Article(id=1153375941016413005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1630080000000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-28, revisedDate=1634745600000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-21, acceptedDate=1635609600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-31, onlineDate=1752915853026, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915853026, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915853026, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915853026, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375941507146574, articleId=1153375941016413005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategy Based on Hybrid Control of Sailfish Optimization Algorithm and Perturbation and Observation Method, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is prone to falling into a local optimum under partial shading conditions and failing, while the common intelligent optimization algorithms often have disadvantages such as a low convergence accuracy, a slow convergence speed, and a low system stability. Aimed at these problems, a maximum power tracking strategy for photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed, which is based on the hybrid control of sailfish optimization (SFO) algorithm and perturbation and observation (P&O) method. The SFO algorithm uses two populations of sailfish (predator) and sardine (prey) at the same time to ensure the exploration of particles in the global space. The hybrid algorithm uses the SFO algorithm to quickly track the neighborhood of maximum power point at first, and then it uses the P&O method with a small step size to finely search for the maximum power point. In this way, it takes advantage of the piecewise step method to meet the requirements of MPPT search speed and search accuracy. Simulation results show that the hybrid control strategy effectively improves the response speed and tracking accuracy of the control system, as well as its stability.

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针对传统的最大功率点跟踪 MPPT(maximum power point tracking)方法在部分遮阴条件下陷入局部最优而失效,且常见的智能优化算法往往存在收敛精度差、收敛速度慢、系统稳定性不高等问题,提出1种基于旗鱼优化 SFO(sailfish optimization)算法与扰动观察P&O(perturbation and observation)法混合控制的光伏系统最大功率跟踪策略。SFO 算法同时使用旗鱼(捕食者)和沙丁鱼(猎物)2 个种群,可保证粒子在全局空间探索。所提混合算法先利用 SFO 算法快速跟踪到最大功率点附近,再利用小步长P&O 法对最大功率点进行精细搜索,最后利用分段步长的方法同时兼顾 MPPT 搜索速度和搜索精度的要求。仿真结果表明,所提混合控制策略有效提升了控制系统的响应速度及跟踪精度,提升了系统的稳定性。

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莫仕勋(1970-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: mo_shixun@gxu.edu.cn。

蒋坤坪(1995- ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391017@st.gxu.edu.cn。

杨皓(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391087@st.gxu.edu.cn。

梁振燊(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391035@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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莫仕勋(1970-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: mo_shixun@gxu.edu.cn。

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莫仕勋(1970-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: mo_shixun@gxu.edu.cn。

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蒋坤坪(1995- ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391017@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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蒋坤坪(1995- ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391017@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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杨皓(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391087@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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杨皓(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391087@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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梁振燊(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391035@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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梁振燊(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391035@st.gxu.edu.cn。

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部分遮阴 光照突变
算法名称 收敛时间 /s 收敛值/W 跟踪效率 /% 理论值 /W 收敛时间/s 收敛值/W 跟踪效率/% 理论值 /W
SFO-P&O 0.05 1436.2 99.9 0.05/0.05/0.04 2233.4/1423.7/1882.3 99.5/99.0/99.7 2245/
SFO 0.10 1369.8 95.3 1438 0.05/0.06/0.05 2234.6/1413.2/1870.5 99.5/98.2/99.0 1438/
PSO-P&O 0.40 1435.8 99.8 0.40/0.10/0.40 2236.2/1421.7/1881.3 99.6/98.8/99.6 1888
), ArticleFig(id=1154032478273655319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375941016413005, language=CN, label=表1, caption=3种算法性能指标统计结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部分遮阴 光照突变
算法名称 收敛时间 /s 收敛值/W 跟踪效率 /% 理论值 /W 收敛时间/s 收敛值/W 跟踪效率/% 理论值 /W
SFO-P&O 0.05 1436.2 99.9 0.05/0.05/0.04 2233.4/1423.7/1882.3 99.5/99.0/99.7 2245/
SFO 0.10 1369.8 95.3 1438 0.05/0.06/0.05 2234.6/1413.2/1870.5 99.5/98.2/99.0 1438/
PSO-P&O 0.40 1435.8 99.8 0.40/0.10/0.40 2236.2/1421.7/1881.3 99.6/98.8/99.6 1888
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基于旗鱼优化算法与扰动观察法复合控制的最大功率点跟踪策略
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莫仕勋 , 蒋坤坪 , 杨皓 , 梁振燊
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(6): 110-121
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(6): 110-121
基于旗鱼优化算法与扰动观察法复合控制的最大功率点跟踪策略
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莫仕勋 , 蒋坤坪 , 杨皓 , 梁振燊
作者信息
  • 广西大学 电气工程学院 南宁 530004
  • 莫仕勋(1970-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: mo_shixun@gxu.edu.cn。

    蒋坤坪(1995- ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391017@st.gxu.edu.cn。

    杨皓(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391087@st.gxu.edu.cn。

    梁振燊(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算。E-mail: 1912391035@st.gxu.edu.cn。

Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategy Based on Hybrid Control of Sailfish Optimization Algorithm and Perturbation and Observation Method
Shixun MO , Kunping JIANG , Hao YANG , Zhenshen LIANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.110
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针对传统的最大功率点跟踪 MPPT(maximum power point tracking)方法在部分遮阴条件下陷入局部最优而失效,且常见的智能优化算法往往存在收敛精度差、收敛速度慢、系统稳定性不高等问题,提出1种基于旗鱼优化 SFO(sailfish optimization)算法与扰动观察P&O(perturbation and observation)法混合控制的光伏系统最大功率跟踪策略。SFO 算法同时使用旗鱼(捕食者)和沙丁鱼(猎物)2 个种群,可保证粒子在全局空间探索。所提混合算法先利用 SFO 算法快速跟踪到最大功率点附近,再利用小步长P&O 法对最大功率点进行精细搜索,最后利用分段步长的方法同时兼顾 MPPT 搜索速度和搜索精度的要求。仿真结果表明,所提混合控制策略有效提升了控制系统的响应速度及跟踪精度,提升了系统的稳定性。

最大功率点跟踪  /  旗鱼优化算法  /  扰动观察法  /  混合控制

The traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is prone to falling into a local optimum under partial shading conditions and failing, while the common intelligent optimization algorithms often have disadvantages such as a low convergence accuracy, a slow convergence speed, and a low system stability. Aimed at these problems, a maximum power tracking strategy for photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed, which is based on the hybrid control of sailfish optimization (SFO) algorithm and perturbation and observation (P&O) method. The SFO algorithm uses two populations of sailfish (predator) and sardine (prey) at the same time to ensure the exploration of particles in the global space. The hybrid algorithm uses the SFO algorithm to quickly track the neighborhood of maximum power point at first, and then it uses the P&O method with a small step size to finely search for the maximum power point. In this way, it takes advantage of the piecewise step method to meet the requirements of MPPT search speed and search accuracy. Simulation results show that the hybrid control strategy effectively improves the response speed and tracking accuracy of the control system, as well as its stability.

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)  /  sailfish optimization (SFO) algorithm  /  perturbation and observation (P&O) method  /  hybrid control
莫仕勋, 蒋坤坪, 杨皓, 梁振燊. 基于旗鱼优化算法与扰动观察法复合控制的最大功率点跟踪策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 110 -121 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.110
Shixun MO, Kunping JIANG, Hao YANG, Zhenshen LIANG. Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategy Based on Hybrid Control of Sailfish Optimization Algorithm and Perturbation and Observation Method[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 110 -121 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.110
当前, 太阳能由于具有无污染、环境友好、不受应用环境限制等优点, 得到了广泛利用[1]。在光伏 PV (photovoltaic)发电系统中, 光伏电池的利用率受到辐照度、负载和温度等外界环境因素影响[2]。 为了最大程度地提高光伏发电系统的发电效率, 最大限度地将光能转化为电能, 需要对光伏发电系统的输出功率进行跟踪控制, 即利用最大功率点跟踪 MPPT(maximum power point tracking)技术[3] 对光伏发电系统的输出功率进行跟踪。
传统的 MPPT 控制方法, 如电导增量法、扰动观察$\mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ (perturbation and observation)法等[4-5] 在均匀光照条件下可以快速、高效追踪到光伏系统全局最大功率点 GMPP(global maximum power point)。 在实际生产生活中, 光伏阵列易受云朵、建筑物、 树木等部分遮阴的影响,使得光伏阵列的$P - V$ 输出特性曲线呈现多峰现象[6-7]。在这种情况下,传统控制方法往往会陷入局部最大功率点 LMPP(local maximum power point), 从而导致光伏系统难以准确工作在 GMPP,造成能量的大量损耗。
智能优化算法的应用在一定程度上弥补了传统算法在遮阴条件下无法追踪到 GMPP 的不足。文献[8]将粒子群优化 PSO(particle swarm optimization) 算法与$\mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ 相结合进行最大功率点跟踪控制,与单一的控制算法相比, 跟踪效果得到了一定改善; 文献[9]提出改进的粒子群优化 IPSO( improved particle swarm optimization)算法, 减小了稳态振荡, 但仍存在收敛时间长的问题; 文献[10]采用改进的蝙蝠算法 IBA(improved bat algorithm)对光伏系统进行 MPPT 控制, 取得了良好的效果; 文献[11]将改进的灰狼优化 IGWO( improved grey wolf optimization)算法应用在光伏系统 MPPT 控制中, 提高了跟踪速度, 但在算法的寻优过程中存在功率振荡较为严重的情况, 降低了能量的利用效率; 文献[12]提出了 1 种基于樽海鞘算法 SSA(salp swarm algorithm)的 MPPT 控制策略, 有效提高了光伏系统的输出效率。上述多峰值 MPPT 控制算法均具有全局搜索能力, 但很难同时兼顾收敛精度和收敛速度。
针对上述问题, 本文提出 1 种基于旗鱼优化 SFO(sailfish optimization)算法与小步长 P&O 法相结合的 MPPT 智能控制算法(SFO-P&O),直接将光强和温度作为控制系统的输入量, 先利用旗鱼优化算法高效的全局探索能力跟踪到 GMPP 附近, 再利用小步长扰动观察法精确定位到 GMPP, 旨在消除 PI 控制回路, 使控制器更加简化并减少调整控制器增益时的计算负担。
单二极管模型 SDM(single-diode model)是目前最常用的描述光伏电池的数学模型, 能够准确描述光伏电池的输出特性, 其等效电路如图1所示。
图1中,${I}_{\mathrm{{ph}}}$ 为光生电流,${I}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为通过二极管的电流,${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为等效串联电阻,${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$ 为等效并联电阻,${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为光伏电池所接负载电阻。因此光伏电池电流-电压特性曲线的表达式为
$ I ={I}_{\mathrm{{ph}}}- {I}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{q\left({U +{R}_{\mathrm{S}}I}\right)}{nkT}}- 1}\right)- \frac{U +{R}_{\mathrm{S}}I}{{R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}}$
式中:$q$ 为单位电荷常量,取值为${1.6}\times {10}^{-{19}}\mathrm{C};k$ 为玻尔兹曼常数,取值为${1.38}\times {10}^{-{23}}\mathrm{\;J}/k;T$ 为绝对温度,$\mathrm{K};U$ 为开路电压;$I$ 为短路电流;$n$ 为二极管品质因数。
通常光伏电池厂商仅提供标准状况下电池的短路电流${I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}$ 、开路电压${U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}$ 、最佳工作电压${U}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 和最佳工作电流${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 这 4 个参数。因此,为了保证光伏电池模型模拟结果的准确性, 本文采用光伏电池工程用数学模型[13]进行统计。光伏电池输出特性的表达式为
$ I ={I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{U}{{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}}- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack $
其中${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$ 的计算式分别为
${C}_{1}= \left({1 -\frac{{I}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{U}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}}$
${C}_{2}= \left({\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}- 1}\right){\left\lbrack \ln \left( 1 -\frac{{I}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
当考虑光伏电池受到的光照强度和所处外界温度发生变化时, 最新状态下的电池参数可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}= {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\frac{S}{{S}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}}\left({1 +{\alpha \Delta T}}\right)\\{I}_{\mathrm{m}}= {I}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{S}{{S}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}}\left({1 +{\alpha \Delta T}}\right)\\{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left({1 -{c\Delta T}}\right)\ln \left({\mathrm{e}+ {b\Delta S}}\right)\\{U}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\left({1 -{c\Delta T}}\right)\ln \left({\mathrm{e}+ {b\Delta S}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
其中,${\Delta T}= T -{T}_{\text{ref }},{\Delta S}= S/{S}_{\text{ref }}- 1,{S}_{\text{ref }}= {1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,${T}_{\text{ref }}= {25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},\alpha ={0.00250}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}, b ={0.5}, c ={0.00228}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
通过式(5)联立求解, 可得到独立光伏组件的输出功率$P$
$ P ={I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{U}{{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}}- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack U $
由式 (6)可知, 光伏组件的输出功率可由光伏组件的输出电压$U$ 表示,且输出功率$P$ 与光伏组件输出电压$U$ 呈二次幂,因此在光伏系统 MPPT 中可把电压$U$ 作为优化变量。本文选取的光伏组件详细参数为开路电压${U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}= {110.4}\mathrm{\;V}$,短路电流${I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}= {8.83}\mathrm{\;A}$,最佳工作点电压${U}_{\mathrm{m}}= {90}\mathrm{\;V}$,最佳工作点电流${I}_{\mathrm{m}}= {8.3}\mathrm{\;A}$,串联组件个数${N}_{\mathrm{s}}= 3$
目前, 实际生产中光伏阵列普遍采用的是光伏组件串联结构, 为了防止热斑效应的发生, 光伏组件均会并联 1 个旁路二极管。由于不同的光伏组件在部分遮阴条件下会有不同的输出特性, 从而引起光伏阵列$P - V$ 曲线呈现多峰现象。本文采用 3 个光伏组件串联组成$3 \times 1$ 光伏阵列,如图2所示。光伏阵列中不同组件颜色的深浅代表遮阴程度的不同, 其中图2(a)为光伏阵列正常情况(均匀光照)下的工作模型,图2(b)为光伏阵列在严重遮阴情况下的工作模型,图2(c)为光伏阵列在轻度遮阴情况下的工作模型。
光伏电池的输出电流和电压随着光强、温度等外界环境的改变而发生改变。当外界条件变化时, 使光伏阵列的输出电流工作在最大功率点电流上可以得到光伏系统最大的输出功率。图2中光伏阵列的输出功率可表示为
$ f = I\left\lbrack {P{V}_{\text{fcn }}\left({{I}_{1},{S}_{1},{T}_{1}}\right)+ P{V}_{\text{fcn }}\left({{I}_{2},{S}_{2},{T}_{2}}\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{P{V}_{\text{fcn }}\left({{I}_{3},{S}_{3},{T}_{3}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中:${I}_{1}\text{、}{I}_{2}\text{、}{I}_{3}$ 分别为 3 个光伏组件的输出电流;$P{V}_{\text{fcn }}\left({{I}_{i},{S}_{i},{T}_{i}}\right)$ 为光伏组件的特性函数,包含了电压与电流、光强、温度之间的关系。结合式(6)可以得到光伏阵列的功率,则式(7)可改写为
$ f =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{3}\left\{{{I}_{\mathrm{{sci}}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{U}{{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oci}}}}}- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack U}\right\}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{{sci}}}$ 为每个光伏组件的短路电流;${U}_{\mathrm{{oci}}}$ 为每个光伏组件的开路电压。光伏阵列在 3 种情况下的输出特性曲线如图3所示。
图3所示, 光伏阵列受不同遮挡条件的影响, 峰值个数也不相同, 但整个光伏系统始终仅有 1 个最大功率点。以图2(b)模式 2(严重遮阴)为例, 可以得到 3 块光伏组件组成的串联光伏阵列的输出电流表达式为
$ I =\left\{\begin{matrix}{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{1000}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({\exp \left({{U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\left({{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}\right)}\right)- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{800}}\leq I \leq {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{1000}}\\{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{800}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({\exp \left({{U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\left({{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}\right)}\right)- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{6000}}\leq I \leq {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{800}}\\{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{600}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({\exp \left({{U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\left({{C}_{2}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}}\right)}\right)- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack \\ I \leq {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}0}\end{matrix}\right.$
式中,${I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{1000}}$${I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{800}}$${I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}{600}}$ 分别为光强为1000、800、${600}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时的短路电流。由式 (9) 可推得$M$ 块光伏组件串联光伏阵列的输出电流方程为
$ I =\left\{\begin{matrix}{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({\exp \left({{U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\left({{C}_{2}{U}_{\infty }}\right)}\right)- 1}\right)}\right.\\\left.{{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\leq I \leq {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}}\right\rbrack \\\left.{{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({\exp \left({{U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\left({{C}_{2}{U}_{\infty }}\right)}\right)- 1}\right)}\right.}\right\rbrack \\{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\leq I \leq {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\\\vdots \\{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\left\lbrack {1 -{C}_{1}\left({\exp \left({{U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\left({{C}_{2}{U}_{\infty }}\right)}\right)- 1}\right)}\right\rbrack \\ I \leq {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}- \mathrm{{Nl}}}\end{matrix}\right.$
当有${N}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 个单串阵列并联时,输出特性为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{a}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}{I}_{i}\\{U}_{a}= \max \left({U}_{i}\right)\;i = 1,2,\cdots,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${I}_{i}\text{、}{U}_{i}$ 分别为单串阵列的输出电流、输出电压。 光伏阵列在均匀光照条件下,$P - V$ 输出特性曲线呈单峰, 最大值点即为 GMPP, 而在局部遮阴情形下$P - V$ 曲线出现多个峰值点,最大值点为 GMPP,剩余的峰值点为 LMPP。由于在部分遮阴条件下光伏系统输出特性曲线发生变化, 产生的多个局部峰值点 LPP( local peak points )导致传统的 MPPT 控制方法失效, 因此需要引入更加智能的算法进行优化控制来保障光伏系统的输出功率稳定在 GMPP 附近。
文献[13]提出 SFO 算法的灵感来源于旗鱼群体对沙丁鱼群体的捕猎攻击行为。目前, 旗鱼优化算法已被用来求解特征选择 FS(feature selection)问题及热电联产经济调度 CHPED(combined heat and power economic dispatch)问题, 在求解非线性问题时其收敛精度及收敛速度方面显现出了算法优越性[14-15]。为了解决现阶段 MPPT 存在的问题,本文将 SFO 算法引入到 MPPT 控制中, 并与传统 P&O 算法结合形成混合控制算法。为了节约体能和提升效率, 旗鱼通常会选择群体捕猎, 旗鱼群体捕猎过程如图4[13] 所示,可见旗鱼群体捕猎时,整个捕食活动可分为驱赶、包围、逃跑、伤害、捕获和变色等行为。
矩阵$\mathbf{{SF}}$ 被用来描述所有旗鱼的位置,矩阵$\mathbf{S}$ 用来描述所有沙丁鱼的位置。这些位置均表示优化过程中电压$U$ 的变量,即
${\mathbf{{SF}}}_{\text{position }}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} S{F}_{1,1}& S{F}_{1,2}& \cdots & S{F}_{1, d}\\\vdots &\vdots && \vdots \\ S{F}_{m,1}& S{F}_{m,2}& \cdots & S{F}_{m, d}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:$m$ 为旗鱼的数量;$d$ 为变量的维度;$S{F}_{m, d}$ 为第$d$ 维第$m$ 个旗鱼的位置。旗鱼的适应度值可以通过适应度函数得到, 即
$\text{fitness_value_of_sailfish}= \\ f\left(\text{ sailfish }\right)= f\left({S{F}_{1}, S{F}_{2},\cdots, S{F}_{m}}\right)$
当沙丁鱼在同一片区域流动时, 沙丁鱼的位置和适应度值可表示为
${\mathbf{S}}_{\text{position }}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{S}_{1,1}& {S}_{1,2}& \cdots &{S}_{1, d}\\\vdots &\vdots && \vdots \\{S}_{n,1}& {S}_{n,2}& \cdots &{S}_{n, d}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
fitness_value_of_sardines$=$
$ f\left(\text{sardines}\right)= f\left({{S}_{1},{S}_{2},\cdots,{S}_{m}}\right)$
式中:$n$ 为沙丁鱼的数量;${S}_{n, d}$ 为第$d$ 维第$n$ 个沙丁鱼的位置;${\mathbf{S}}_{\text{position }}$ 为所有沙丁鱼的位置。
旗鱼在捕猎过程中的位置变化可模拟为
${X}_{\text{new }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}= {X}_{\text{elite }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}- {\lambda }_{i}.\\\left\lbrack {\operatorname{rand}\left({0,1}\right)\left(\frac{{X}_{\text{elite }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}+ {X}_{\text{injured }\_ \mathrm{S}}^{i}}{2}\right)- {X}_{\text{old }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${X}^{i}{}_{\text{new_SF }}$ 为旗鱼第$i$ 次攻击时的位置;${X}^{i}{}_{\text{elite_SF }}$ 为旗鱼第$i$ 次攻击时的最优位置;${X}^{i}{}_{\text{injured_S }}$ 为沙丁鱼第$i$ 次被划伤的位置;${X}^{i}{}_{\text{old_SF }}$ 为当前旗鱼的位置;$\operatorname{rand}\left({0,1}\right)$$0 \sim 1$ 随机数;${\lambda }_{i}$ 为迭代系数,其计算方法为
${\lambda }_{i}= 2\operatorname{rand}\left({0,1}\right){P}_{\mathrm{D}}- {P}_{\mathrm{D}}$
式中,${P}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为种群密度,其计算方法为$1 -\left\lbrack {m/\left({m + n}\right)}\right\rbrack$。 旗鱼的攻击力度${A}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 影响沙丁鱼的位置更新,${A}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 的计算方法为
${A}_{\mathrm{P}}= A\left\lbrack {1 -\left({2i\varepsilon }\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中,$A$$\varepsilon$ 为协同系数,有助于降低攻击力度。
如果${A}_{\mathrm{P}}> {0.5}$,沙丁鱼位置更新的表达式为
${X}_{\text{new }\_ \mathrm{S}}^{i}= r\left({{X}_{\text{elite }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}- {X}_{\text{old }\_ \mathrm{S}}^{i}+ {A}_{\mathrm{P}}}\right)$
式中:$r$$0 \sim 1$ 随机数;${X}^{i}$ old_s 为当前沙丁鱼的位置。
如果${A}_{\mathrm{P}}< {0.5}$,仅更新$n \times {A}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 范围内沙丁鱼的位置。如果沙丁鱼的位置优于旗鱼的位置, 将沙丁鱼的位置赋给旗鱼, 且沙丁鱼位置被移除, 即
${X}_{\mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}= {X}_{\mathrm{S}}^{i}\;f\left({S}_{i}\right)< f\left({S{F}_{i}}\right)$
$\mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ 法是通过扰动工作点来跟踪$\mathrm{{MPP}}$,然后观察扰动前、后功率的变化,从而实现 MPPT 功能。 这种控制方法结构简单易于实现, 其具体控制流程如图5所示。其中,$U\left( k\right)\text{、}I\left( k\right)\text{、}P\left( k\right)$ 分别为当前迭代后检测的光伏电池的电压、电流、功率,$U\left({k - 1}\right)$$I\left({k - 1}\right)$$P\left({k - 1}\right)$ 分别为上次迭代后检测的光伏电池的电压、电流、功率。
基于 SFO 与 P&O 混合的 MPPT 控制算法是 1 种智能跟踪算法, 当部分遮阴发生时, 本文提出的 SFO-P&O 混合控制算法首先初始化 SFO 算法, 然后再启动$\mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ 算法。由于$\mathrm{{SFO}}$ 算法引入旗鱼和沙丁鱼 2 个钟群, 充分保证了算法的全局搜索能力, 且 SFO 算法在每次迭代过程中记录并保存当前最佳的旗鱼和沙丁鱼位置, 避免了下次迭代的无效搜索过程, 提升了搜索速度, 使得 SFO 算法能够快速定位到 GMPP 附近。随后,启动小步长$\mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ 算法在 GMPP 附近精细搜索, 可确保 MPPT 对搜索精度的要求。需要说明的是, 旗鱼和沙丁鱼的数量越多, MPP 精度越高, 但相应的计算负担也会增大, 因此可以考虑将旗鱼的数量设置为 4 只, 将沙丁鱼的数量设置为 16 只。
利用 SFO 算法跟踪 MPP 时, 本文将旗鱼位置作为候选解, 将沙丁鱼位置作为优化变量。在所提 MPPT 跟踪算法中,将电压$U$ 作为优化变量;将旗鱼位置作为候选电压,用${U}^{i}{}_{\text{new_SF }\text{表示第}i}$ 次迭代时的候选电压; 将沙丁鱼位置作为优化电压, 用${U}^{i}{}_{\text{new }\text{_}\text{S}}$ 表示第$i$ 次迭代时的优化电压。则式(16) 可改写为
${U}_{\text{new }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}= {U}_{\text{elite }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}- {\lambda }_{i}.\\\left\lbrack {\operatorname{rand}\left({0,1}\right)\left(\frac{{U}_{\text{elite }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}+ {U}_{\text{injured }\_ \mathrm{S}}^{i}}{2}\right)- {U}_{\text{old }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${U}^{i}{}_{\text{elite_SF }}$ 为到当前迭代时最优候选电压值;${U}^{i}{}_{\text{injured_S }}$ 为到当前迭代时最优优化电压值;${U}^{i}{}_{\text{old_}\text{SF}}$ 为当前候选电压。式(19)可改写为
${U}_{\text{new }\_ \mathrm{S}}^{i}= r\left({{U}_{\text{elite }\_ \mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}- {U}_{\text{old }\_ \mathrm{S}}^{i}+ {A}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)$
如果沙丁鱼位置优于旗鱼位置, 则将优化电压值赋给候选电压值, 式(20)可改写为
${U}_{\mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}= {U}_{\mathrm{S}}^{i}\;f\left({U}_{\mathrm{{SF}}}^{i}\right)< f\left({U}_{\mathrm{S}}^{i}\right)$
综合上述数学模型可以得到 SFO 算法流程:
步骤 1 初始化旗鱼(候选电压)及沙丁鱼(优化电压)的位置和位置上下限$\left({A = 4,\varepsilon ={0.001}}\right)$
步骤 2 按式(13)、式(15)计算旗鱼和沙丁鱼的适应度值,存储第$i$ 次迭代后旗鱼和沙丁鱼的最佳位置${X}^{i}{}_{\text{elite_}\mathrm{{SF}}}\text{、}{X}^{i}{}_{\text{injured_S}}$。在 MPPT 算法中计算候选电压和优化电压对应的功率, 并记录最优电压值及对应功率值。
步骤 3 按式(16)更新旗鱼$\left({U}^{i}\right)$ new_SF$)$ 位置,按式(19)更新沙丁鱼(${U}^{i}{}_{{new}\_ S}$ )位置。
步骤 4 按式(13)、式(15)计算旗鱼和沙丁鱼在式(8)目标函数下的适应度值。
步骤 5 比较沙丁鱼和旗鱼位置, 如果沙丁鱼的位置优于旗鱼的位置, 将沙丁鱼的位置赋给旗鱼, 且沙丁鱼的位置被移除。在 MPPT 算法中按式(23)将候选电压及优化电压进行替换。
步骤 6 判断是否满足终止条件, 若满足则输出结果, 否则重复步骤 1~步骤 5。
步骤 7 返回参考电压及参考功率值并终止 SFO 算法, 启动 P&O 算法。
图6给出了 3 种遮阴情况下光伏系统输出的$I$ -$V$$P - V$ 曲线,可见: 在模式 1(均匀光照)情形下, 光伏阵列受到恒定光照,$P - V$ 曲线仅有 1 个峰值点; 在模式 2(严重遮阴)及模式 3(轻度遮阴)情形下, 系统检测到光伏阵列发生了部分遮阴, SFO 算法启动, 开始跟踪 MPP, 旗鱼和沙丁鱼位置更新受随机数影响较大, 且受到迭代次数及种群数目的限制, SFO算法虽然能避免陷入局部峰值点LPP且能快速定位到 GMPP 附近,但其精细搜索能力略显不足。 由此可以看出,本文设计的 SFO-P&O 混合控制算法以日照$S$ 、温度$T$ 作为输入量,在控制器中构建阵列的数学模型, 通过混合算法对目标函数进行最优化求解来获得最优电压及最佳功率, 再利用得到的优化电压及最优功率计算出升压电路的占空比$D$,消除了$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制回路,使得控制器更加简化,并减少了调整控制器增益时的计算负担。
图7为本文所提 SFO-P&O 混合控制算法的流程, 其由 2 个部分组成, 即: 当光照发生改变时, 启动 SFO 算法, 快速定位到 GMPP 附近, 并将返回参考电压${U}_{\text{ref }}$ 、参考功率${P}_{\text{ref }}$ 作为扰动观察法$P\left( k\right)\text{、}U\left( k\right)$ 的初始值; 在此基础上启动 P&O 算法, 延续 SFO 算法定位的电压${U}_{\text{ref }}\left(\text{best sailfish}\right)$ 位置, 并以小步长${\Delta U}$ 扰动搜索,检测功率变化${\Delta P}$ 的大小和方向,直到功率变化${\Delta P}$ 小于一特定值$\varepsilon$ 时, 判定系统收敛到最大功率点并返回此刻对应的修正电压${U}_{\mathrm{m}}$,并修正功率${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 作为系统稳定时的最大功率点电压和最大功率。而当光照条件发生改变, 此时重启 SFO 算法巡游过程。
在 MATLAB/Simulink 中搭建如图8所示的光伏系统仿真模型,模型中的$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器采用标准 Boost 升压变换电路。系统的工作原理: MPPT 控制器根据外界环境光强和温度变化, 通过混合控制算法以电压$U$ 作为变量进行寻优,以占空比$D$ 的形式输出控制指令控制开关, 从而动态调节电流和电压达到电流和电压的稳定。DC-DC Boost 升压电路仿真参数为$L ={40.7}\mathrm{{mH}},{C}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {100\mu }\mathrm{F}, C ={50\mu }\mathrm{F}$,${V}_{\text{in }}= 0 \sim {330}\mathrm{\;V},{V}_{\text{out }}= {400}\mathrm{\;V},{F}_{\mathrm{s}}= {10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
设电力电子开关工作在理想状态, 由图8可得负载电压${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$
${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}}{1 - D}$
式中,${U}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 为光伏组件输出电压。
当电路工作在理想状态下时, 由能量守恒可知系统输入和输出功率相等, 则
$\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}^{2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{L}}^{2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{L}}}$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 为光伏组件内阻;${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为负载电阻。可由修正功率${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 、修正电压${U}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 计算得到${R}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{P}_{\mathrm{m}}$。 结合式(24)、式(25)可得:
${R}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}= {\left( 1 - D\right)}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}$
由式(25)可进一步得到占空比$D$ 的计算公式为
$ D = 1 -\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{L}}}}$
随着外界环境的变化,光伏电池${R}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 也发生改变, 通过 MPPT 控制算法对开关变换器的占空比进行调整, 使输出阻抗和负载阻抗相等, 从而实现光伏系统在 MPP 处工作, 即实现对输出功率的实时跟踪和控制。
在模式 2(严重遮阴)情形下, 将 SFO-P&O、SFO 及文献[17]提出的 PSO-P&O 这 3 种智能 MPPT 控制算法在相同电路仿真参数条件下进行仿真对比, 结果如图9所示。可见: 在模式 2 (严重遮阴) 条件下, 光伏系统输出理论最大功率为${1438}\mathrm{\;W}$,基于$\mathrm{{SFO}}$ 的MPPT算法经过${0.10}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的振荡收敛到 GMPP 附近, 收敛值为${1369.8}\mathrm{\;W}$ ;基于$\mathrm{{SFO}}- \mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ 的 MPPT 算法经过${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 收敛到 GMPP 点,收敛值达到${1436.2}\mathrm{\;W}$ ;而基于 PSO-P&O 的 MPPT 算法经过${0.30}\mathrm{\;s}$ 收敛到 GMPP 点,收敛值达到${1435.8}\mathrm{\;W}$。可见本文所提的基于 SFO-P&O 混合的 MPPT 控制算法收敛时间最短,且 MPPT 跟踪效率最高。
光伏阵列在光照突变下的跟踪曲如图10所示,可见基于 SFO-P&O MPPT 算法和 SFO MPPT 算法的光伏控制系统在$0 \sim {0.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 经历了 2 次光照突变:$0 \sim {0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,光伏阵列接收到的光照强度均为${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,光伏系统理论输出功率为${2245}\mathrm{\;W}$, 模式 1(均匀光照)情形下 SFO-P&O MPPT 算法和 SFOMPPT 算法均能快速定位到 GMPP; 0.1~0.2 s 时,光伏阵列接收到的光照强度分别为${800}\text{、}{600}$${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,光伏系统理论输出功率为${1438}\mathrm{\;W}$, 模式 2(严重遮阴)情形下 SFO-P&O MPPT 算法快速定位到 GMPP,输出功率为${1423.7}\mathrm{\;W}$,与基于 SFOMPPT 算法输出功率${1413.2}\mathrm{\;W}$ 相比,本文所提混合控制算法提高了跟踪精度; 0.2~0.3 s,光伏阵列接收到的日照强度分别为${900}\text{、}{800}\text{、}{1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, 光伏系统理论输出功率为${1888}\mathrm{\;W}$,模式 3 (轻度遮阴)情形下 SFO-P&O MPPT 算法快速定位到 GMPP,输出功率为${1882.3}\mathrm{\;W}$,与基于 SFO MPPT 算法输出功率${1870.5}\mathrm{\;W}$ 相比,本文所提混合控制算法提高了跟踪速度和跟踪效率。而文献[17]提出的基于 PSO-P&O 算法的控制系统在${0.5}\sim {1.0}\mathrm{\;s}$${1.0}\sim$ ${1.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 分别受到模式 1(均匀光照)、模式 2(严重遮阴)、模式 3(轻度遮阴)情形下的光照,在$0 \sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,该算法经过${0.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 达到稳定,跟踪精度较高,但跟踪时间最长,功率振荡较大;在${0.5}\sim {1.0}\mathrm{\;s}$${1.0}\sim {1.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,该算法也存在功率振荡较大、收敛时间较长的问题。
为明确 3 种算法在 MPPT 控制中的表现, 对 3 种算法在各算例情况下的收敛值及收敛时间进行统计, 结果见表1。可见, SFO-P&O 算法在部分遮阴及光照突变算例下均收敛到光伏系统理论输出最大功率值, 且收敛时间小于另外 2 种算法, 其收敛精度最高达到了理论值的 99.9%。这说明将 SFO-P&O 算法用来进行光伏系统 MPPT 控制, 可有效避免传统算法在部分遮阴条件下陷入局部最优的问题, 也可改善现阶段流行的智能算法存在的收敛速度慢、功率振荡较大、稳定性不高等问题。
本文提出了 1 种基于 SFO-P&O 混合算法的最大功率点跟踪策略, 该混合算法集合了 SFO 算法全局搜索能力强和$\mathrm{P}\&\mathrm{O}$ 算法局部搜索能力强的优点, 兼顾了 MPPT 所要求的收敛速度和收敛精度。 在 MATLAB/Simulink 中搭建其应用在光伏发电系统的 MPPT 仿真模型, 通过在部分遮阴、光照突变等复杂条件下的仿真实验结果表明, 本文所提 SFO-P&O 算法在任何光照条件下均能使光伏系统快速稳定达到最大功率点运行。在部分遮阴条件下, SFO-P&O 复合算法仅经过${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 即可达到稳定,输出功率为${1436.2}\mathrm{\;W}$,与$\mathrm{{SFO}}$ 算法相比,跟踪效率提升了 4.6%;与 PSO-P&O、SFO 方法相比, 本文算法跟踪速度分别提升了 8 倍和 2 倍; 在光照突变条件下, SFO-P&O 混合算法能快速收敛到稳定值, 与另外 2 种算法相比, 其跟踪效率最高。本文所提复合算法显著减小了光伏系统的输出电压、 输出电流、输出功率的振荡, 并且收敛速度和收敛精度均优于 PSO-P&O、SFO 这 2 种算法, 其有良好的研究及应用前景。
  • 广西研究生教育创新计划资助项目(YCSW2021035)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.110
  • 接收时间:2021-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-28
  • 修回日期:2021-10-21
  • 录用日期:2021-10-31
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Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCSW2021035)
广西研究生教育创新计划资助项目(YCSW2021035)
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    广西大学 电气工程学院 南宁 530004
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