Article(id=1153375943608492881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1628697600000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-12, revisedDate=1632758400000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-28, acceptedDate=1636300800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-08, onlineDate=1752915853644, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915853644, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915853644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915853644, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=244, endPage=252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375944212472659, articleId=1153375943608492881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Equalizing Charger Based on Multi-winding Transformer and Cascaded Double-voltage Rectifiers, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The energy storage battery pack consists of a large number of low-voltage battery cells. The states-of-charge (SOC) of cells are different due to the difference in their characteristics, which causes some cells to be over-discharged during the charging process. To avoid this phenomenon, a equalizing charger based on multi-winding transformer and cascaded double-voltage rectifiers is proposed, and its characteristics are compared with those of a centralized passive equalizing charger. Its operation principle is analyzed, and its equivalent circuit is obtained. The buffer inductance of the novel equalizing charger and the turn ratio of the transformer are also optimized. A control strategy of single voltage-loop is put forward, which can guarantee the charging at two stages, i.e., constant-current and constant-voltage. In addition, the influence of the voltage difference between cells on the transformer operation is analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed charger can achieve a high charging efficiency while satisfying the requirement of voltage equalization between cells.

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储能电池由数量庞大的低压电池单元构成,由于单元特性差异导致各电池单元的荷电状态存在差异,使得部分单元在充电过程中出现过充现象。基于此,提出1种基于多绕组变压器+倍压整流器的电池均衡充电器,并与集中无源均衡充电器的特性进行了比较。对所提均衡充电器的工作原理进行分析,得到其等效电路,并对其缓冲电感与变压器的匝比设计进行了优化。同时,提出单电压环的控制策略,实现了恒流、恒压两阶段充电,并分析了单元间电压差异大小对变压器工作的影响。仿真结果表明,所提充电器可有效实现电池单元的充电与均衡功能的统一。

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吴冬春(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、机电一体化控制技术。E-mail: wdc1975@163.com。

朱飞(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、无线电能传输。E-mail: 1282714583@qq.com。

唐佳维(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、电池管理系统。E-mail: 1534428603@qq.com。

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吴冬春(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、机电一体化控制技术。E-mail: wdc1975@163.com。

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吴冬春(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、机电一体化控制技术。E-mail: wdc1975@163.com。

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朱飞(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、无线电能传输。E-mail: 1282714583@qq.com。

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朱飞(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、无线电能传输。E-mail: 1282714583@qq.com。

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唐佳维(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、电池管理系统。E-mail: 1534428603@qq.com。

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唐佳维(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、电池管理系统。E-mail: 1534428603@qq.com。

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Power System Technology, 2017. 41(1): 99-105 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Pseudo DC link micro-inverter based on current-fed buck-type full-bridge topology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032462343692310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, awardId=51577164, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032462477910041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, awardId=51577164, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032462536630298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Young and Middle-aged Academic Leaders of Qinglan Project in Jiangsu Province, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032462595350558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileBig=y1mq5NOfiNFEL5vnT8h1DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032461672603658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Curves of voltage, current and efficiency of battery during charging process, figureFileSmall=sCxAfXkfl2n2FLQygH4faQ==, figureFileBig=i38rToEpVSMRPgkVZ4x2YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032461773266956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=CN, label=图10, caption=充电过程中电池的电压、电流与效率曲线, figureFileSmall=sCxAfXkfl2n2FLQygH4faQ==, figureFileBig=i38rToEpVSMRPgkVZ4x2YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032461836181518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison of performance among, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
passive equalizers
性能 参数 电池 单元 数量/ 个 变压 器副 边线 圈数 量/个 隔直 电容 数量/个 整流 二极 管数 量/个 是否 软开 关 是否 单元 频繁 充放 电 适用 功率 范围
反激多 线圈[13] ${2n}$ ${2n}$ 0 $n$
单桥臂 级联 [14 ] ${2n}$ 1 ${2n}$ ${4n}$
桥式 级联 [15 ] ${2n}$ 1 ${4n}$ ${8n}$
本文所 提倍压 整流 级联 ${2n}$ $n$ 0 $n$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032461894901776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=CN, label=表1, caption=无源均衡器性能比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
passive equalizers
性能 参数 电池 单元 数量/ 个 变压 器副 边线 圈数 量/个 隔直 电容 数量/个 整流 二极 管数 量/个 是否 软开 关 是否 单元 频繁 充放 电 适用 功率 范围
反激多 线圈[13] ${2n}$ ${2n}$ 0 $n$
单桥臂 级联 [14 ] ${2n}$ 1 ${2n}$ ${4n}$
桥式 级联 [15 ] ${2n}$ 1 ${4n}$ ${8n}$
本文所 提倍压 整流 级联 ${2n}$ $n$ 0 $n$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032461945233425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of charger, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
输入电压${U}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 48 匝比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 8.3
单元电压${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}}/\mathrm{V}$ 2.75~4.20 开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 50
电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 50 电压系数${k}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 0.1
PI 调节器 ${0.25}+ {3000}/s$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032462008147986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=CN, label=表2, caption=充电器参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
输入电压${U}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 48 匝比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 8.3
单元电压${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}}/\mathrm{V}$ 2.75~4.20 开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 50
电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 50 电压系数${k}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 0.1
PI 调节器 ${0.25}+ {3000}/s$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032462054285331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Voltage values of battery cells under four conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情况 ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}/\mathrm{V}$ ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}/\mathrm{V}$ ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{3}}/\mathrm{V}$ ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{4}}/\mathrm{V}$
1 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.9
2 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.4
3 3.9 3.4 3.9 3.4
4 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.9
), ArticleFig(id=1154032462125588500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375943608492881, language=CN, label=表3, caption=4种情况下的电池单元电压值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情况 ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}/\mathrm{V}$ ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}/\mathrm{V}$ ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{3}}/\mathrm{V}$ ${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{4}}/\mathrm{V}$
1 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.9
2 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.4
3 3.9 3.4 3.9 3.4
4 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.9
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基于多绕组变压器与倍压整流器级联的电池均衡充电器研究
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吴冬春 , 朱飞 , 唐佳维
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 244-252
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 244-252
基于多绕组变压器与倍压整流器级联的电池均衡充电器研究
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吴冬春 , 朱飞 , 唐佳维
作者信息
  • 盐城工学院 电气工程学院 盐城 224051
  • 吴冬春(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、机电一体化控制技术。E-mail: wdc1975@163.com。

    朱飞(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、无线电能传输。E-mail: 1282714583@qq.com。

    唐佳维(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、电池管理系统。E-mail: 1534428603@qq.com。

Research on Equalizing Charger Based on Multi-winding Transformer and Cascaded Double-voltage Rectifiers
Dongchun WU , Fei ZHU , Jiawei TANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng 224051 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.244
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储能电池由数量庞大的低压电池单元构成,由于单元特性差异导致各电池单元的荷电状态存在差异,使得部分单元在充电过程中出现过充现象。基于此,提出1种基于多绕组变压器+倍压整流器的电池均衡充电器,并与集中无源均衡充电器的特性进行了比较。对所提均衡充电器的工作原理进行分析,得到其等效电路,并对其缓冲电感与变压器的匝比设计进行了优化。同时,提出单电压环的控制策略,实现了恒流、恒压两阶段充电,并分析了单元间电压差异大小对变压器工作的影响。仿真结果表明,所提充电器可有效实现电池单元的充电与均衡功能的统一。

充电器  /  均衡器  /  倍压整流级联  /  恒流恒压充电  /  等效电路

The energy storage battery pack consists of a large number of low-voltage battery cells. The states-of-charge (SOC) of cells are different due to the difference in their characteristics, which causes some cells to be over-discharged during the charging process. To avoid this phenomenon, a equalizing charger based on multi-winding transformer and cascaded double-voltage rectifiers is proposed, and its characteristics are compared with those of a centralized passive equalizing charger. Its operation principle is analyzed, and its equivalent circuit is obtained. The buffer inductance of the novel equalizing charger and the turn ratio of the transformer are also optimized. A control strategy of single voltage-loop is put forward, which can guarantee the charging at two stages, i.e., constant-current and constant-voltage. In addition, the influence of the voltage difference between cells on the transformer operation is analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed charger can achieve a high charging efficiency while satisfying the requirement of voltage equalization between cells.

Charger  /  equalizer  /  cascaded double-voltage rectifiers  /  constant-voltage and constant-current charging  /  equivalent circuit
吴冬春, 朱飞, 唐佳维. 基于多绕组变压器与倍压整流器级联的电池均衡充电器研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 244 -252 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.244
Dongchun WU, Fei ZHU, Jiawei TANG. Research on Equalizing Charger Based on Multi-winding Transformer and Cascaded Double-voltage Rectifiers[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 244 -252 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.244
锂离子电池以其功率密度较高、自放电率较低、充放电无记忆效应、寿命长等特点而受到广泛应用,但其电池单体额定电压仅${3.7}\mathrm{\;V}$,如将其用作电动汽车的动力电池或新能源微电网中的储能电池, 则需要将多电池单元进行串联与并联组合,形成电池包以驱动电机或储能[1]。通常,每个电池包均必须配备电池管理系统 BMS(battery management system)用于监控电池单元的运行情况,在出现异常情况时及时处理[2]。由于各电池单元间的单元特性存在差异, 在多次充放电以后, 各串联的电池单元会出现荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)以及电压不一致的情况, 长期运行会出现过充电与过放电, 将对电池单元的寿命、容量及安全产生不利影响[3]。SOC 差异通常反映在单元电压存在差异, 因此均衡功能是 BMS 必须具备的功能。
均衡器可分为能耗型均衡器[4] 与非能耗型均衡器[5]。其中能耗型均衡器采用开关控制电阻接入 SOC 较高的电池单元, 以保证所有电池单元电压趋于一致, 该方法控制简单、成本低、实现容易, 但损耗较大, 且易造成电池包局部过热等不安全隐患。
非能耗型均衡器分为有源均衡器[6] 与无源均衡器[7]。有源均衡器主要采用开关管主动实现电池单元间的能量与电压的均衡, 常见方式有开关电容及其衍生拓扑[8] 、开关电感及其衍生拓扑[9] 、双向 Cuk 均衡器[10] 、双向反激均衡器[11] 等,但这些方式存在的一个严重缺点, 即电池间不能直接实现能量传递, 能量逐级传输造成损耗过大。对于单元串联数量多、电压高的电池包, 这一缺点尤为明显。多层级的均衡拓扑一定程度上解决了上述缺点, 但整个均衡器采用的器件数量未减少, 且随着层级数的提高, 器件的耐压与导通电阻越来越大, 损耗、成本也随之增加[12]
无源均衡器主要通过变压器线圈与二极管构成的整流电路实现电池单元之间的均衡, 其原理是电流总是流向电位最低的单元, 因此最低电压电池单元总是接受到最多的电流分配, 从而其电压迅速向电位较高的单元趋近。目前应用较多的拓扑有多线圈变压器的反激式均衡器[13] 、单副边变压器+单桥臂整流级联式均衡器[14] 、单副边变压器+桥式整流级联式均衡器[15] 、斜坡倍压整流式均衡器[16]。 多线圈变压器的反激式均衡器拓扑较简单, 但受制于反激拓扑特性, 仅能应用于较小功率的电池包均衡;单副边变压器+单桥臂整流级联式均衡器需要较大的隔直电容才能实现较好的均衡效果, 但对最低单元充电时, 需要借其他电池单元形成充电回路, 即不需要充电的较高电压单元在 1 个开关周期内充、放电各 1 次,造成额外的损耗;单副边变压器+桥式整流级联式均衡器解决了单桥臂均衡器电池单元频繁充、放电的问题, 但采用二极管与隔直电容的数量大, 造成系统拓扑复杂、成本较高、损耗大, 且不适合低电压的电池单元均衡; 斜坡倍压整流式均衡器采用变频控制造成变压器、滤波器设计较困难, 且奇数组单元与偶数组单元之间的均衡实现困难。
目前, BMS 管理电池包的均衡、温度管理、 过流保护等环节, 而电池包的充电需要 1 套独立的变换器系统, 2 套系统独立运行, 造成围绕电池包的配套装置成本较高。本文提出 1 种基于多绕组变压器的倍压整流器级联式均衡器, 相同均衡单元情况下, 采用的二极管数量与线圈数量相比同类型无源均衡器均有所减少; 在此基础上, 通过继电器切换开关实现同一电路既可以实现充电过程的均衡, 又可以实现电池包使用过程中的均衡。实验结果表明,所提拓扑均衡性能优良。
本文所提以桥式电路为基础的变压器多绕组+ 倍压整流式均衡充电器, 如图1(a)所示, 包含桥式逆变器、缓冲电感、多绕组变压器、级联式倍压整流器及${2n}$ 个电池单元,其中变压器副边线圈匝数相等。均衡充电器包含 2 种运行模式, 通过 1 个具有 2 组单刀双掷开关的继电器${\mathrm{K}}_{1}$ 进行切换,分别对应外部供电模式与电池包供电模式。外部供电模式时, 继电器开关接到左侧, 网侧电源作为桥式逆变器的输入电源, 均衡充电器对电池进行充电, 如果电池单元存在压差, 则充电过程亦实现均衡, 对应电路如图1(b)所示; 当电池单元之间的电压在电压差允许的下限时, 均衡充电器处于电池包供电模式, 继电器开关接到右侧, 电池包作为桥式逆变器的输入电源, 均衡充电器对电池进行均衡, 对应电路如图1(c)所示。
实际运行过程中, 电池单元可分成 2 组, 分别对应奇数组单元${\mathrm{B}}_{i1}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots, n}\right)$ 与偶数组单元${\mathrm{B}}_{i2}$ $\left({i = 1,2,\cdots, n}\right),2$ 组电池单元分别在开关周期的正半周与负半周进行充电。
本文所提均衡充电器与几种常见的无源均衡方法的比较结果见表1, 可以看出, 本文所提倍压整流级联式均衡器所需的变压器副边线圈数量、隔直电容数量、整流二极管数量、软开关特性、电池单元是否频繁充放电等特性均处于较优化的状态, 在应用上具备明显优势。
图1所示的均衡充电器在任意模式时的工作原理均一致, 其主要工作波形如图2所示, 图中,${u}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 为逆变桥交流侧输出电压,${i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}\text{、}{i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}$ 分别为奇数组、偶数组电池单元的充电总电流。${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 构成的桥式逆变器采用移相控制实现充电电流的控制, 在缓冲电感$L$ 上形成三角形的电路波形。该调制方式工作下的所有开关管与所有二极管均能实现零电压开关 ZVS(zero voltage switch) 或零电流开关 ZCS(zero current switch), 具体模态分析可参考文献[17]。
当所有电池单元电压相等时,图2中电感电流${i}_{L}$ 为正值部分经变压器平均给奇数组单元充电,电流${i}_{L}$ 为负值部分经变压器平均给偶数组单元充电; 当奇数组或偶数组内单元间存在电压差异时, 根据变压器副边电压相互钳位原理,组内仅最低电压的单元接收来自于${i}_{L}$ 正值或负值部分的电流充电; 当奇数组与偶数组单元间存在电压差异时, 根据变换器中缓冲电感电流与输入、输出电压的约束关系, 分别在${i}_{L}$ 正、负半周期对各自组内电压最低单元充大小不同的电流, 低电压单元接收较大的充电电流。
根据上述均衡充电器对单元充电特性的描述, 可以得到均衡充电器的充电等效电路如图3所示, 图中,${u}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}^{\prime }$${L}^{\prime }$ 分别为电压${u}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 与电感$L$ 值折算到变压器副边的大小。可以看出, 奇数组单元与偶数组单元分别在开关周期的正、负半周期内工作。
令奇数组与偶数组中最低单元电池电压分别为${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}$${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots, n}\right)$,变压器原副边匝比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}=$ ${n}_{1}/{n}_{2}$,如忽略死区时间,则奇数组电流与偶数组电流分别为
${i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}\left( t\right)= \\\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{L}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)& t \in \left({{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right)\\\frac{-{k}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{L}\left({t -{t}_{1}}\right)+ {i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right)& t \in \left({{t}_{1},{t}_{0}}\right)\\ 0 & t \in \left({{t}_{0},{t}_{0}}\right)\end{array}\right.\\{i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}\left( t\right)= \\\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{L}\left({t -{t}_{5}}\right)& t \in \left({{t}_{5},{t}_{6}}\right)\\\frac{-{k}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{L}\left({t -{t}_{6}}\right)+ {i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}\left({t}_{6}\right)& t \in \left({{t}_{6},{t}_{8}}\right)\\ 0 & t \in \left({{t}_{6},{t}_{6}}\right)\text{ 或 }\left({{t}_{6},{t}_{10}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{\text{in }}$ 为输入电压;${U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}$ 为二极管导通压降;${i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right)= \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{L}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}, D$ 为占空比,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关周期;${i}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}\left({t}_{6}\right)= \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{L}$ .$D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$$D$${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 对应图2中的时间关系为
$ D =\frac{{t}_{1}- {t}_{0}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{{t}_{6}- {t}_{5}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
根据图2中的几何关系及式(1)、式(2)中的数量关系, 可得到奇数组单元与偶数组单元的充电电流分别为
${I}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\text{in }}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{2L}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{D}^{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$
${I}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\text{in }}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{2L}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{D}^{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$
图4给出了不同占空比与不同变压器变比情况下, 单组电池单元的充电电流曲线, 可以看出: 占空比$D$ 越大,变压器变比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 越小,充电电流越大;$D$ 相等的情况下,${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 越大,充电电流随电池单元电压变化的曲线斜率越大, 说明奇数组电池单元与偶数组单元各自最低电压差值相同的情况下, 较大${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 值时奇数组与偶数组的充电电流差值更大, 均衡效果也更好。
图1(a)所示的均衡充电器中,缓冲电感$L$ 的感值与变压器的变比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 需要合理设计,设计原则: 在最低输入电压、电池单元最高电压、允许的最大占空比(半周期内电感电流断续)情况下,保证电池单元的充电电流达规定的恒流充电值; 在此基础上, 在奇数组和偶数组电池单元最低电压出现差值时, 奇数组与偶数组单元的充电电流差值尽可能大,以尽可能快的实现均衡。
为保证电池单元正常充电, 必须保证式(4)和式(5)为正值, 可得
${k}_{\mathrm{T}}< \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}}{{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{1}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}$
从式(4)、式(5)可以看出,输入电压不变的情况下,单元电压${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i1}}$${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i2}}$ 越大,充电电流越小, 需要较大的占空比才能保证较大的充电电流, 但占空比$D$ 必须满足式(7)才能保证所有情况下电感电流${i}_{L}$ 断续,即
$ D +{\Delta D}\leq {0.5}$
式中,${\Delta D}= \frac{{t}_{3}- {t}_{1}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{{t}_{8}- {t}_{6}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}D$,
则由式(7)可得
${k}_{\mathrm{T}}\geq \frac{2{U}_{\text{in }}{D}_{\max }}{{UD}{\mathrm{\;F}}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\max }}$
式中:${U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\max }$ 为电池单元充满电后的最高电压值;${D}_{\max }$ 为允许的最大占空比,一般情况下希望该值越大越好, 以降低电流的有效值, 但值过大会导致电感电流在半周期内连续,因此${D}_{\max }$ 的常见范围为 0.3~0.4。
令奇数组与偶数组电池单元最大充电电流为${I}_{\text{Bmax }}$,则
${I}_{\text{Bmax }}\leq \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\text{in }}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\max }+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{2L}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\max }+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{D}_{\max }^{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$
${k}_{\mathrm{T}}\leq \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}}{{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\max }+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}- \frac{{2L}{I}_{\text{Bmax }}}{{D}_{\max }^{2}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{U}_{\text{in }}}$
式(10)如满足,则式(7)必然满足,因此变压器的变比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 设计必须同时满足式(8)和式(10)。根据式(8)和式(10),得到图5所示不同${D}_{\max }$${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$$L$ 值可选择区域。可以看出:允许的${D}_{\max }$ 变大时, 可选择的${k}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{、}L$ 的区域变小; 随着$L$ 的增加,变压器变比可选择范围将逐渐变小, 2 条曲线交点处, 即为${D}_{\max }$ 运行点; 在图4确定的区域内部,均衡充电器占空比均小于各自的${D}_{\max }$ 运行。
均衡充电器参数确定的情况下,图4中充电电流随占空比变化明显且单调, 据此可以采用占空比直接计算得到所期望的电流值, 即
$ D =\sqrt{\frac{{2L}{I}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\text{ref }}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left\lbrack {{U}_{\mathrm{{in}}}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }}$
式中,${I}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}\mathrm{{ref}}}$ 为电池组所期望的充电电流。因此可得到 1 种单电压环的恒流、恒压充电控制策略, 如图6所示,图中${U}_{\text{Bref }}$ 为电池包电压基准值,${U}_{\text{Bo }}$ 为电池包开路电压,${U}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为电池包实际输出电压,${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为电池包等效内阻。在电池包总电压达到恒压充电值之前, PI 调节器输出信号被限幅输出, 输入到占空比计算模块的信号被限制在恒流基准值${I}_{\mathrm{{Bmax}}}$,由 式(11)得到的占空比可保证均衡充电器对奇数组与偶数组电池单元实现恒流充电。当电池包电压上升到基准值时, PI 调节器退出饱和, 其输出的电流基准值逐渐减小, 计算所得占空比逐渐减小, 电池包处于恒压充电阶段。
本文所提均衡充电器, 在奇数组与偶数组单元最低电压存在差异时, 可以对其差异充电的方式实现电压均衡, 但同时变压器绕组电压正、负不对称。奇数组与偶数组中最低单元电池电压分别为${U}_{\mathrm{B}{i1}}$${U}_{\mathrm{B}{i2}}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots, n}\right)$,根据式(7), 得到开关周期的正半周与负半周的下降占空比分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {D}_{1}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}D \\\Delta {D}_{2}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}- {k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}2}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}2}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)}D \end{array}\right.$
变压器线圈正、负电压作用的持续时间为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{t}_{\mathrm{p}}= \left({D +\Delta {D}_{1}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)} \\{t}_{\mathrm{n}}= \left({D +\Delta {D}_{2}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}2}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)} \end{array}\right.$
则变压器副边线圈正、负电压的伏秒积分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{A}_{\text{pvs }}= {t}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)= \frac{{U}_{\text{in }}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}}\\{A}_{\text{nvs }}= -{t}_{\mathrm{n}}\left({{U}_{{\mathrm{B}}_{i}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{DF}}}}\right)= -\frac{{U}_{\text{in }}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{T}}}\end{array}\right.$
可以看出, 变压器副边线圈正、负电压的伏秒积的平均值等于 0,也就是说,变压器无直流偏置电压, 则本文所提均衡充电器在实现均衡功能的情况下,无直流偏置问题。
为验证本文所提带均衡功能的充电器性能, 搭建如图7所示的 4 电池单元的实验样机, 主要包括 DSP 开发板、信号调理电路、逆变桥、缓冲电感、 变压器、倍压整流器、锂电池单元。充电器对应参数见表2
图8为 4 个电池单元电压相等情况下充电从恒流向恒压变化过程中的波形。图8(a)为逆变桥的输出电压波形及开关管的驱动电压波形, 同一桥臂 2 个开关管互补工作, 超前桥臂与滞后桥臂通过移相实现对逆变桥输出电压的调节。
图8(b)(c)(d)分别对应单元电压为 3.2、3.7、${4.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ 且恒流充电时,缓冲电感电流${i}_{L}$ 波形与变压器的 2 个副边电流${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{21}}$${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{22}}$ 波形。根据第 2 节的理论分析,${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{21}}$ 的正半周电流、负半周电流分别对单元${\mathrm{B}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;B}}_{2}$ 充电,${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{22}}$ 的正半周电流、负半周电流分别对单元${\mathrm{B}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{4}$ 充电。可以看出,随着单元电压的增加, 欲保持电池的恒流充电状态, 必须逐渐增加占空比$D$ 的大小,半个开关周期内,电流${i}_{L}$ 的波形逐渐从断续状态变为临界连续状态, 符合图5曲线确定的变压器变比${k}_{\mathrm{T}}$$L$ 选取原则。图8(e)所示为单元电压${4.2}\mathrm{\;V}$,奇数组与偶数组单元充电电流均为$1\mathrm{\;A}$ 时的电流波形,即电池处于恒压充电状态,相比于图8(d)所示的恒流充电情况, 相同电池单元电压情况下,恒压时所需充电电流更小,必须减小占空比$D$ 来减小充电电流。需要说明的是,图1所示的充电器中, 所有的开关均实现了 ZVS 或 ZCS。
图9表3所示的 4 种单元电压情况下缓冲电感电流${i}_{L}$ 波形、变压器的 2 个副边电流${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{21}}$${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{22}}$ 波形。第 1 种情况下, 第 3 电池单元电压最低, 因此对应的电流${i}_{{\mathrm{W}}_{22}}$ 正半周电流(即给第 3 电池单元充电部分)最大, 由于变压器线圈存在线路阻抗与漏感,虽然奇数组电池单元电压不一致,但是其对应的二极管同时导通, 电压低的电池单元充电电流较大, 可以缩小单元之间的电压差。第 2 种情况下,第 3 单元、第 4 单元电压较低,因此变压器的第 2 副边绕组电流较大, 其正、负半周期电流分别给第 3 单元、第 4 单元充电, 可以缩小与第 1 单元与第 2 单元之间的电压差异。第 3 种情况下, 奇数组与偶数组内部单元电压相等, 组间是偶数组电压较低, 由于组内单元电压相等, 所以变压器 2 个副边绕组电压近似相等, 根据式(4)和式(5)确定的单元组电流表达式, 电压低的偶数组的充电电流稍大, 所需的均衡时间也较长。第 4 种情况下,第 2 单元、第 3 单元电压较低, 组内单元电压均不一致, 因此变压器 2 个副边电流均不对称, 对应于第 2 单元、第 3 单元的充电电流较大, 第 1 单元、第 4 单元的充电电流较小, 可以让电压较低单元的电压上升得更快。
图10为本文所提充电器在充电过程中, 所有电池单元电压相等情况下的电压、电流及效率曲线。可见: 在${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之前,所提均衡充电器处于恒流模式; 在${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 以后,处于恒压模式。由于电池单元最高电压仅为${4.2}\mathrm{\;V}$,因此均衡充电器的最高效率为 85%,其主要损耗为整流二极管的导通损耗, 证明本文所提均衡控制器在采用较少器件的情况下, 可以有效实现各电池单元之间的均衡。
本文提出 1 种基于多绕组变压器+倍压整流器的电池均衡充电器, 将电池单元分为奇数组与偶数组, 在开关周期的正、负半周内分别对奇数组单元与偶数组单元进行充电。利用缓冲电感的电流源特性, 仅采用电压单环即可实现恒流+恒压充电, 降低了控制的复杂程度与成本, 实现了均衡与高效率充电的统一。奇数组或偶数组单元内部, 电压最低的单元充电电流最大以实现均衡;奇数组与偶数组之间的均衡依靠电路特性实现。实验结果表明, 本文所提均衡充电器实现了电池充电与单元间均衡的功能统一。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577164)
  • 江苏省“青蓝工程”中青年学术带头人培养对象资助项目
  • 江苏省第五期“333工程”资助项目
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.244
  • 接收时间:2021-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-12
  • 修回日期:2021-09-28
  • 录用日期:2021-11-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577164)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577164)
Young and Middle-aged Academic Leaders of Qinglan Project in Jiangsu Province
江苏省“青蓝工程”中青年学术带头人培养对象资助项目
The Fifth "333 Project" Research Project of Jiangsu Province
江苏省第五期“333工程”资助项目
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    盐城工学院 电气工程学院 盐城 224051
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.244
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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