Article(id=1153375941402284446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.25, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1636905600000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-15, revisedDate=1643299200000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-28, acceptedDate=1645718400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-25, onlineDate=1752915853119, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915853119, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915853119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915853119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375942207590817, articleId=1153375941402284446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Novel High Voltage Gain DC-DC Converter with Low Voltage Stress and Common Ground, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the DC voltage gain and reduce the electrical stress, a novel high voltage gain DC-DC converter based on Z-source is proposed. Theoretically, the ratio of output voltage to input voltage can reach (2-D)/(1-2D). Compared with the traditional diode capacitor filter Z-source DC-DC converter, the proposed topology can provide a higher DC voltage gain at the same duty cycle. It has lower voltage stress and inductance current stress when the DC voltage gain is the same. In addition, the input port and output port of the proposed DC-DC converter share the common ground, which helps to reduce the electromagnetic interference of the system. On this basis, the steady-state principle and characteristics of the proposed DC-DC converter are introduced, and the parameter design and theoretical efficiency calculation are also carried out. Finally, an experimental prototype with a power level of 200 W was fabricated, and experimental results proved the feasibility and superiority of the proposed circuit topology.

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为了提高直流电压增益并降低电器应力,提出1种基于Z源的新型高增益直流变换器,理论上输出电压与输入电压之比可达(2-D)/(1-2D)。与传统二极管电容滤波型Z源直流变换器相比,所提拓扑结构可以在相同占空比下提供较高的直流电压增益;当电压增益相同时,所提拓扑结构开关器件的电压应力及电感电流应力均有所降低;所提直流变换器的输入端口与输出端口共地,有助于降低系统的电磁干扰。在此基础上,进一步阐述了所提直流变换器的稳态原理特性,并进行参数设计和理论效率计算。最后,成功构建1台功率为200 W的实验样机,通过实验结果证明了所提电路拓扑的可行性和优越性。

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程昱舒(1985-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与新能源发电。E-mail: 1253030630@qq.com。

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程昱舒(1985-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与新能源发电。E-mail: 1253030630@qq.com。

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程昱舒(1985-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与新能源发电。E-mail: 1253030630@qq.com。

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proposed converter, figureFileSmall=GZURVl0Iz5rGwlmWHmxW0g==, figureFileBig=5ltxEiGtwNW/DT4ZKesVAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032489032049387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375941402284446, language=CN, label=图12, caption=传统 $\mathrm{Z}$ 源变换器与本文所提变换器效率曲线, figureFileSmall=GZURVl0Iz5rGwlmWHmxW0g==, figureFileBig=5ltxEiGtwNW/DT4ZKesVAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032489120129772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375941402284446, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison of performance among converters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 文献[6] 文献[7] 本文
二极管数量 2 3 3
开关数量 1 1 1
电容数量 3 5 4
电感数量 2 3 2
电压增益$G$ $\frac{1}{1 -{2D}}$ $\frac{1 + D}{1 -{2D}}$ $\frac{2 - D}{1 -{2D}}$
开关电压 应力${V}_{\mathrm{S}}$ $G{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ $\frac{{2G}+ 1}{3}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ $\frac{{2G}- 1}{3}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$
输入、输出 是否共地
), ArticleFig(id=1154032489195627247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375941402284446, language=CN, label=表1, caption=变换器性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 文献[6] 文献[7] 本文
二极管数量 2 3 3
开关数量 1 1 1
电容数量 3 5 4
电感数量 2 3 2
电压增益$G$ $\frac{1}{1 -{2D}}$ $\frac{1 + D}{1 -{2D}}$ $\frac{2 - D}{1 -{2D}}$
开关电压 应力${V}_{\mathrm{S}}$ $G{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ $\frac{{2G}+ 1}{3}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ $\frac{{2G}- 1}{3}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$
输入、输出 是否共地
), ArticleFig(id=1154032489258541810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375941402284446, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Experimental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
直流电源电压${V}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{V}$ 30
输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 200
最大输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{W}$ 200
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 50
电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 240
电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{3}\text{、}{C}_{4}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 20
二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ DPG60C300QB
开关$\mathrm{S}$ IXFH140N20X3
), ArticleFig(id=1154032489317262068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375941402284446, language=CN, label=表2, caption=实验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
直流电源电压${V}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{V}$ 30
输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{V}$ 200
最大输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}/\mathrm{W}$ 200
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 50
电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 240
电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{3}\text{、}{C}_{4}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 20
二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ DPG60C300QB
开关$\mathrm{S}$ IXFH140N20X3
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一种新颖的低电压应力共地高增益直流变换器
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程昱舒
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(6): 25-32
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(6): 25-32
一种新颖的低电压应力共地高增益直流变换器
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程昱舒
作者信息
  • 国网山西省电力公司 营销服务中心 太原 030021
  • 程昱舒(1985-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与新能源发电。E-mail: 1253030630@qq.com。

Novel High Voltage Gain DC-DC Converter with Low Voltage Stress and Common Ground
Yushu CHENG
Affiliations
  • Marketing Service Center State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Taiyuan 030021 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.25
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为了提高直流电压增益并降低电器应力,提出1种基于Z源的新型高增益直流变换器,理论上输出电压与输入电压之比可达(2-D)/(1-2D)。与传统二极管电容滤波型Z源直流变换器相比,所提拓扑结构可以在相同占空比下提供较高的直流电压增益;当电压增益相同时,所提拓扑结构开关器件的电压应力及电感电流应力均有所降低;所提直流变换器的输入端口与输出端口共地,有助于降低系统的电磁干扰。在此基础上,进一步阐述了所提直流变换器的稳态原理特性,并进行参数设计和理论效率计算。最后,成功构建1台功率为200 W的实验样机,通过实验结果证明了所提电路拓扑的可行性和优越性。

直流变换器  /  Z源变换器  /  低电压应力  /  高增益

In order to improve the DC voltage gain and reduce the electrical stress, a novel high voltage gain DC-DC converter based on Z-source is proposed. Theoretically, the ratio of output voltage to input voltage can reach (2-D)/(1-2D). Compared with the traditional diode capacitor filter Z-source DC-DC converter, the proposed topology can provide a higher DC voltage gain at the same duty cycle. It has lower voltage stress and inductance current stress when the DC voltage gain is the same. In addition, the input port and output port of the proposed DC-DC converter share the common ground, which helps to reduce the electromagnetic interference of the system. On this basis, the steady-state principle and characteristics of the proposed DC-DC converter are introduced, and the parameter design and theoretical efficiency calculation are also carried out. Finally, an experimental prototype with a power level of 200 W was fabricated, and experimental results proved the feasibility and superiority of the proposed circuit topology.

DC-DC converter  /  Z-source converter  /  low voltage stress  /  high voltage gain
程昱舒. 一种新颖的低电压应力共地高增益直流变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.25
Yushu CHENG. Novel High Voltage Gain DC-DC Converter with Low Voltage Stress and Common Ground[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.25
在新能源发电、光伏制氢、燃料电池、LED 照明等场合, 高增益直流变换器的应用日益广泛。 尽管传统的 Boost 变换器及 Buck-Boost 变换器均能在其占空比临近 1 时达到较高的电压增益, 但由于受到电路寄生参数影响, 变换器的实际电压增益仍会受到限制[1]。为此,现有文献提出了多种直流变换器的升压技术以提高其输出电压,如: 开关电感/ 开关电容网络、耦合电感、级联技术及电压举升技术等[2]。虽然开关电感和开关电容技术能够通过级联实现较高的电压增益, 但是随着电压增益的提高, 开关电容和开关电感等网络所使用元器件也会随之增加, 这会降低系统的成本、可靠性及功率密度[3]。采用耦合电感升压技术时,变换器的电压增益能够连续可调, 并且当电压增益相同时, 所有开关器件的电压应力显著降低。然而, 在此类拓扑中,耦合电感实际工作在反激变压器状态,这不但会导致励磁电流平均值较大, 而且随着功率增大将导致磁芯饱和。此外, 功率开关器件关断时的漏感效应会导致关断电压出现尖峰, 进而降低系统的可靠性并影响系统正常运行[4]。尽管缓冲电路可抑制电压尖峰, 但会引入额外的功率损耗[5]。级联技术能通过多级功率变换显著提高电压增益, 但是所用器件数量也会随之线性增加, 且系统存在固有的级联稳定性问题。举升电路通过在储能电感上并联二极管-电容升压单元, 在电感储能的同时为附加电容充电; 电感释能时, 储能电感和附加电容串联放电可实现更高的电压增益; 此外该电路拓扑还可以通过合并主功率开关实现级联, 使电压增益以乘积的形式提升[2]。然而,这种拓扑结构在储能阶段的充电电流尖峰较高, 这将增大电流的有效值, 其开关器件的电压应力会随级数的增加而增大, 导致其实际效率和电压增益均不理想。
相较于其他升压方案, 阻抗网络升压技术具有电压增益高、器件数量少及可靠性高等优点[3]。传统的二极管-电容滤波型$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器的电路结构[6] 由输入二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络(电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 、电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ )、开关器件$\mathrm{S}$ 、二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 、电容${C}_{3}$ 的电路架构,理论升压系数为$1/\left({1 -{2D}}\right)$。该结构的输入端口和输出端口未共地, 且开关器件和二极管的电压应力均等于输出电压, 这将对系统的整体效率及器件选型带来负面影响。针对上述问题, 现有文献提出了多种改进的$\mathrm{Z}$ 源拓扑结构以提升电压增益。其中,文献[7]在$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络的后级串联开关电容单元, 但其输入端口与输出端口之间仍然缺乏共地端, 且相比于传统拓扑结构, 其电压增益提升不明显; 文献[8-9]分别将$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络的电感替换为准$Z$ 源网络和开关电感单元,但其拓扑结构仍存在输入端口与输出端口不共地、无源器件数量多及开关器件占空比受限等问题; 文献[10]将$\mathrm{Z}$ 源拓扑的输出端替换为有源开关电容结构, 能够在储能阶段使输出端与$\mathrm{Z}$ 源电容串联为$\mathrm{Z}$ 源电感充电,然而该电路仍然存在输入、输出不共地的问题; 文献[11-12] 提出了 2 种基于变压器的阻抗源变换器, 能够通过调节原、副边匝比实现较高的电压增益,然而,此类变换器的实际电压增益会受漏感的影响而降低。 此外, 文献[8-12]所提出的拓扑结构均存在功率半导体器件电压应力较高的问题。
为解决上述问题,对传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器拓扑进行改进,提出 1 种改进的共地$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器, 改变输出的位置并引入由二极管和电容构成的 Buck-Boost 型升压单元, 相比于传统的拓扑结构, 旨在使所提电路不仅能提高电压增益, 实现输入端口与输出端口共地, 还能在电压增益相同时, 降低所有开关器件的电压应力。
图1为传统的$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器拓扑结构。图2为所提低电压应力共地$\mathrm{Z}$ 源高增益直流变换器的电路拓扑结构,其由输入二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1},\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络(电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 、电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ )、二极管电容升压单元(电容${C}_{3}$${C}_{4}$ 、二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ )、开关器件$\mathrm{S}$ 组成。 当系统稳态运行时,${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 可分别看作以电容${C}_{1}$ 为输入源的 Buck-Boost 电路的输出二极管和输出电容。此外,当开关$\mathrm{S}$ 导通时,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 通过二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$${C}_{4}$ 串联充电,且输出电压可表示为电容${C}_{2}$${C}_{4}$ 的电压之和。
图2可见, 所提电路拓扑结构的输入端口和输出端口之间存在共地端点$O$
当电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 的电流连续时,本文所提变换器在 1 个高频稳态开关周期内存在 2 种工作模态, 如图3所示, 每个模态内器件平均电流方向由虚线箭头标明。
图4为本文所提共地$\mathrm{Z}$ 源高增益直流变换器工作于稳态的等效波形。
模态$1\left({{t}_{0},{t}_{1}}\right)$,开关$\mathrm{S}$ 工作于通态,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 由于反向电压的作用截止,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 工作于通态,电感${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}$ 分别由电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$$\mathrm{S}$ 充电, 电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$$\mathrm{S}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$${C}_{4}$ 充电,${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 经由$\mathrm{S}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 向负载$R$ 供电。
模态$2\left({{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right)$,开关$\mathrm{S}$ 关断,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 工作于通态,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 工作于断态,电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 分别由${L}_{2}\text{、}{L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{1}$ 充电,负载$R$${V}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{、}{L}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{4}$${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 供电。
根据电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 在 1 个高频周期内的伏秒平衡可以得到
$ D{V}_{{C}_{1}}= \left({1 - D}\right){V}_{{C}_{3}}$
$ D{V}_{{C}_{2}}= \left({1 - D}\right)\left({{V}_{{C}_{1}}- {V}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)$
${V}_{{C}_{1}}= {V}_{{C}_{2}}$
${V}_{{C}_{4}}= {V}_{{C}_{1}}+ {V}_{{C}_{3}}$
式中:$D$ 为占空比;${V}_{{C}_{1}}\sim {V}_{{C}_{4}}$ 分别为电容${C}_{1}\sim {C}_{4}$ 两端的电压;${V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为电源电压。
根据式 (1)$\sim$ 式 (4) 可以计算出各电容的电压应力分别为
${V}_{{C}_{1}}= {V}_{{C}_{2}}= \frac{1 - D}{1 -{2D}}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$
${V}_{{C}_{3}}= \frac{D}{1 -{2D}}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$
${V}_{{C}_{4}}= \frac{1}{1 -{2D}}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$
因此,所提变换器的电压增益$G$
$ G =\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{i}}}= \frac{{V}_{{C}_{2}}+ {V}_{{C}_{4}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{i}}}= \frac{2 - D}{1 -{2D}}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为输出电阻$R$ 两端的电压。
根据电容在稳态下的充电平衡可知, 1 个高频周期内流过电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{3}$ 的平均电流为 0,据此可绘制仅考虑电感和功率器件的平均电流等效电路, 如图5所示。根据图5可求得各器件的平均电流应力, 即
${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}= {I}_{{L}_{1}}= \frac{2 - D}{1 -{2D}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
${I}_{\mathrm{S}}= {I}_{{L}_{2}}= \frac{1 + D}{1 -{2D}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}}= {I}_{{D}_{3}}= {I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
式中:${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}\sim {I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}}$ 分别为流经二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 的电流;${I}_{{L}_{1}}$ 为流经电感${L}_{1}$ 的电流;${I}_{0}$ 为流经输出电阻$R$ 的电流;${I}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为开关$\mathrm{S}$ 的充电电流。
将本文所提直流变换器与文献[6]所提传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器和文献[7]所提变换器进行对比分析。 主要关注器件数量、电压增益、开关器件的电压应力及输入与输出端口是否共地等,对比结果见表1
3 种直流变换器的电压增益与器件应力的对比曲线如图6所示。对比时将器件应力用电压增益$G$ 表示,并以${V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为基底进行归一化处理。可见: 相比于传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器,本文所提变换器具有较高的电压增益, 且相同电压增益下开关器件的电压应力及电感的总平均电流应力均更低;相比于文献[3]所提开关电容$\mathrm{Z}$ 源变换器,本文所提电路拓扑使用了更少的无源器件, 并能提供更高的电压增益、更低的开关器件电压应力及更低的电感电流应力。此外, 本文所提变换器还能提供输入端口和输出端口间的共地。
假设电感和电容的最大电压纹波分别为${x}_{L}\%$${x}_{C}\%$,可以得到
${L}_{1}\geq \frac{{U}_{{C}_{1}}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{I}_{{L}_{1}}{x}_{L}\%} =\frac{\left({1 -{2D}}\right)\left({1 - D}\right){DR}{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{\left( 2 - D\right)}^{2}{x}_{L}\%} $
${L}_{2}\geq \frac{{U}_{{C}_{2}}D{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{I}_{{L}_{2}}{x}_{L}\%} =\frac{\left({1 -{2D}}\right)\left({1 - D}\right){DR}{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\left({2 - D}\right)\left({1 + D}\right){x}_{L}\%} $
${C}_{1}\geq \frac{\left({{I}_{{L}_{1}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{o}}/D}\right) D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{U}_{{C}_{1}}{x}_{C}\%} =\frac{\left({1 + D}\right)\left({2 - D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\left({1 -{2D}}\right){x}_{C}\% R}$
${C}_{2}\geq \frac{\left({{I}_{{L}_{2}}+ {I}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right) D{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{U}_{{C}_{2}}{x}_{C}\%} =\frac{{\left( 2 - D\right)}^{2}D{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\left({1 -{2D}}\right)\left({1 - D}\right){x}_{C}\% R}$
${C}_{3}\geq \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{o}}{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{U}_{{C}_{3}}{x}_{C}\% R}= \frac{D{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\left({2 - D}\right){x}_{C}\% R}$
${C}_{4}\geq \frac{\left({1/D - 1}\right){I}_{\mathrm{o}}D{T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{U}_{{C}_{4}}{x}_{C}\%} =\frac{\left({2 - D}\right)\left({1 - D}\right){T}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{x}_{C}\% R}$
式中,${T}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为开关周期。
考虑到变换器实际产生的损耗, 其工作的实际占空比会有所增加, 但由于电容工作于稳态时的平均电流仍为 0,器件的平均电流应力仍满足占空比关系, 电感电流的平均值会略有上升。此外, 由于电容等效串联电阻的影响, 电容的实际电压纹波会有所增加,故在参数设计时需留出一定裕量。
根据图4(b)及式(5)~式(7),可计算出各器件的电压应力为
${V}_{S}= {V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}= {V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}}= {V}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}}= \frac{1}{1 -{2D}}{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$
各功率器件的电流有效值可表示为
${I}_{\mathrm{S}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)} =\sqrt{\frac{{\left( 1 + D\right)}^{2}}{D{\left( 1 - 2D\right)}^{2}}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)} =\sqrt{\frac{{\left( 2 - D\right)}^{2}}{\left({1 - D}\right){\left( 1 - 2D\right)}^{2}}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)} =\sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - D}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)} =\sqrt{\frac{1}{D}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{S}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)}$ 为流经开关$\mathrm{S}$ 的电流有效值;${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)} \sim$ ${I}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{3}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)}$ 分别为流经二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ 的电流有效值。
由于上述分析忽略了所有器件的寄生参数, 变换器的实际升压能力会因寄生参数的影响而产生一定损失。所提电路拓扑结构的理论效率$\eta$ 可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\eta =\frac{1}{1 +\lambda }\\\lambda =\frac{{\left( 1 + D\right)}^{2}{r}_{\mathrm{S}}}{D{\left( 1 - 2D\right)}^{2}R}+ \frac{\left({1 -{D}^{2}}\right){r}_{\mathrm{S}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{off}}}}\right)}{{6D}\left({2 - D}\right)\left({1 -{2D}}\right)} +\\\frac{\left({4 -{5D}}\right){v}_{\mathrm{D}}}{\left({2 - D}\right){r}_{\mathrm{I}}}+ \left({\frac{1}{D}+ \frac{5 -{8D}+ 5{D}^{2}}{\left({1 - D}\right){\left( 1 - 2D\right)}^{2}}}\right){r}_{\mathrm{D}}+ \\\frac{\left({5 -{2D}+ 2{D}^{2}}\right){r}_{\mathrm{I}}}{1 - D{r}_{\mathrm{I}}}+ \frac{4 + 1\left( D\right)- 1{D}^{2}{r}_{\mathrm{C}}}{1 -{\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}{r}_{\mathrm{I}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${r}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关器件通态电阻;${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关器件的开关频率;${t}_{\text{on }}$${t}_{\text{off }}$ 分别为开通和关断时间;${v}_{\mathrm{D}}$${r}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 分别为二极管的通态压降和通态电阻;${r}_{L}$${r}_{C}$ 分别为假设的电感和电容等效电阻。
上述分析可为确定实验样机的额定功率及器件型号提供参考。根据选择的实验参数 (表2), 所提变换器的理论效率与输入电压${V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 和占空比$D$ 的关系如图7所示, 可见: 所提变换器的变换效率随着输入电压的增大而增大; 随着占空比$D$ 的增大,变换效率先增大后减小;在输入电压${V}_{\mathrm{i}}= {30}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、占空比$D ={0.378}$ 时,变换效率较高。
为验证上述理论分析并证明所提电路拓扑结构的可行性和先进性, 根据图2所示电路拓扑设计实验样机, 实验参数如表2所示。此外, 还设计了同样输入、输出条件的传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源变换器实验样机 (见图1), 以进行对照。
图8为传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器的器件应力和电感电流应力实验波形。当输出电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,半导体器件承受的电压应力均为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,与输出电压相同,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}$${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 的平均值均为${7.4}\mathrm{\;A}$。实验结果表明,$\mathrm{Z}$ 源变换器的功率器件电压及电感电流应力均较高。
图9为本文所提变换器在相同输入、输出情况下的实验波形,可见: 实验选取的占空比$D ={0.390}$, 与理论计算值$\left({D \approx {0.378}}\right)$ 基本吻合; 电容${C}_{1}\sim {C}_{4}$ 的电压应力分别为${77.0}\text{、}{77.0}\text{、}{48.0}$${124.0}\mathrm{\;V}$,其理论计算值分别为${76.5}\text{、}{76.5}\text{、}{46.5}$${123.0}\mathrm{\;V}$,理论分析与实验结果基本符合; 功率半导体器件${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$$\mathrm{S}$ 的电压应力均为${125}\mathrm{\;V}$,其理论计算值为${123}\mathrm{\;V}$; 电感${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 的平均电流分别为 7.05 和${6.05}\mathrm{\;A}$,其理论计算值分别为6.67和${5.67}\mathrm{\;A}$。考虑实际应用中变换器的损耗, 上述实验结果与理论分析基本一致, 且所有功率半导体器件的电压应力和电感电流应力均显著低于传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器,验证了所提拓扑的优点及理论分析的正确性。
图10为所提变换器在输入电压突变(${30}\mathrm{\;V}- {40}\mathrm{\;V}-$ ${30}\mathrm{\;V}$ )及输出功率突变(${100}\mathrm{\;W}- {200}\mathrm{\;W}- {100}\mathrm{\;W}$ )时的动态实验波形, 可见本文所提变换器在上述 2 种动态情况下均能保持稳定, 具备较好的动态性能。
图11为所提低电压应力共地$\mathrm{Z}$ 源高增益变换器的电压增益曲线,可见所提变换器能够在$G <{30}$ 时可以保持较强的升压能力。
图12为传统$\mathrm{Z}$ 源直流变换器与本文所提直流变换器在输入为${30}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、输出为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时在不同功率等级下的效率曲线。可见, 本文所提变换器能够在输出功率较大时提供更高的变换效率;当输出功率为${100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时,变换器的效率为${95.9}\%$; 当输出功率为${200}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时,变换器的效率为${94.6}\%$
本文创新性地提出了 1 种低电压应力、共地特性的$\mathrm{Z}$ 源高增益直流变换器,其电路结构包括传统 Z 源网络及二极管-电容升压单元,通过重新设计输出负载的位置使所提电路拓扑电压增益进一步提升,同时保证了输入、输出端口共地接地。实验结果表明,所提变换器还具备功率半导体器件电压应力低、磁性元件电流应力低、工作效率高等优点。 鉴于此, 所提变换器在高增益直流变换场合的应用将更具潜力和竞争力。
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.25
  • 接收时间:2021-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-15
  • 修回日期:2022-01-28
  • 录用日期:2022-02-25
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    国网山西省电力公司 营销服务中心 太原 030021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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