池 UPS 是未来的发展趋势; 王廷涛等凶综合考虑储能系统及其运行状态,提出 1 种基于状态评估的多类型储能系统检修优化策略, 验证状态模型的合理性和有效性, 但设备状态评估未对状态数据去噪; 谢克桓等[5] 使用卡尔曼滤波算法对荷电状态$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ (state-of-charge) 监测方法进行优化, 但未与维修管理系统相结合; 邓雪峰等[6] 对互联网环境下的电气设备检修系统进行设计, 并以节点算法完成系统的软件设计,但未将 GIS 集成到系统中; 许铭林等[7] 将模块化 UPS 的结构特点和运行方式近似为马尔可夫过程, 提出了 UPS 经济性评估方法, 但未与 UPS 的状态维修进行结合, 状态检修更具有针对性和经济性。综上所述, 状态维修 CBM(condition based maintenance)的目的是将智能技术应用到维修的全过程[8],而目前针对互联网环境下 UPS 设备健康管理的研究仍然较少, 管理信息系统仍局限于对设备信息的采集, 应当加速实现从传统的计划性维修模式向状态维修模式的转化[9]
本文研究锂电池 UPS 设备运行中的实际状态, 首次结合 UPS 的荷电状态预测与状态维修进行研究, 对 UPS 的电池状态进行预测和健康管理。本文在使用扩展卡尔曼滤波 EKF(extended Kalman filter)算法[10] 进行状态预测的基础上,引入马尔可夫决策动态选择设备的状态, 同时引入 GIS 通过换电网络规模建设后的便捷性来动态选择充/换电的维修策略, 旨在对维修任务和资源精确分配, 充分提升 UPS 的电池状态健康管理水平。
UPS 在线管理平台应具有的功能包括: ①维修状态提醒, 系统根据采集到的数据进行设备状态划分, 管理人员可将设备当前状态通过提醒功能发送给检修人员;②UPS 设备信息查询、修改、更新和删除;③将 GIS 集成到管理系统,可查询设备坐标, 在地图操作界面获取地理坐标; ④系统数据管理维护。
根据 1.1 节功能需求分析, 将基于 GIS 的 UPS 在线状态监测及维修管理系统分成 4 个模块: UPS 设备地理信息模块、UPS 设备信息更新模块、UPS 设备信息反馈模块和 UPS 管理系统维护模块。在线 UPS 设备管理系统的总体框架设计如图1所示。
系统针对 UPS 设备的实际应用进行订制化设计, 管理系统采用模块化管理, 通过地图、不间断电源设备运行数据监控、导出统计表、信息更新和信息反馈等模块实时监测设备在实际应用中的电源状态。不间断电源状态预测与健康管理平台的各模块功能设计如表1所示。
随着自动化监测技术的发展, 利用数据驱动可采集设备的各类数据信息以监控、评估、预测和管理设备的健康状态。状态预测与健康管理系统通过调度检修资源可提供一系列的维修保障措施, 实现设备的状态维修。
不间断电源状态维修的重点应关注设备预测状态与正常运行基线的偏差程度, 以及对预测状态偏离量的把握, 为 UPS 的使用和状态维修提供决策依据。设备状态预测的技术通常为基于数据驱动的方法, 以实时监测数据和历史维修保障信息建立基于 UPS 荷电状态的预测模型, 及时发现故障设备性能变化趋势, 并依据预测结果给出检修或保障计划。
不间断电源设备的故障模式大致可分为累积性故障(如设备本体内绝缘老化、线路绝缘子积污老化、线材老化等)和随机性故障(如设备外部附件故障、线路雷击闪络故障等)[11]。对 UPS 的研究重点是预防性检修, 其对象是可修复的累积性故障, 故本文仅考虑累积性故障模式。
对于 UPS 设备本身,多数故障是由电池老化和失效造成的, 长时间使用会导致不间断电源的电池本体或部件失效。考虑电池故障,在故障发生前, 电池相关参数往往先行发生改变, 因此对反应设备状态的特征参数进行监测和预测估计, 以实时判断设备的健康状况。引入 Weibull 比例失效理论, 配合管理系统中检修计划的安排,形成可以适应设备状态变化的灵活检修策略, 构建 UPS 健康管理系统。Weibull 比例失效模型可表示为
$\lambda \left\lbrack {t, X\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack =\frac{\beta }{\eta }\left(\frac{t}{\eta }\right)\exp \left\lbrack {{\alpha X}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
$ R\left\lbrack {t, X\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack =\exp \left\{{-{\left(\frac{t}{\eta }\right)}^{\beta }\exp \left\lbrack {{\alpha X}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中:$\lambda \left\lbrack {t, X\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack$ 为给定时间$t$$X\left( t\right)$ 情况下设备的故障发生率;$R\left\lbrack {t, X\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack$ 为给定时间$t$$X\left( t\right)$ 情况下设备的可靠程度;$\beta$ 为电池温度参数,且$\beta > 0$;$\eta$ 为电池尺寸;$X\left( t\right)$ 为电池在$t$ 时间的监测值;$\alpha$$X\left( t\right)$ 对故障的影响程度[12]。将电池分为 4 个健康等级:优、良、及格、故障,并将其量化为 1、 2、3、4。
电池的数据预处理主要针对数据驱动模块源层中所有历史采集的电流、电压数据, 其并不是绝对完整和可用的, 因此需要对这些数据进行预处理以方便使用。数据的主要处理方式为修复, 保证不会影响到状态决策。
数据预处理的主要内容为偏差数据处理和无效数据处理[13]。其中,对偏差数据的处理主要采用定性推理方法, 即对缺失数据进行高斯拟合; 对于无效数据, 通常采用剔除的方法。该类数据的产生主要是由于在存放与传输过程中受到了彼此的影响而导致数据紊乱。经过预处理后的数据可以减少系统空间和时间上的复杂度, 使状态预测的效率更高、响应更快。
不同变量之间的正负存在一定差异, 不同的监测量对设备状态影响程度不同,因此需要赋予不同权重。对电池整体状态的评估可通过加权平均的方式得到,即
$ x =\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{Q}{\omega }_{q}{r}_{q}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{Q}{\omega }_{q}}$
式中:$x$ 为电池整体状态的评估指标,其值越小, 说明设备的状态越好;$Q$ 为监测变量的总数;${\omega }_{q}$ 为对第$q$ 个监测变量赋予的权重;${r}_{q}$ 为第$q$ 个变量的监测值。
SOC 为电池剩余容量与总容量的比值, 通过实时获取电源系统的放电电流、电压的情况可对 SOC 进行准确估算, 即
$ K ={K}_{1}{K}_{2}{K}_{3}{K}_{4}$
式中:$K$ 为与充、放电相关的影响系数;${K}_{1}$ 为温度影响下的系数;${K}_{2}$ 为充、放电转换因子;${K}_{3}$ 为电源老化周期系数;${K}_{4}$ 为充、放电倍率影响系数。
则荷电状态公式为
$\mathrm{{SOC}}= {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{0}- K\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{3600}{Q}_{\mathrm{N}}}I $
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{0}$ 为电源的初始容量;${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为运行周期;${Q}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为电源额定容量;$I$ 为电源的放电电流。
在不间断电源电池运行可靠性的前期评估中, 电池的运行过程尚未进入平稳态, 如使用某一时刻的瞬时状态解来描述设备前期的运行, 会使电池状态预测结果不具有可靠性[14]
卡尔曼滤波器是 1 种利用线性系统状态方程[15], 通过系统的输入、输出对结果进行最优化自回归的数据处理算法, 主要应用于在不确定的观测数据中估算出最优结果, 适用于估计动态系统的状态, 可以作出准确的预测, 但是实际系统存在不同程度的非线性关系。EKF 算法建立在线性卡尔曼滤波算法的基础上,可得到 1 个近似的线性化模型。通过 EKF 对监测到的电源电流进行数据分析, 得出不间断电源电池处于运行状态时的故障转化态。卡尔曼滤波器的状态预测表达式为
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n}= \mathbf{A}{\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n - 1}+ \mathbf{B}{\widehat{\mathbf{u}}}_{n - 1}$
式中:${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n}$$n$ 时刻的状态向量;${\widehat{\mathbf{u}}}_{n}$$n$ 时刻的控制向量;$\mathbf{A}$ 为状态转移矩阵,将状态转移至下一时刻的状态向量;$\mathbf{B}$ 为输入控制矩阵,统一$n$ 时刻状态向量${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n - 1}$ 和控制向量${\widehat{\mathbf{u}}}_{n - 1}$ 之间的关系。
协方差预测公式为
${\mathbf{p}}_{n}= \mathbf{A}{\mathbf{p}}_{n - 1}{\mathbf{A}}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{Q}}_{Z}$
式中:${p}_{n}$ 为状态向量的协方差矩阵,表示状态向量中每个元素之间的关系;${\mathbf{A}}^{\mathrm{T}}$ 为状态转移矩阵的转置;${\mathbf{Q}}_{z}$ 为用来衡量模型的准确度,表示预测状态高斯噪声的协方差矩阵, 其值越小, 模型越准确。
卡尔曼增益${K}_{n}$ 的表达式为
${K}_{n}= \frac{{\mathbf{P}}_{n, n - 1}}{{\mathbf{P}}_{n, n - 1}+ {\mathbf{r}}_{n}}$
式中:${\mathbf{P}}_{n, n - 1}$ 为协方差矩阵${\mathbf{p}}_{n}$ 将状态向量${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n}$ 映射到测量结果所在的状态空间${z}_{n}$ 所得;${r}_{n}$ 为测量值的误差, 是其白噪声的协方差矩阵。
EKF 中的状态更新和协方差更新分别为
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n}= {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n - 1}+ {K}_{n}\left({{z}_{n}- {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{n}}\right)$
${\mathbf{p}}_{n}= \left({1 -{K}_{n}}\right){\mathbf{p}}_{n - 1}$
EKF 算法流程如图2所示。以 UPS 电源使用过程中单节电池产生的数据进行扩展卡尔曼滤波模型验证,设备电池连续运行,采样频率为${0.1}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$, 运行${1200}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后电容下降${30}\%$,视为故障损坏[16], 以此作为电池状态健康的参考基准, 使用卡尔曼滤波算法进行校验[17]图3为对设备电池 60 次采样结果进行卡尔曼滤波后的结果,图4为 EKF 对电流和荷电状态预测结果的误差分析。
图3图4可见: 电流扩展卡尔曼滤波误差均值为${4.249391}\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{\;A}$,荷电状态$\mathrm{{EKF}}$ 的误差均值为 0.4343%; 基于 EKF 的实时电流估算法能较好地跟踪实际值, 避免了因电流波动导致的瞬时状态误差较大、跟踪滞后等缺点; 对监测电池电流曲线实际值进行了修正, 使得电源在充、放电电流波动较大时能得到更加合理的荷电状态的预测值, 可以较为准确地显示电源当前瞬时状态, 也可以准确地对电源荷电状态进行估算。
状态维修方式可以根据电池整体状态进行决策, 依据所得到的检修日程提前统一安排检修日期进行检修规划, 不考虑其随机性, 时间较固定[18]。 电池的预防性维修主要分为充电模式和换电模式: 充电模式是指对状态不好的电池进行浮充; 换电模式是指将已亏电的电池取出并更换容量饱和的电池。
通过状态监测建立多状态的马尔可夫转移来表示电池的故障[19]。马尔可夫决策过程大体由状态集${S}_{n}$ 、决策集$A\left( i\right)$ 和状态转移概率${\lambda }_{ij}$ 这 3 个部分组成。${S}_{n}$ 表示不间断电源电池运行状态的状态空间;$A\left( i\right)= \left\{\left({{a}_{i},{t}_{i}}\right)\right\}$ 为系统处于状态$i$ 时可能采取的策略集合,${a}_{i}$ 为可能的维修策略,${t}_{i}$ 为距离下一次监测的间隔时间;${\lambda }_{ij}$ 表示系统处于状态$i$ 并采取策略$A\left( i\right)$ 时,从当前所处的状态$i$ 转移到下个状态$j$ 的概率[20]
选取在线监测得到的变量参数表示劣化程度, 将电池故障的程度划分为多个离散状态[21],具体 UPS 电池故障状态转移过程如图5所示。
状态转移矩阵${p}_{ij}$ 为 1 个上三角$n \times n$ 矩阵,令 UPS 电池的状态空间为$\left\{{{S}_{n}\left( t\right), t > 0}\right\}$,则任意时刻$t$$t +\Delta$ 由状态$i$ 转移到状态$j$ 的概率为
${\mathbf{p}}_{ij}= \mathbf{p}\left\lbrack {{S}_{n}\left({t +\Delta }\right)= j \mid S\left( t\right)= i}\right\rbrack $
电池停留在当前状态的时间${\lambda }_{i}$ 与电源的状态$i$ 有关,而电池停留在任意状态的时间均符合以${\lambda }_{i}$ 为参数的指数分布概率密度函数,即$E\left({\lambda }_{i}\right)$ 表示${\lambda }_{i}$ 不同时电池在不同状态$i$ 上停留时间的期望[22]
使用电池状态与停留时间共同描述状态转移过程较复杂,从状态$i$ 步入状态$j$ 的状态转移密度可表示为$p{r}_{ij}$,满足$j \in \{ i + 1, i + 2,\cdots, i + n\}$,状态转移密度的计算式为
${\mathbf{{pr}}}_{ij}= \left\{{\mathop{\lim }\limits_{{\Delta \rightarrow 0}}\frac{\mathbf{p}\left\lbrack {{S}_{n}\left({\left({t +\Delta }\right)= j \mid S\left( t\right)= i}\right)}\right\rbrack }{\Delta }}\right\}$
$\mathbf{p}{r}_{ij}= {\mathbf{p}}_{ij}{\lambda }_{i}$
由此求得电池实际运行过程中各瞬时状态转移密度矩阵。对不同时刻充/放电流、电压及电池温度等指标的监测量进行加权平均计算, 可将电池故障的程度离散为 5 个状态。在维修周期$T$ 内,根据式 (1) 和式(2)可得电源健康等级$H$ 的计算式为
$ H =\frac{{\int }_{0}^{t}R\left\lbrack {s, X\left( s\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}s}{{\int }_{0}^{t}R\left\lbrack {s, X\left( s\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}s + R\left\lbrack {t, X\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack T +\{ 1 - R\left\lbrack {t, X\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \}\bar{T}}$
式中:$s$$\left\lbrack {0, t}\right\rbrack$ 某一时刻;$\overline{{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}$ 为平均修复性时间。
UPS 电池在不进行大修和置换情况下的使用生命周期约为${1.05}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;h}$ (约${12}\mathrm{a}$ )。假设得知运行状态, 每个状态下的时间服从指数分布, 电池离开当前状态后仅能转移到下一状态, 将电池 5 个状态的对应参数代入式(14)可求得每个状态对应的健康数据, 如表2所示。
图6为电池状态转移过程, 根据 UPS 电池运行周期的特点可选监测时间为 {4368,876,13104, 17472, 26208, 30576}。
根据马尔可夫决策过程的结果[23],将检修分为根据预测状态的状态维修、按照固定时间的事后大修和紧急故障修。状态维修中选择不同策略,会导致不同的监测间隔时间。表3为初始维修策略和状态维修策略下不同监测间隔的时间对比。可以看出, 采用状态维修策略后, 监测间隔时间降低了 57.12%,说明马尔可夫状态决策模型适用于 UPS 电池的状态维修问题, 符合状态维修的预期。
平台主要为检修管理人员提供登录服务, 分为系统管理人员和管理员, 以不同权限分工共同保障平台高效合理运行[24]。通过管理系统中电池的主要参数进行监测和预测, 在发现数据异常或电池故障报警后第一时间通知检修人员[25] 采取措施, 综合统筹后对电池进行参数记录, 并上传日志后进行设备检修。UPS 状态预测与健康管理系统的流程如图7所示。
在 Web 页面中通过 JSP 和 HTML5 页面实现人机交互界面的显示。结合图7, 采用 Java 语言对其进行程序编写。通过安装和部署 UPS 状态预测和健康管理系统, 相比传统的事后维修方式, 可以监测到 UPS 电池运行信息异常或离线, 并及时通知运维人员。检修人员可将每次维修情况录入管理系统, 形成完整的维修日志, 达到对分布在不同空间上 UPS 电池进行系统性维护的目的。与传统管理系统相比, 基于 EKF-Markov 的健康管理系统可以有计划地对部分 UPS 进行改造, 解决大量因维修任务不合理或维修周期不及时导致的电源故障问题,提高了电气设备的可靠性。
本文基于 EKF-Markov 的 UPS 状态预测与健康管理系统研究, 通过对电池的监测和管理将分布于不同空间的 UPS 参数信息采用 Web 平台传送保存在系统的数据库中, 可通过浏览器随时查看信息。与基于数据驱动的 SOC 估计方法相比, 本文方法在对数据进行挖掘和分析的基础上, 首先使用 EKF 对荷电状态进行预测,再利用马尔可夫决策作出判断, 最后实现不间断电源电池的状态维修和高度集中的健康管理,符合设备的 RAMS 管理规范, 有效利用了基于数据驱动下的 UPS 数据,提高了互联网环境下的 UPS 健康管理水平。
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.225
  • 接收时间:2021-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-20
  • 修回日期:2022-03-06
  • 录用日期:2022-03-09
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    华东交通大学 电气与自动化工程学院 南昌 330013
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