Article(id=1153375939279966619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1635264000000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-27, revisedDate=1646582400000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-07, acceptedDate=1646755200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-09, onlineDate=1752915852612, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852612, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375939883946396, articleId=1153375939279966619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Centralized Active Damping Device Suitable for Machine-network Resonance Suppression and Its Control Strategy, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When a grid-connected inverter (unit) is connected to a weak grid, the wide range of grid impedance variation may lead to system instability. To solve this problem, a centralized active damping device is configured in parallel at the point of common coupling (PCC) to simulate the external characteristics of damping resistance, thus realizing the suppression of resonance between the grid-connected inverter and grid. In this paper, an adaptive adjustment method for virtual impedance value based on active damping device is proposed, which not only ensures the system stability, but also minimizes the current flowing in the active damping device. At the same time, a current harmonic reference compensation method is proposed, which can reduce the influence of current closed-loop on the virtual impedance characteristics and further improve the damping effect. A 5 kW grid-connected inverter and a 1 kW active damping device were built in a laboratory to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

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针对并网逆变器(机组)接入弱电网时电网阻抗的宽范围变化可能导致系统不稳定的问题,通过在公共耦合点处并联集中式有源阻尼装置使其模拟阻尼电阻的外特性,可实现对并网逆变器和电网之间的谐振的抑制。为此,提出1种基于有源阻尼装置的虚拟阻抗值自适应调节方法,既可保证系统稳定性,又使有源阻尼装置中流过的电流尽可能小;提出1种对电流谐波基准的补偿方法,能够减小电流闭环对虚拟阻抗特性的影响,进一步改进阻尼效果。在实验室搭建1台5kW并网逆变器和1台1kW有源阻尼装置,验证了所提控制方案的有效性。

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阮诗韵(1996-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动、模块化多电平换流器及新能源并网发电控制。E-mail: ruansy_1990@163.com。

邱彬(1978-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、智能电网理论与技术、控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: 57731906@qq.com。

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阮诗韵(1996-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动、模块化多电平换流器及新能源并网发电控制。E-mail: ruansy_1990@163.com。

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阮诗韵(1996-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动、模块化多电平换流器及新能源并网发电控制。E-mail: ruansy_1990@163.com。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032459588035566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032459596424175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, companyId=1154032459588035566, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical and Control Engineering Liaoning Technical University Fuxin 123000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032462339498005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, companyId=1154032459588035566, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=辽宁工程技术大学 电气与控制工程学院 阜新 123000)])]), Author(id=1154032462666653729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=57731906@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154032462758928420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, authorId=1154032462666653729, language=EN, stringName=Bin QIU, firstName=Bin, middleName=null, lastName=QIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Electrical and Control Engineering Liaoning Technical University Fuxin 123000 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154032462935089193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, authorId=1154032462666653729, language=CN, stringName=邱彬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=辽宁工程技术大学 电气与控制工程学院 阜新 123000, bio={"content":"

邱彬(1978-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、智能电网理论与技术、控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: 57731906@qq.com。

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邱彬(1978-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、智能电网理论与技术、控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: 57731906@qq.com。

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参数 数值 参数 数值
额定功率${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 5 电感电流采样系数 0.15
直流电压/$\mathrm{V}$ 400 调节器比例系数 0.4
机侧滤波电感${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.75 调节器积分系数 100
网侧滤波电感${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.23 电容电流采样系数 0.001
开关频率$/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10 滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 10
电流环带宽/$\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 1.1 锁相环带宽/$\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154032467477520554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, language=CN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of $5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ LCL single-phase inverter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
额定功率${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 5 电感电流采样系数 0.15
直流电压/$\mathrm{V}$ 400 调节器比例系数 0.4
机侧滤波电感${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.75 调节器积分系数 100
网侧滤波电感${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.23 电容电流采样系数 0.001
开关频率$/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10 滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 10
电流环带宽/$\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 1.1 锁相环带宽/$\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154032467544629420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of prototype of active damping device, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电路参数 数值 电路参数 数值
直流电压$/\mathrm{V}$ 400 直流电容/μF 600
输出功率/kW 1 机侧滤波电感/mH 1.2
电网电压/V 220 滤波电容/μF 1.5
开关频率/kHz 50 网侧滤波电感/mH 0.3
调节器比例系数 0.35 电感电流采样系数 0.65
调节器积分系数 200 电容电流采样系数 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1154032467611738286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375939279966619, language=CN, label=表2, caption=有源阻尼装置原理样机参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电路参数 数值 电路参数 数值
直流电压$/\mathrm{V}$ 400 直流电容/μF 600
输出功率/kW 1 机侧滤波电感/mH 1.2
电网电压/V 220 滤波电容/μF 1.5
开关频率/kHz 50 网侧滤波电感/mH 0.3
调节器比例系数 0.35 电感电流采样系数 0.65
调节器积分系数 200 电容电流采样系数 0.50
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适用于机—网谐振抑制的集中式有源阻尼装置及其控制策略
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阮诗韵 , 邱彬
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(6): 122-129
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(6): 122-129
适用于机—网谐振抑制的集中式有源阻尼装置及其控制策略
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阮诗韵 , 邱彬
作者信息
  • 辽宁工程技术大学 电气与控制工程学院 阜新 123000
  • 阮诗韵(1996-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电气传动、模块化多电平换流器及新能源并网发电控制。E-mail: ruansy_1990@163.com。

    邱彬(1978-),女,硕士,副教授。研究方向:功率电子变换技术、智能电网理论与技术、控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: 57731906@qq.com。

Centralized Active Damping Device Suitable for Machine-network Resonance Suppression and Its Control Strategy
Shiyun RUAN , Bin QIU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Control Engineering Liaoning Technical University Fuxin 123000 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.122
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针对并网逆变器(机组)接入弱电网时电网阻抗的宽范围变化可能导致系统不稳定的问题,通过在公共耦合点处并联集中式有源阻尼装置使其模拟阻尼电阻的外特性,可实现对并网逆变器和电网之间的谐振的抑制。为此,提出1种基于有源阻尼装置的虚拟阻抗值自适应调节方法,既可保证系统稳定性,又使有源阻尼装置中流过的电流尽可能小;提出1种对电流谐波基准的补偿方法,能够减小电流闭环对虚拟阻抗特性的影响,进一步改进阻尼效果。在实验室搭建1台5kW并网逆变器和1台1kW有源阻尼装置,验证了所提控制方案的有效性。

并网逆变器  /  弱电网  /  稳定性  /  有源阻尼装置

When a grid-connected inverter (unit) is connected to a weak grid, the wide range of grid impedance variation may lead to system instability. To solve this problem, a centralized active damping device is configured in parallel at the point of common coupling (PCC) to simulate the external characteristics of damping resistance, thus realizing the suppression of resonance between the grid-connected inverter and grid. In this paper, an adaptive adjustment method for virtual impedance value based on active damping device is proposed, which not only ensures the system stability, but also minimizes the current flowing in the active damping device. At the same time, a current harmonic reference compensation method is proposed, which can reduce the influence of current closed-loop on the virtual impedance characteristics and further improve the damping effect. A 5 kW grid-connected inverter and a 1 kW active damping device were built in a laboratory to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Grid-connected inverter  /  weak grid  /  stability  /  active damping device
阮诗韵, 邱彬. 适用于机—网谐振抑制的集中式有源阻尼装置及其控制策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 122 -129 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.122
Shiyun RUAN, Bin QIU. Centralized Active Damping Device Suitable for Machine-network Resonance Suppression and Its Control Strategy[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 122 -129 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.122
分布式发电是开发和利用风能、太阳能等可再生能源的主要途径, 有助于解决能源紧缺和环境污染问题[1]。并网逆变器作为可再生能源发电单元与电网之间的接口, 起着将直流电能转化为高质量交流电能并馈入电网的重要作用[2]。然而,当并网逆变器通过公共耦合点 PCC(point of common coupling) 接入弱电网时, 即使其自身已设计为稳定的系统, 但是电网阻抗的宽范围变化仍然可能导致并网逆变器和电网之间发生严重的谐振。
采用基于阻抗的稳定性判据可以方便地判断出弱电网下并网逆变器系统的稳定性。对于文献[3] 中的并网逆变器系统, 如果并网逆变器在强电网下能够稳定工作, 那么系统的稳定性就取决于电网阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 和并网逆变器输出阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的比值是否满足奈奎斯特稳定判据(Nyquist stability criterion)。通过优化设计并网逆变器的控制参数[4] 或改进其控制策略[5-8] 可提高其对电网阻抗的鲁棒性,但这些方法均依赖于系统中已有并网逆变器的电路结构和控制方式。此外, 在逆变器并网点 PCC 处通过并联额外的阻尼装置也可实现对逆变器并网谐振的抑制。由于并联无源电阻会引入较大的功率损耗, 故可以通过电力电子变换器并结合先进控制算法来构建 1 种有源阻尼装置, 并将其输出特性模拟成纯电阻[9-11]。与传统有源滤波器工作原理类似,有源阻尼装置一方面通过控制其端口电流的谐波分量与 PCC 谐波电压成比例, 使其输出阻抗特性在谐波频率段成电阻特征; 另一方面维持直流侧储能电容电压稳定控制。由于有源阻尼装置功率损耗及所需容量较小, 可以通过提高装置开关频率的方式实现更快的系统动态响应速度(控制带宽)。
为了保证并网逆变器系统稳定, 一个关键问题是如何合理选取有源阻尼装置虚拟的电阻值, 以有效阻尼 PCC 处的电压振荡。一般来说, 虚拟电阻值越小, 阻尼效果越好, 越有利于提高系统的稳定性[12-13],但过小的虚拟阻抗值会使有源阻尼装置中流过较大电流, 增加功率损耗。文献[14-16]利用虚拟阻抗来校正并网逆变器的输出阻抗, 并以使校正后的输出阻抗具有正实部为目标来求解所需的虚拟阻抗值, 但该方法要求预先获取并网逆变器输出阻抗的信息。因此, 有必要提出 1 种不依赖实际系统信息的虚拟阻抗取值方法。另一个关键问题是如何在较宽的频率段实现所需的虚拟阻抗。并网逆变器和电网之间的谐振频率通常为数百赫兹至数千赫兹[17],而有源阻尼装置电流环的环路增益随频率升高而降低, 会使其端口电流对高次谐波电流的跟踪性能变差, 从而无法准确虚拟阻抗, 导致阻尼效果不佳。采用谐振调节器可以提高电流环在特定频率处的跟踪性能[18-20],但需要在线检测 PCC 电压的主要谐波频率, 以实时调整谐振调节器的谐振频率, 控制算法比较复杂。因此, 有必要提出新的控制策略来减小电流环对虚拟阻抗特性的影响。
综上所述, 本文采用 LCL 型有源阻尼装置拓扑结构, 首先提出 1 种根据 PCC 并网点电压的谐振情况自适应调节虚拟阻抗值的方法, 以减小有源阻尼装置吸收的谐波电流; 然后, 提出 1 种通过补偿电流谐波基准实现在宽频段对虚拟阻抗的${0}^{\circ }$ 相位补偿方法;最后,搭建 1 台$5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的并网逆变器样机和 1 个$1\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 有源阻尼装置样机,验证所提方案的有效性。
有源阻尼装置的电路拓扑如图1(a)中虚线框所示,其中${C}_{\mathrm{{dcA}}}$ 为直流侧电容,双向功率开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{A}1}\sim {\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{A}4}$ 构成逆变桥,电感${L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}\text{、}{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}$ 和电容${C}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 构成输出滤波器。定义有源阻尼装置输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 正方向与并网逆变器输出电流${i}_{\text{inv }}$ 正方向相反。
图1(b)为有源阻尼装置的控制框图。通过锁相环从$\mathrm{{PCC}}$ 电压瞬时值${v}_{\mathrm{{pcc}}}$ 中提取出其基波分量${v}_{\text{pcc1 }}$,再从${v}_{\text{pcc }}$ 中减去${v}_{\text{pcc1 }}$ 即可得到${v}_{\text{pcc }}$ 中的谐波分量${v}_{\text{pech }}$。为在谐波频率段模拟阻抗,有源阻尼装置所需抑制的谐波电流参考基准信号为
${i}_{\mathrm{h}\text{_ref }}= {H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}\frac{{v}_{\text{pcch }}}{{R}_{\mathrm{v}}}$
式中:${H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}$ 为输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 的采样系数;${R}_{\mathrm{V}}$ 为可以根据 PCC 谐波电压${v}_{\text{pcch }}$ 自适应调节的虚拟电阻,虚拟电阻具体实现方法将在后文详细讨论。
由于有源阻尼装置在对系统谐振进行抑制控制时会同时将所谐波能量转移到直流电容侧, 因此在有源阻尼装置的控制环路中需进一步构建直流电压外环以保证直流侧电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dcA}}}$ 的稳定控制。如图1(b)所示: 比较直流侧电压基准${V}_{\text{refA }}$ 与反馈信号${V}_{\mathrm{{dcA}}}$,通过电压调节器${G}_{{v}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)$ 对其误差信号进行调节并获得内环电流基波参考信号的幅值信息${I}_{1\text{_ref }}$; 利用锁相环检测并网点 PCC 处的电压基波分量相位$\theta$,将其作为内环电流基波参考信号的相位信息, 并与幅值信息${I}_{1\_ \text{ref }}$ 进行合成,从而最终获得有源阻尼装置输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 的基波电流参考信号${i}_{1\text{_ref }}$
有源阻尼装置的内环电流参考信号为${i}_{\mathrm{h}\_ \text{ref }}$${i}_{1\_ \text{ref }}$ 之差,但为了补偿电流闭环对虚拟阻抗特性的影响,提出引入 1 个谐波电流补偿环节${G}_{{C}_{\Lambda }}\left( s\right)$,最终将内环电流误差信号送入电流调节器${G}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)$。此外,通过反馈电容电流${i}_{{C}_{\Lambda }}$$\mathrm{{LCL}}$ 滤波器的谐振尖峰进行有源阻尼,${H}_{{i}_{{c}_{\mathrm{A}}}}$ 为其反馈系数。电流调节器${G}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)$ 的输出与电容电流反馈信号合成得到调制波${v}_{\mathrm{{MA}}}$,最后通过传统 SPWM 倍频调制方案获得功率管${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{A}1}\sim {\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{A}4}$ 的控制信号。
在实际系统中, 预先获得并网逆变器和电网阻抗的信息较困难, 这样就无法直接设计虚拟阻抗值。而如果直接设定 1 个较小的虚拟阻抗值, 虽然能够保证系统的稳定性, 但会导致有源阻尼装置上流过较大的电流, 不利于降低系统损耗。由于当系统发生谐振时并网逆变器 PCC 处电压的谐波分量会随着系统谐振现象而明显增加, 因此可以通过提取和判断 PCC 处电压的谐波分量大小作为自适应调节虚拟阻抗值的判据: 当发现系统电压谐波分量明显增加,则需要通过增大有源阻尼(减小虚拟阻抗 )的方式实现对系统谐振的抑制并维持系统稳定,反之亦然。
上述自适应调节策略的具体实现方法如图1(b)虚线框所示: 首先利用低通滤波器${G}_{\mathrm{{LPF}}}\left( s\right)$ 滤除锁相获得的 PCC 处谐波电压瞬时值${v}_{\text{pech }}^{2}$ 的脉动分量,得到其有效值${V}_{\text{pech }}^{2}$。低通滤波环节${G}_{\mathrm{{LPF}}}\left( s\right)$ 表达式为
${G}_{\mathrm{{LPF}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{{LPF}}}}{s +{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{{LPF}}}}$
式中,${f}_{\mathrm{{LPF}}}$ 为滤波器截止频率。
将有效值${V}_{\text{pech }}^{2}$ 与预设阈值${V}_{\text{lim }}^{2}$ 的误差值送入虚拟阻抗调节器${G}_{{R}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)$ 获得虚拟导纳$1/{R}_{\mathrm{V}}$,用于计算有源阻尼装置的谐波电流基准。此外, 对调节器${G}_{{R}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)$ 的输出加入限幅环节以防止虚拟导纳过大, 使得有源阻尼装置输出电流超出设定容量。基于此, 通过检测逆变器并网 PCC 处的电压谐振含量可使有源阻尼装置在一定范围内自适应地调整其所虚拟的阻抗值。当系统不稳定而导致 PCC 电压的谐波含量超出阈值, 虚拟阻抗值会自动减小, 并最终调整到使系统稳定所需的最大值。
有源阻尼装置本质上是通过闭环控制其输出电流来实现其输出阻抗特性为阻抗特征, 因此本节重点对有源阻尼装置的输出阻抗特性进行分析。结合图1(b)所示的有源阻尼控制框图,可以得到有源阻尼装置的数学模型, 如图2所示。
图2中,${G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right)= {\mathrm{e}}^{-{1.5s}{T}_{\mathrm{{sA}}}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{sA}}}= 1/{f}_{\mathrm{{sA}}}}\right)$ 为数字控制引入的固有延迟;${V}_{\text{triA }}$ 为三角载波幅值;${f}_{\mathrm{{sA}}}$ 为采样频率;${K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{dcA}}}/{V}_{\mathrm{{triA}}}$ 为等效调制比例系数;${Z}_{{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}}\left( s\right)= s{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}\text{、}{Z}_{{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}}\left( s\right)= s{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}$${Z}_{{C}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)= 1/\left({s{C}_{\mathrm{A}}}\right)$ 分别为滤波电感${L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}$${L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}$ 与滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 的阻抗。 将图2所示的有源阻尼装置数学模型进行等效变换,得到其简化模型,如图3所示。其中${G}_{\mathrm{{x1A}}}\left( s\right)$${G}_{\mathrm{x}2\mathrm{\;A}}\left( s\right)$ 的表达式分别为
${G}_{\mathrm{{x1A}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right){G}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)}{{s}^{2}{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}{C}_{\mathrm{A}}+ s{C}_{\mathrm{A}}{H}_{{i}_{{C}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right)+ 1}\\{G}_{\mathrm{x}2\mathrm{\;A}}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{{s}^{2}{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}{C}_{\mathrm{A}}+ s{C}_{\mathrm{A}}{H}_{{i}_{{C}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right)+ 1}{{s}^{3}{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}{C}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {s}^{2}{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}{C}_{\mathrm{A}}{H}_{{i}_{{C}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right)+ s{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}+ {L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}}$
联立式 (3) 和式 (4) 可得有源阻尼装置电流控制环路的传递函数${T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)$
${T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{x}1\mathrm{\;A}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{x}2\mathrm{\;A}}\left( s\right){H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}= \\\frac{{H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right){G}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left( s\right)}{{s}^{3}{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}{C}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {s}^{2}{L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}{C}_{\mathrm{A}}{H}_{{i}_{{C}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right)+ s{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}+ {L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}}$
在式(5)基础上可以得到有源阻尼装置输出电流的表达式为
${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)= -{i}_{\mathrm{s}1}\left( s\right)+ \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{{pcc}}}\left( s\right)}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}\left( s\right)} +\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{{pcch}}}\left( s\right)}{{Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)} $
式中,${i}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}\left( s\right)$ 为基波频率处的等效受控电流源,其表达式为
${i}_{\mathrm{s}1}\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{{H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}}+ \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}{1 +{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}{i}_{1\_ \text{ref }}\left( s\right)$
${Z}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}\left( s\right)$ 为有源阻尼装置初始输出阻抗,其表达
式为
${Z}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{1 +{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}{{G}_{\mathrm{x}2\mathrm{\;A}}\left( s\right)} $
${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 为有源阻尼装置在谐波频率段的虚拟阻抗, 其表达式为
${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)= \frac{1 +{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}{{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\frac{1}{{G}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}\left( s\right)}{R}_{\mathrm{V}}$
图4给出了结合式(6)所获得的有源阻尼装置等效电路示意。
图4中的等效受控源${i}_{\mathrm{s}1}\left( s\right)$ 用于实现对直流侧电压的稳定控制。此外, 电流环在基波频率处的增益通常较高,从而有$1 +{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)\approx {T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)$,因此式 (7) 可简化为
${i}_{\mathrm{{s1}}}\left( s\right)\approx \frac{1}{{H}_{{i}_{\Delta }}}{i}_{1\_ \text{ref }}\left( s\right)$
式(10)表明,采用比例调节器作为电流调节器即可实现对输出电流基波分量${i}_{\mathrm{{sl}}}\left( s\right)$ 的闭环控制,并可以使有源阻尼装置的初始输出阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}\left( s\right)$ 在远低于电流环截止频率的频率段呈现阻抗特性。接下来,将重点对虚拟阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 的特性进行分析。
在理想情况下, 有源阻尼装置通过控制端口电流的谐波分量与 PCC 电压的谐波分量成比例, 能够在谐波频率段虚拟 1 个电阻${R}_{\mathrm{V}}$。但由式 (9) 可知,受到电流环环路增益${T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)$ 的影响,有源阻尼装置实际虚拟的不是 1 个纯电阻${R}_{\mathrm{V}}$,而是 1 个随频率变化的阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$。由于在电流环截止频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}$ 及其以上频率处,电流环路增益$\left|{{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)}\right|$ 显著下降,使得$1 +{T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)\approx {T}_{\mathrm{A}}\left( s\right)$ 特性难以满足,从而导致${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 不再呈现为阻抗特性,导致对谐振的阻尼效果不佳。
为使有源阻尼装置能在更宽的频率段准确地虚拟阻抗,本文提出在基准${i}_{\mathrm{h}\_ \text{ref }}\left( s\right)$ 处引入虚拟阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 相位补偿环节${G}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}\left( s\right)$,以补偿电流闭环对${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 相位特性的影响(如图2图3中虚线框所示)。
加入补偿环节后, 希望有源阻尼装置的虚拟输出阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)= {R}_{\mathrm{V}}$,将其代入式 (9)。同时,为了保证足够的相角裕度,电流环截止频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}$ 通常远低于 LCL 谐振频率, 因此在低于和等于电流环截止频率处的频率段可以忽略滤波电容的影响, 从而有相位补偿环节${G}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}\left( s\right)$ 的简化表达式为
${G}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{s\left({{L}_{1\mathrm{\;A}}+ {L}_{2\mathrm{\;A}}}\right)+ {H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{dA}}}\left( s\right)}{{H}_{{i}_{\mathrm{A}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{PWMA}}}{K}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}}$
式中,${K}_{\mathrm{{pA}}}$ 为电流调节器比例系数。
表1$5\mathrm{\;{kW}}\mathrm{{LCL}}$ 单相逆变器参数,表2为有源阻尼装置原理样机参数。
${15}\mathrm{{kW}}\mathrm{{LCL}}$ 单相逆变器参数
利用表2中的参数, 根据式(6)、式(9)和式(11) 可以绘制加入补偿环节前、后的 Bode 图, 分别如图5中的虚线和实线所示。可以看出: 在加入补偿环节之前, 由于电流环环路增益随频率升高而降低,${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 的相角在${f}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}$ 附近的频率段就已经大幅偏离${0}^{\circ }$,不再呈现为阻抗特性; 在加入虚拟阻抗相位补偿环节后,${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 在低于或等于${f}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}$ 的频率段均近似呈现为纯阻抗特性, 能够更有效地抑制和阻尼系统中的谐振。
为了验证本文所提有源阻尼装置方案的有效性,在实验室搭建 1 台$5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 单相 LCL 型并网逆变器样机和 1 台 1 kW 的有源阻尼装置样机, 2 台样机以如图1(a)所示架构并接入电网, 并通过在连接线路中串联感抗$\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{g}}= s{L}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right)$ 来调节系统接入电网的短路容量。按照 PCC 处短路容量比不低于 10,可求得${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 的变化范围为$0 \sim {2.6}\mathrm{{mH}}$
根据表1所示的$5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 并网逆变器样机参数可知,当串联电网感抗${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$${50\mu }\mathrm{H}\sim {2.6}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时会导致系统不稳定。故本文选取${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= {200\mu }\mathrm{H}$ 进行有源阻尼装置的实验验证。
图6为投入有源阻尼装置瞬间的实验波形。可以看出:在有源阻尼装置投入之前, 单相 LCL 逆变器并网处的 PCC 电压和并网电流均存在明显谐振现象, 系统明显处于不稳定工作状态, 实测此时谐振频率约为$2\mathrm{{kHz}}$;在有源阻尼装置投入后,虚拟导纳$\left({1/{R}_{\mathrm{V}}}\right)$ 可根据当前$\mathrm{{PCC}}$ 处电压谐振分量自适应调节, 使系统谐振现象很快得到衰减和抑制, 单相 LCL 逆变器并网系统在$5\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 内快速恢复稳定。
图7$1/{R}_{\mathrm{V}}$ 取不同值时的系统稳态实验波形。 可见: 当$1/{R}_{\mathrm{V}}= {0.010}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,系统并网 PCC 处电压及入网电流中仍含有丰富的谐波分量, 表明当前有源阻尼装置所虚拟的阻抗无法抑制系统谐振,如图7(a)所示; 在通过自适应调节虚拟阻抗值后即$1/{R}_{\mathrm{V}}=$ ${0.025}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,既实现了系统的谐振抑制与稳定控制, 又避免了有源阻尼装置不必要地吸收过多的谐波电流, 降低了装置功率损耗, 如图7(b)所示。
图7(b)相对应,图7(c)给出了$1/{R}_{\mathrm{V}}= {0.025}\mathrm{\;s}$ 但未加入相位补偿环节${G}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}\left( s\right)$ 时的实验波形,可见此时并网逆变器系统仍出现了较为明显的谐振现象。这是因为在该谐振频率处的虚拟阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 相角已不再为纯阻特性,而在加入补偿环节${G}_{\mathrm{{cA}}}\left( s\right)$ 后,有效实现了对虚拟阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{V}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位补偿,使其在电流环截止频率以内的频率段均近似呈现为阻抗特性, 从而实现了对系统谐振的阻尼作用。
图8为虚拟阻抗值自适应调节过程中, 并网逆变器控制指令发生突变(半载到满载)时的系统动态实验波形。实验波形显示: 在并网逆变器工作状态发生改变时, 有源阻尼装置具有良好的动态响应特性, 虚拟阻抗值可根据并网逆变器工作状态自适应调整,且并网逆变器入网电流未出现谐振现象。
通过在 PCC 处并联集中式有源阻尼装置来虚拟 1 个阻尼电阻, 能够阻尼并网逆变器和电网之间的谐振, 保证弱电网下并网逆变器系统的稳定性。本文针对有源阻尼装置及其控制方法开展研究, 得到如下结论。
(1)提出了可以根据 PCC 电压的谐波分量来自适应调节虚拟阻抗值的方法, 既可保证系统的稳定性, 又使有源阻尼装置吸收的谐波电流尽可能小, 有助于降低系统损耗。
(2)推导了有源阻尼装置的等效数学模型,并提出在谐波电流基准处加入虚拟阻抗相位补偿环节, 能够补偿电流闭环对虚拟阻抗特性的影响, 使其在电流环截止频率内均近似呈现电阻特性。
(3)在实验室搭建了 1 台$5\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 单相 LCL 型并网逆变器样机和 1 台 1 kW 有源阻尼装置样机,验证了所提有源阻尼装置及其控制方案的有效性。
  • 国网公司总部科技项目(524608180092)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.122
  • 接收时间:2021-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-27
  • 修回日期:2022-03-07
  • 录用日期:2022-03-09
基金
Science and Technology Project of SGCC(524608180092)
国网公司总部科技项目(524608180092)
作者信息
    辽宁工程技术大学 电气与控制工程学院 阜新 123000
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小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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