Article(id=1153375942232761167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.91, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1638460800000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-03, revisedDate=1643299200000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-28, acceptedDate=1645891200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-27, onlineDate=1752915853316, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915853316, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915853316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915853316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375942920627024, articleId=1153375942232761167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Frequency and Smooth Switching Control of Microgrid System Based on Fuzzy Droop Control, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The smooth switching between grid-connected and islanded microgrid operation modes and the stability of system frequency are important guarantees for the safe and stable operation of a master-slave microgrid system. Combined with the operating characteristics of the microgrid system, an off-grid switching method based on phase angle switching is proposed, and a pre-synchronization control module is added to make sure that the grid phase is quickly tracked and compensated when the islanded mode is switched to the grid-connected mode, thereby solving the problem of shocks in the output voltage and current from master and slave inverters in switching. To ensure the frequency stability of the microgrid system, a V-F frequency control strategy based on fuzzy droop control is proposed and further applied to the smooth switching based on phase angle switching, so that the system frequency is basically maintained at 50 Hz and the problems of large oscillations in voltage and current and frequency shocks in switching are avoided. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the effectiveness and stability of the proposed method.

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微电网并网和孤岛2种运行模式之间的平滑切换及系统频率的稳定是主从结构微电网系统安全稳定运行的重要保障。结合微电网系统的运行特征,提出基于相位角切换的并离网切换方式,增加预同步控制模块使得在孤岛转并网时更快跟踪电网相位并加以补偿,解决切换中主从逆变器输出电压和电流的冲击问题;为保证微电网系统频率的稳定,提出基于模糊下垂控制的 V-F 控制策略并将其应用于基于相位角切换方式的平滑切换中,使得系统频率基本保持在 50 Hz, 避免电压电流在切换中有过大的振荡及频率出现冲击等问题; 最后搭建实验平台验证所提方法的有效性和稳定性。

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徐琬琦(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:xwq19970707@163.com。

王鲁杨(1963–),女,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: wangluyang@shiep.edu.cn。

柏扬(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网输变电工程建设、电网发展规划。E-mail: byang215@163.com。

贺帅帅(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流微电网中储能系统的运行控制。E-mail:792011983@qq.com。

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徐琬琦(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:xwq19970707@163.com。

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徐琬琦(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:xwq19970707@163.com。

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王鲁杨(1963–),女,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: wangluyang@shiep.edu.cn。

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王鲁杨(1963–),女,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: wangluyang@shiep.edu.cn。

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柏扬(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网输变电工程建设、电网发展规划。E-mail: byang215@163.com。

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柏扬(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网输变电工程建设、电网发展规划。E-mail: byang215@163.com。

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贺帅帅(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流微电网中储能系统的运行控制。E-mail:792011983@qq.com。

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贺帅帅(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流微电网中储能系统的运行控制。E-mail:792011983@qq.com。

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figureFileSmall=3h5MZI4yWaj4dphivZaDPA==, figureFileBig=i4futV9P60ZAE0T8ToZ8wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032481385828974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Microgrid output frequency (before and after control method improved), figureFileSmall=SwooRMYPgv//ic9wQPNXRg==, figureFileBig=KFOBAhVbr1ohXFiUaW5XUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032481436160628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=CN, label=图11, caption=微电网输出频率(控制方法改进前和改进后), figureFileSmall=SwooRMYPgv//ic9wQPNXRg==, figureFileBig=KFOBAhVbr1ohXFiUaW5XUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032481591349882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Fuzzy rules of ${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${e}_{f}$ ${e}_{\mathrm{c}f}$
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB PB PB PM PM PS ZO ZO
NM PB PB PM PM PS ZO ZO
NS PM PM PM PS ZO NS NS
ZO PM PM PS ZO NS NM NM
PS PS PS ZO NS NS NM NM
PM ZO ZO NS NM NM NB NB
PB ZO ZO NS NM NM NB NB
), ArticleFig(id=1154032481671041664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 模糊规则, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${e}_{f}$ ${e}_{\mathrm{c}f}$
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB PB PB PM PM PS ZO ZO
NM PB PB PM PM PS ZO ZO
NS PM PM PM PS ZO NS NS
ZO PM PM PS ZO NS NM NM
PS PS PS ZO NS NS NM NM
PM ZO ZO NS NM NM NB NB
PB ZO ZO NS NM NM NB NB
), ArticleFig(id=1154032481742344834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Fuzzy rules of ${k}_{\mathrm{i}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${e}_{u}$ ${e}_{\mathrm{c}u}$
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB NB NB NB NM NM ZO ZO
NM NB NB NM NM NS ZO ZO
NS NM NM NM NM ZO PS PS
ZO NM NS NS ZO PS PS PM
PS NS NS ZO PS PS PM PM
PM ZO ZO PS PM PM PB PB
PB ZO ZO PS PB PB PB PB
), ArticleFig(id=1154032481830425220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=${k}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 模糊规则, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${e}_{u}$ ${e}_{\mathrm{c}u}$
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB NB NB NB NM NM ZO ZO
NM NB NB NM NM NS ZO ZO
NS NM NM NM NM ZO PS PS
ZO NM NS NS ZO PS PS PM
PS NS NS ZO PS PS PM PM
PM ZO ZO PS PM PM PB PB
PB ZO ZO PS PB PB PB PB
), ArticleFig(id=1154032481880756870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Relevant electrical parameters of microgrid system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
滤波电容$C/\mu \mathrm{f}$ 200
滤波电感$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10
三相交流电压$U/\mathrm{V}$ 380
直流侧电压$U/\mathrm{V}$ 750
开关频率$f/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
), ArticleFig(id=1154032481943671432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375942232761167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=微电网系统相关电气参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
滤波电容$C/\mu \mathrm{f}$ 200
滤波电感$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10
三相交流电压$U/\mathrm{V}$ 380
直流侧电压$U/\mathrm{V}$ 750
开关频率$f/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
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基于模糊下垂的微网系统频率及平滑切换控制研究
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徐琬琦 1 , 王鲁杨 1 , 柏扬 2 , 贺帅帅 1
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(6): 91-99
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(6): 91-99
基于模糊下垂的微网系统频率及平滑切换控制研究
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徐琬琦1 , 王鲁杨1 , 柏扬2 , 贺帅帅1
作者信息
  • 1 上海电力大学 电气工程学院 上海 200090
  • 2 国网上海市电力公司 工程建设咨询分公司 上海 200120
  • 徐琬琦(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:xwq19970707@163.com。

    王鲁杨(1963–),女,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用。E-mail: wangluyang@shiep.edu.cn。

    柏扬(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网输变电工程建设、电网发展规划。E-mail: byang215@163.com。

    贺帅帅(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:直流微电网中储能系统的运行控制。E-mail:792011983@qq.com。

Research on Frequency and Smooth Switching Control of Microgrid System Based on Fuzzy Droop Control
Wanqi XU1 , Luyang WANG1 , Yang BAI2 , Shuaishuai HE1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electrical Engineering Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
  • 2 Engineering Construction Consulting Company State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company Shanghai 200120 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.91
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微电网并网和孤岛2种运行模式之间的平滑切换及系统频率的稳定是主从结构微电网系统安全稳定运行的重要保障。结合微电网系统的运行特征,提出基于相位角切换的并离网切换方式,增加预同步控制模块使得在孤岛转并网时更快跟踪电网相位并加以补偿,解决切换中主从逆变器输出电压和电流的冲击问题;为保证微电网系统频率的稳定,提出基于模糊下垂控制的 V-F 控制策略并将其应用于基于相位角切换方式的平滑切换中,使得系统频率基本保持在 50 Hz, 避免电压电流在切换中有过大的振荡及频率出现冲击等问题; 最后搭建实验平台验证所提方法的有效性和稳定性。

微电网主从结构  /  相位角平滑切换  /  预同步控制  /  模糊下垂的V-F 控制

The smooth switching between grid-connected and islanded microgrid operation modes and the stability of system frequency are important guarantees for the safe and stable operation of a master-slave microgrid system. Combined with the operating characteristics of the microgrid system, an off-grid switching method based on phase angle switching is proposed, and a pre-synchronization control module is added to make sure that the grid phase is quickly tracked and compensated when the islanded mode is switched to the grid-connected mode, thereby solving the problem of shocks in the output voltage and current from master and slave inverters in switching. To ensure the frequency stability of the microgrid system, a V-F frequency control strategy based on fuzzy droop control is proposed and further applied to the smooth switching based on phase angle switching, so that the system frequency is basically maintained at 50 Hz and the problems of large oscillations in voltage and current and frequency shocks in switching are avoided. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the effectiveness and stability of the proposed method.

Master-slave structure of microgrid  /  smooth phase angle switching  /  pre-synchronization control  /  fuzzy drooping V-F control
徐琬琦, 王鲁杨, 柏扬, 贺帅帅. 基于模糊下垂的微网系统频率及平滑切换控制研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.91
Wanqi XU, Luyang WANG, Yang BAI, Shuaishuai HE. Research on Frequency and Smooth Switching Control of Microgrid System Based on Fuzzy Droop Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.91
微电网作为将分布式发电单元、储能装置、能量转换装置及负荷集一体的新的网络拓扑[1-5],可以有效减缓分布式电源[6-9] 大规模注入使大电网产生的振荡。微电网系统可以并网运行、孤岛运行及并离网切换运行[10],具有更高的供电安全性和可靠性。
微电网从并网运行切换至孤岛运行或从孤岛运行切换至并网运行会引发电压波动大、电流冲击大及系统频率波动大的问题, 实现对微电网并离网[11-12] 的平滑切换控制及保持切换时系统频率的稳定是研究的热点。文献[13]提出通过减少负载策略实现过渡切换, 在并网 GC(grid-connected)模式下逆变器输出和负荷需求之间的功率差由电网补偿, 当孤岛时负荷功率与微网容量不匹配, 根据预先定义优先级断开局部非关键性负载的减载技术来实现切换, 但该方法在断开非关键性负载时会降低整个系统的容量和可靠性; 文献[14]提出在微电网各种模式运行中, 通过掌握时域仿真中的控制参数规律而对内环电流控制参数进行切换, 但该方法对于参数的选定有一定复杂性; 文献[15]提出基于储能电压管理控制策略,将公共连接点 PCC(point of common coupling)电压设置成不同的等级, 使 PCC 处电压在标准范围内波动, 减少切换引起的大幅度振荡, 但该方法对于电压等级设置较为复杂; 文献[16]提出 1 种改进的电压环调节器, 根据能量守恒原则在工作模式切换前预先估算并设置调节器的输出需求, 较好地解决了切换过程中微电网母线电压振荡和电流冲击等问题, 但该方法在并网运行时的功率输出不稳定; 文献[17]通过构造状态自适应函数取代传统的物理开关, 设置函数中的频率差阈值使函数在 0~1 切换, 改善切换过程中时序不同步的问题, 但该方法对频率检测准确性有较高的要求。微电网的控制模式分为主从控制和对等控制[18],由于微电网线路多呈阻性且多采用分布式电源(例如光伏和风电多采用常规的 PQ 控制),对等控制的微电网系统不利于集成, 故研究以主从控制为框架。在孤岛运行时微电网会脱离大电网及在并网运行前微电网电压与大电网相位不匹配, 使得系统的电压和频率失控; 由于传统下垂控制属于有差调节, 当系统进行加载或减载时频率无法保持在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,影响系统频率稳定。
针对上述文献中出现的问题, 本文以主从结构的微电网系统为研究对象, 为保证并、离网平滑切换, 提出采用基于相位角的切换方式, 主要特征为在并网运行时下垂控制一直保持运行状态, 并设置相位预同步模块以补偿孤岛和并网的相位差; 为保证微电网频率稳定在额定值, 保持微电网在运行时及切换时频率的稳定, 提出采用基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制, 即在并网运行时主控制器采用以指定参考输出有功功率和无功功率的$\mathrm{{PQ}}$ 控制; 在孤岛运行时, 主控制器采用基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制, 此时主控制器对整个微电网系统起到频率支撑的作用。从控制器在 2 种状态运行下均采用 PQ 控制以保证最大功率的输出, 可较好地解决主从逆变器输出电压电流和系统频率在 2 种状态切换过程中出现的振荡、冲击等问题。
微电网主从结构的系统框图如图1所示, 其由 PCC 处的静态转换开关 STS(static transfer switch)、 主逆变器、从逆变器及用电负荷组成。当 STS 打开时,微网处于孤岛运行,主逆变器采用基于 V-F 的下垂控制, 提供稳定的电压和频率支撑; 当 STS 关闭时,微网处于并网运行,主逆变器采用$\mathrm{{PQ}}$ 控制。 本文采用基于 V-F 模糊下垂控制的改进控制策略使频率一直保持在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 并应用于基于相位角切换的平滑策略,使切换点处的频率波形保持稳定。
分布式电源 DG(distributed generation)通过逆变器接入电网,其基本的控制方法为$\mathrm{{PQ}}$ 控制和基于下垂的 V-F 控制。为了维持系统频率的稳定, 提出基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制。
对于传统下垂控制,$P - f$$Q - u$ 的下垂控制方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f ={f}_{\mathrm{n}}- m\left({P -{P}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)\\ u ={u}_{\mathrm{n}}- n\left({Q -{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$P\text{、}Q$ 为瞬时计算的有功、无功功率;${P}_{\mathrm{n}}$${Q}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为给定的参考有功、无功功率;${f}_{\mathrm{n}}$${u}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为给定的额定频率、额定电压;$m$$n$ 为下垂控制系数。
传统下垂控制中下垂系数为固定值, 属于有差调节。当系统负荷发生变化时, 不能保证微电网的频率稳定在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。在本文中,${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时增大负荷, 系统频率降低,$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时减小负荷,系统频率上升, 由于传统下垂控制的弊端, 使得频率有明显的跌宕过程,无法维持系统频率$f$ 在额定频率,使得微电网系统的外特性变差。为此对于频率控制策略提出下垂控制改进, 即基于模糊控制的下垂控制: 通过增加积分环节减少系统稳定时的偏差, 不需要对下垂系数进行精确的计算,相较于传统$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制有更好的鲁棒性。
改进后的下垂控制方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f ={f}_{\mathrm{n}}- {m}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({P -{P}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)- {m}_{\mathrm{l}}\int \left({P -{P}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}P \\ u ={u}_{\mathrm{n}}- {n}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({Q -{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)- {n}_{\mathrm{l}}\int \left({Q -{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}Q \end{array}\right.$
式中,${m}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{、}{m}_{1}\text{、}{n}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{、}{n}_{1}$ 为比例控制因数,用于消除系统的稳态误差。
将微电源输出频率的瞬时值$f$ 、额定频率${f}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 的偏差${e}_{f}$ 及偏差的变化率${e}_{cf}$ 作为模糊控制器的输入量, 其表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} e\left( t\right)= f -{f}_{\mathrm{n}}\\{e}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)= \frac{\mathrm{d}\left({f -{f}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\right.$
再经比例因子量化后, 在设定的模糊集合内采用 Mamdani 模糊推理方法,得出${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$${k}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 输出量。 经过多次仿真论证, 为了便于控制并使经比例因子${m}_{\mathrm{p}}$${m}_{1}$${n}_{\mathrm{p}}$${n}_{1}$ 量化后的输出变量即下垂控制参数落在模糊集合内,选定模糊集合为$\{- 6\text{、}- 4\text{、}- 2$$0\text{、}2\text{、}4\text{、}6\}$,其对应的隶属度函数如图2所示。
通过设定的模糊规则 “if${e}_{f}$ is$A$ and${e}_{\mathrm{c}f}$ is$B$ then${k}_{\mathrm{p}}/{k}_{\mathrm{i}}$ is$C$ ” 得到模糊值,其中$A\text{、}B\text{、}C$ 对应的模糊值见表1; 经重心法(centroid method)解模糊得到数字量, 其模糊规则如表1表2所示。其中, 偏差信号${e}_{f}$ 主要对比例环节进行控制,当偏差形成时,模糊控制产生调节作用以抑制偏差。
${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时增加负荷,在$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时减少负荷,得出基于模糊下垂控制的微电网系统频率如图3所示。 可以看出, 当增加负荷时, 系统的频率仍稳定在额定频率${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。综上,基于 V-F 改进的模糊下垂控制策略整体框图如图4所示。
当微电网由并网切换成孤岛时, 主逆变器的控制模式由 PQ 控制切换到基于 V-F 的模糊下垂控制。在切换的过程中由于主逆变器在并网至孤岛 2 种运行状态中前后状态不一致, 造成控制器输出产生较大的暂态振荡, 为此提出基于相位角的切换方式。相位角切换控制策略, 如图5所示。可知, 以$d$ 轴为例,当并网运行时, enable$= 1$, switch 开关接向 2 通道: 微网输出电压${u}_{\text{gabc }}$ 经过三相 PLL 得出的频率$f$ 经积分得到双环控制所需的相位角$\delta$$\omega,{i}_{\mathrm{{pq}}{d}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}}$ 与微网输出电流${i}_{\text{gabc }}$ 经 PI 控制和解耦得到电压控制矢量的$d$ 轴分量,$q$ 轴分量以此类推; 当孤岛运行时, enable=0, switch 开关接向 1 通道: 频率$f$ 由基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制得出,并经积分得到相位角$\delta$$\omega$。在上述过程中,基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制在并网和孤岛 2 种运行模式下一直保持运行状态, 在切换的过程中本身的自适应能力和对于前一状态的跟踪, 有效减小了切换过程中的暂态振荡。并、离网切换是基于相位角$\delta$$\omega$ 的切换, 将其应用于双环控制的解耦,以$d$ 轴为例,其表达式为
${u}_{d}^{* }= {i}_{\mathrm{{pq}}{d}_{\text{ref }}}\times \text{ enable }+ {i}_{d{d}_{\text{ref }}}\times \overline{\text{ enable }}- {i}_{\mathrm{p}d}.\\\left({{k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}+ \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}}{s}}\right)+ {\omega L}\\\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{p}q{d}_{\text{ref }}}= \frac{{P}_{\text{ref }}}{{e}_{d}}\\{i}_{d{d}_{\text{ref }}}= {u}_{\mathrm{n}}- {n}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({Q -{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)- {n}_{1}\int \left({Q -{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}Q \times C \end{array}\right.$
式中,$C$ 为三相静止坐标与同步旋转$d - q$ 坐标的变换公式所得, 即
$\begin{array}{l}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{e}_{d}\\{e}_{q}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\frac{3}{2}.\\\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}\cos \theta &\cos \left({\theta -\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)& \cos \left({\theta +\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\\- \sin \theta &- \sin \left({\theta -\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)& -\sin \left({\theta +\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{e}_{\mathrm{a}}\\{e}_{\mathrm{b}}\end{array}\right\rbrack \\\text{ enable =}\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 &\text{ 并区 }\\ 0 &\text{ 如果 }\end{array}\right.\end{array}$
在孤岛切换至并网时, 微电网系统和大电网的电压相位具有不同步性, 会产生冲击电流。为消除暂态振荡的影响, 并网前对大电网的相位进行跟踪, 保证为微电网输出电压的相位与电网电压相位同步再进行切换。在切换前, 加入相位预同步的模块, 如图6所示。
微电网输出电压${u}_{\text{inv }}$ 和电网电压${u}_{\text{gabc }}$ 所得相位${\theta }_{\text{inv }}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 求差,再经 PI 调节得到频率差,为补偿频率。当${\theta }_{\text{inv }}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{g}}> 0$ 时,补偿量大于 0,微网输出的角频率增大, 使得两者不断靠近, 反之亦然。在相位追踪的过程中不断调节微电网系统输出电压的角频率, 使得微电网的电压相位不断趋近于电网电压相位。微电网系统从孤岛模式转换成并网模式, 由于相位预同步控制一直运行, 在转换前完成微电网输出电压相位与电网电压相位同步,从而保证在切换过程中${\theta }_{\text{inv }}$ 的平滑连续, 也保证上述 enable 的触发信号在任意模式下的输出相位均不会发生瞬时的突变, 这样即可提供补偿角频率。
设定 PI 调节器输出的补偿相位为${\theta }_{\text{comp }}$,将此同步补偿相位与基于 V-F 下垂控制生成的相位叠加, 得出逆变器输出的参考相位表达式为
$\theta ={\theta }_{\mathrm{n}}+ {\theta }_{\text{comp }}- \\\int \left\{{{f}_{\mathrm{n}}- {m}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({P -{P}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)- \left\lbrack {{m}_{1}\int \left({P -{P}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)\mathrm{d}P}\right\rbrack }\right\}\mathrm{d}P $
本文提出的改进方法, 一是对于系统频率稳定控制的改进,即基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制; 二是对并、离网切换方式的改进, 即基于相位角切换采用此并、离网切换方式使并、离网切换点处的频率不会出现冲击。表3为微电网系统主要的电气参数, 仿真主要对暂态过程即微电网由并网切换为孤岛运行及由孤岛切换至并网运行展开分析。
微电网运行在暂态过程时, 设定主逆变器输出有功功率和无功功率分别为${12}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$$0\mathrm{{kvar}}$,从逆变器输出有功功率和无功功率分别为${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 和0 kvar,功率负荷 1 所需功率为${15}\mathrm{{kW}}$$0\mathrm{{kvar}}$,功率负荷 2 所需功率为${10}\mathrm{{kW}}$$0\mathrm{{kvar}}$
离网过程分析如图7(a)所示,在$0 \sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 阶段, 微电网并网运行, 功率负载的功率由大电网、主逆变器和从逆变器提供以确保负荷的稳定运行, 主从逆变器均为$\mathrm{{PQ}}$ 控制,均以最大功率输出。并网运行阶段仅使功率负载 1 工作, 功率负载 1 仅需${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的有功功率,对于主从逆变器共输出${22}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 有功功率,为维持功率平衡,多余的$7\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 被电网所吸收; 在 0.5 s 时切除电网,${0.5}\sim 1\mathrm{\;s}$ 为孤岛运行阶段, 大电网不再向微网输送或吸收功率, 此时主逆变器转换为基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制, 从逆变器仍处于$\mathrm{{PQ}}$ 控制,在负荷 1 基础上再投入功率负载 2,2 个负荷所需有功功率为${25}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,从逆变器始终保持最大功率${10}\mathrm{{kW}}$ 输出,为满足负荷功率需求, 基于下垂特性,主逆变器自动输出${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,在切换点功率波形未出现超调。由图7(b)可看出, 在模式切换时, 逆变器输出电流及大电网输出电流变化均较平顺,未出现冲击现象。
微电网并网过程指微电网从孤岛模式切入到大电网并网运行模式, 并网过程如图8(a)所示, 其过程与上述离网过程相似, 但在过程中加入了预同步过程。在${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时并网指令发出,${0.5}\sim {0.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ 并网预同步,${0.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ 并网完成,在并网指令发出后,微电网系统的相位追踪至与电网相位同步并通过预同步模块补偿缺失相位。由图8(b)可看出, 在模式切换过程中, 电压未出现任何冲击, 保证逆变器具有较好的的外特性, 维持电压电流幅值稳定。
结合 2 种运行模式, 设置微电网由并网至孤岛至并网运行模式, 观察微电网系统频率变化情况。图9为传统下垂控制和改进下垂控制输出的系统频率的对比,可见: 传统下垂控制在并网至孤岛切换时有明显的冲击, 且在孤岛运行时不稳定; 改进的下垂控制中, 微电网在并网运行时的频率保持在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 不变,且在微电网并离网切换过程中误差极小, 由于改进下垂控制的影响, 频率未输出明显的跌宕过程。
为验证所提频率控制策略及基于相位角切换方式的有效性, 搭建基于主从结构的微电网实时实验平台, 包括 RT-LAB 实时仿真机、控制板 TMS320F28335、上位机和示波器。实时仿真模型通过上位机下载到 RT-LAB 中, 实验波形可通过 RT-LAB 接口连接至示波器进行记录。该实验系统的控制策略参数与第 3 节仿真实验参数相对应。
实验设置 2 个工况, 工况 1 中功率负载的有功功率为${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,主逆变器提供的功率为${12}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,从逆变器提供的功率为${10}\mathrm{{kW}}$。通过图${10}\left(\mathrm{a}\right)$ 可以看出: 并网时,主逆变器输出的有功功率为${12}\mathrm{{kW}}$; 孤岛时,从逆变器输出的功率为${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,满足负荷需求,此时主逆变器输出的功率为$0\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,由于从逆变器一直为$\mathrm{{PQ}}$ 控制,因此以最大功率${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 输出。
工况 2 中功率负载为${20}\mathrm{{kW}}$,主、从逆变器提供功率如工况 1。通过图10(b)可以看出:主逆变器在孤岛时, 由于从逆变器无法满足负荷需求, 主逆变器提供功率${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 填补负荷缺失功率; enable 为并离网切换信号,结合工况 1 和工况 2 可以看出, 在${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$$1\mathrm{\;s}$ 并、离网切换时主逆变器的控制策略也发生改变, 切换点处的功率波形未发生振荡或者超调, 满足平滑切换的需求。
对于在工况 1 和工况 2 这 2 种情况下的频率控制,改进后控制方法下的频率均能保持在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 波动。图11为改进前和改进后输出的频率波形, 可看出改进后的频率在切换点也未出现跌宕, 能够稳定输出。
半实物实验同样验证了所提策略在并、离网过程中频率的稳定性及切换过程中功率的稳定性。
针对基于主从结构的微电网系统, 提出基于相位角的切换方式, 在孤岛运行切换至并网运行时通过预同步模块跟踪电网相位并补偿与电网相比缺失的相位, 保证微电网实现功率平衡及电压电流在切换点维持稳定, 解决并离网模式间平滑切换问题。针对微电网频率稳定问题, 提出基于模糊下垂的 V-F 控制, 并应用于上述并离网切换过程, 保证频率在切换点处基本维持在${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,改善稳态性能, 在孤岛运行时为微网提供更加稳定的频率支撑。建立 MATLAB/Simulink 仿真模型并在 RT-LAB 上进行半实物仿真实验, 对文中提出的相关控制策略展开仿真研究, 实验结果验证了所提频率控制改进方式和并、离网切换方式的有效性。
  • 上海绿色能源并网工程技术研究中心资助项目(13DZ2251900)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.91
  • 接收时间:2021-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-03
  • 修回日期:2022-01-28
  • 录用日期:2022-02-27
基金
Shanghai Green Energy Gridconnected Engineering Technology Research Center(13DZ2251900)
上海绿色能源并网工程技术研究中心资助项目(13DZ2251900)
作者信息
    1 上海电力大学 电气工程学院 上海 200090
    2 国网上海市电力公司 工程建设咨询分公司 上海 200120
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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