Article(id=1153375936348152641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.51, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1639065600000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-10, revisedDate=1643558400000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-31, acceptedDate=1645459200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-22, onlineDate=1752915851914, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915851914, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915851914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915851914, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375936775971651, articleId=1153375936348152641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Asymmetric Cascaded Switched Capacitor Multi-level Inverter Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, columnId=1152281492488549232, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-AC Inverters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem that the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has a poor global search capability and is easy to fall into local optimum when it is applied to the selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) of an inverter, an improved PSO algorithm is proposed. The vertical crossover operation of genetic algorithm is introduced to the search process, and the elite retention strategy is used to improve the global and local search capabilities of the algorithm and retain excellent individuals, thereby increasing the accuracy of switching angle and improving the performance of SHEPWM. This algorithm is used to solve the SHEPWM nonlinear transcendental equation of a novel asymmetric cascaded switched capacitor multi-level inverter, which overcomes problems such as the high dependence of traditional numerical methods on initial value and the low accuracy of the traditional PSO algorithm in solving the switching angle. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed topology and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm applied to SHEPWM were verified by simulation and experimental results.

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针对粒子群优化 PSO(particle swarm optimization)算法在应用到逆变器的特定谐波、消除脉宽调制SHEPWM(vselective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation)所存在的全局搜索能力差、且容易陷入局部最优等问题,提出1种改进型F 通过在搜索过程中引入遗传算法中的垂直交叉运算,以及采用精英保留策略来提高算法的全局搜索能力、局部搜索能力和保留优秀的个体,由此提高开关角精确度,改善SHEPWM的性能。使用所提算法对新型非对称级联开关电容多电平逆变器的 SHEPWM 非线性超越方程进行求解,解决了传统数值法对初值依赖性高及传统 PSO 求解开关角精确度低等问题。仿真及实验结果验证了所提拓扑结构的可行性和所提算法应用到SHEPWM 中的有效性。

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张枫鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 577063754@qq.com。

叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

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张枫鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 577063754@qq.com。

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张枫鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 577063754@qq.com。

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叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

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叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

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Anchorage, AK, USA, 1998: 69-73., articleTitle=A modified particle swarm optimizer, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032501493321948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, awardId=51907033, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032501564625118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, awardId=51907033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032496913141847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032496921530456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, companyId=1154032496913141847, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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language=CN, label=图3, caption=阶梯波输出电压, figureFileSmall=6fCeD9rx2kA6utrIJEfpRA==, figureFileBig=QVLdUE4M+/lkyuO/aqDUUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499261952145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relationship of base wave amplitude of output voltage with different $M$, figureFileSmall=YXYv/Y92uELCzqy762OclA==, figureFileBig=gfy1xJcNxyh+FjSSkU/wIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499324866706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同调制比下的输出电压基波幅值关系, figureFileSmall=YXYv/Y92uELCzqy762OclA==, figureFileBig=gfy1xJcNxyh+FjSSkU/wIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499387781267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Vertical crossover operation, figureFileSmall=5S+CzazatMRmEJlihIRhyA==, figureFileBig=SPItFdhg5mvtj325RR9VFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499454890132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图5, caption=垂直交叉操作, figureFileSmall=5S+CzazatMRmEJlihIRhyA==, figureFileBig=SPItFdhg5mvtj325RR9VFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499513610389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Flow chart of improved PSO algorithm, figureFileSmall=1GePrWqCOKToVuw4CZkzAw==, figureFileBig=fjcVWXE9OcTE6e3vOEXBTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499580719254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图6, caption=改进型 PSO 算法流程, figureFileSmall=1GePrWqCOKToVuw4CZkzAw==, figureFileBig=fjcVWXE9OcTE6e3vOEXBTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499643633816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Trajectories of angles ${\theta }_{1}- {\theta }_{10}$, figureFileSmall=K6valMNscd9nYlUThHwd1w==, figureFileBig=oVfV24y2rxz9m08nmKaF/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499714936984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图7, caption=${\theta }_{1}\sim {\theta }_{10}$ 角度轨迹, figureFileSmall=K6valMNscd9nYlUThHwd1w==, figureFileBig=oVfV24y2rxz9m08nmKaF/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499769462938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=THD curves under three algorithms, figureFileSmall=BgEJ9nKEfpvCTwldD80nqw==, figureFileBig=ia0kPSlQXhzufqMqr0jDcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032499886903450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图8, caption=3种算法 THD 值变化曲线, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500180504735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图10, caption=输出电压频谱 $\left({M ={1.0}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=5T+00UhXmQPDFf60kXAcJg==, figureFileBig=5FK5FL8eOukIzn6Pva0UoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500230836385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Load voltage, load current and output voltage from high- and low-voltage unit when $M ={1.0}$, figureFileSmall=/I1sMfZ72cLJ9qiExV6NHA==, figureFileBig=qnbUY7+IAM4rt5Lsma8Ibw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500306333859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图11, caption=负载电压、负载电流和高低压单元输出电压 $\left({M ={1.0}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=/I1sMfZ72cLJ9qiExV6NHA==, figureFileBig=qnbUY7+IAM4rt5Lsma8Ibw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500390219944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Load voltage, load current and output voltage from high- and low-voltage unit when $M ={0.3}$, figureFileSmall=c0LOZYyOCNL6OFxDsFeZPg==, figureFileBig=PDk8lzHTgKafAIO+2fxBtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500444745901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图12, caption=负载电压、负载电流和高低压单元输出电压 $\left({M ={0.3}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=c0LOZYyOCNL6OFxDsFeZPg==, figureFileBig=PDk8lzHTgKafAIO+2fxBtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500516049073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Capacitor voltage ripple when $M ={1.0}$, figureFileSmall=oAEaNONdgmURMk32HdUJSw==, figureFileBig=dzpDwvwwdaypMqptazH+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500574769331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图13, caption=电容电压纹波 $\left({M ={1.0}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=oAEaNONdgmURMk32HdUJSw==, figureFileBig=dzpDwvwwdaypMqptazH+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500633489592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Capacitor voltage ripple when $M ={0.3}$, figureFileSmall=43MCVB6P7L1NElRCcmuegQ==, figureFileBig=oPMxBdSw1EuHf1/ku/6nqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500692209853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图14, caption=电容电压纹波 $\left({M ={0.3}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=43MCVB6P7L1NElRCcmuegQ==, figureFileBig=oPMxBdSw1EuHf1/ku/6nqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500750930111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Voltage stress of switches when $M ={1.0}$, figureFileSmall=LV/x+6b31vTsxwz0Oq7r2g==, figureFileBig=dffpY0V/fh1+zVA2Wbj6dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500809650370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图15, caption=开关管电压应力 $\left({M ={1.0}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=LV/x+6b31vTsxwz0Oq7r2g==, figureFileBig=dffpY0V/fh1+zVA2Wbj6dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500868370628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Voltage stress of switches when $M ={0.3}$, figureFileSmall=ODvA7uufRmDJVrzfclXoNQ==, figureFileBig=D5lB+KFrK6HrZ2eB1RF65w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032500922896582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=图16, caption=开关管电压应力 $\left({M 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工作状态 开关管状态 电容器${C}_{1}$ 电容器${C}_{2}$ 输出电压
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$
W1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 放电 放电 ${3E}$
W2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 充电 放电 ${2E}$
W3 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 放电 充电 ${2E}$
W4 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 放电 充电 $E$
W5 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 充电 充电 0
W6 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 充电 充电 0
W7 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 充电 充电 $- E$
W8 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 放电 充电 $-{2E}$
W9 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 充电 放电 $-{2E}$
W10 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 放电 放电 $-{3E}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032501170360528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=低压单元工作状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作状态 开关管状态 电容器${C}_{1}$ 电容器${C}_{2}$ 输出电压
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$
W1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 放电 放电 ${3E}$
W2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 充电 放电 ${2E}$
W3 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 放电 充电 ${2E}$
W4 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 放电 充电 $E$
W5 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 充电 充电 0
W6 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 充电 充电 0
W7 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 充电 充电 $- E$
W8 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 放电 充电 $-{2E}$
W9 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 充电 放电 $-{2E}$
W10 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 放电 放电 $-{3E}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032501250052306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Cascaded scheme, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${U}_{0}$
电压单元 0 $\pm E$ $\pm {2E}$ $\pm {3E}$ $\pm {4E}$ $\pm {5E}$ $\pm {6E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {8E}$ $\pm {9E}$ $\pm {10E}$
高压单元 0 0 0 0 $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$
低压单元 0 $\pm E$ $\pm {2E}$ $\pm {3E}$ 千3$E$ $\mp {2E}$ $\mp E$ 0 $\pm E$ $\pm {2E}$ $\pm {3E}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032501312966870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375936348152641, language=CN, label=表2, caption=级联方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${U}_{0}$
电压单元 0 $\pm E$ $\pm {2E}$ $\pm {3E}$ $\pm {4E}$ $\pm {5E}$ $\pm {6E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {8E}$ $\pm {9E}$ $\pm {10E}$
高压单元 0 0 0 0 $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$ $\pm {7E}$
低压单元 0 $\pm E$ $\pm {2E}$ $\pm {3E}$ 千3$E$ $\mp {2E}$ $\mp E$ 0 $\pm E$ $\pm {2E}$ $\pm {3E}$
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基于改进型粒子群优化算法的非对称级联开关电容多电平逆变器
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张枫鑫 , 叶远茂
电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024,22(6): 51-59
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电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024, 22(6): 51-59
基于改进型粒子群优化算法的非对称级联开关电容多电平逆变器
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张枫鑫 , 叶远茂
作者信息
  • 广东工业大学 自动化学院 广州 510006
  • 张枫鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 577063754@qq.com。

    叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

Asymmetric Cascaded Switched Capacitor Multi-level Inverter Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Fengxin ZHANG , Yuanmao YE
Affiliations
  • School of Automation Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.51
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针对粒子群优化 PSO(particle swarm optimization)算法在应用到逆变器的特定谐波、消除脉宽调制SHEPWM(vselective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation)所存在的全局搜索能力差、且容易陷入局部最优等问题,提出1种改进型F 通过在搜索过程中引入遗传算法中的垂直交叉运算,以及采用精英保留策略来提高算法的全局搜索能力、局部搜索能力和保留优秀的个体,由此提高开关角精确度,改善SHEPWM的性能。使用所提算法对新型非对称级联开关电容多电平逆变器的 SHEPWM 非线性超越方程进行求解,解决了传统数值法对初值依赖性高及传统 PSO 求解开关角精确度低等问题。仿真及实验结果验证了所提拓扑结构的可行性和所提算法应用到SHEPWM 中的有效性。

开关电容  /  多电平逆变器  /  非对称级联  /  特定谐波消除脉宽调制  /  改进型粒子群优化算法

Aimed at the problem that the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has a poor global search capability and is easy to fall into local optimum when it is applied to the selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) of an inverter, an improved PSO algorithm is proposed. The vertical crossover operation of genetic algorithm is introduced to the search process, and the elite retention strategy is used to improve the global and local search capabilities of the algorithm and retain excellent individuals, thereby increasing the accuracy of switching angle and improving the performance of SHEPWM. This algorithm is used to solve the SHEPWM nonlinear transcendental equation of a novel asymmetric cascaded switched capacitor multi-level inverter, which overcomes problems such as the high dependence of traditional numerical methods on initial value and the low accuracy of the traditional PSO algorithm in solving the switching angle. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed topology and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm applied to SHEPWM were verified by simulation and experimental results.

Switched capacitor  /  multi-level inverter  /  asymmetric cascaded  /  selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM)  /  improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm
张枫鑫, 叶远茂. 基于改进型粒子群优化算法的非对称级联开关电容多电平逆变器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 51 -59 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.51
Fengxin ZHANG, Yuanmao YE. Asymmetric Cascaded Switched Capacitor Multi-level Inverter Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 51 -59 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.51
多电平逆变器 MLI(multi-level inverter)能有效降低电压应力和输出电压谐波含量, 因此近年来被广泛应用于柔性交流传输系统、可再生能源等领域[1-2]。传统的 MLI 拓扑结构可以分为中性点钳位型、飞跨电容型和级联$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型[3-4]。其中,中性点钳位型 MLI 和飞跨电容型 MLI 均存在电容电压不平衡和钳位电路复杂的问题。相比之下,级联$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型 MLI 具有更简单和可靠的结构, 但需要多个直流电源。为解决以上问题, 开关电容多电平逆变器 SCMLI(switched capacitor multi-level inverter)被引入, 相对于传统的 MLI, SCMLI 使用的元件相对更少且可以实现电容电压的自均衡[5-6]
在级联$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型$\mathrm{{MLI}}$ 的基础上进一步拓展可提高输出电压电平数, 提高输出电压质量。根据直流电压源的电压是否相等, 可将 MLI 分为对称级联和非对称级联。相对于对称级联, 非对称级联 MLI 在使用相同数量元件和直流电压源时, 可在输出端产生更多的电平[7]。
为进一步增加输出电平数, 对传统开关电容逆变器进行对称级联拓展通常需要成倍的电容器和开关管, 将导致电容电压均衡难度和成本上升。为此, 本文提出 1 种非对称级联开关电容多电平逆变器拓扑。该逆变器拓扑结构使用 2 个直流电压源、 2 个电容器和 14 个开关管, 可输出 21 级电平电压, 其中包含 3 个全桥式逆变电路, 有效简化了开关门极驱动电路。
考虑所提电路拓扑的特点, 采用特定谐波消除脉宽调制 SHEPWM(selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation)技术进行调制。SHEPWM 具有低开关频率和高质量输出波形等优点[8-9],但应用 SHEPWM 需要解决 1 组非线性超越方程来获得精确的开关角。近年来, 智能算法被广泛用于求解 SHEPWM 中的非线性超越方程组, 代表算法有遗传算法 GA(genetic algorithm)和粒子群优化 PSO (particle swarm optimization)算法等。GA 具有较强的全局搜索能力, 但存在未成熟收敛和随机游走等现象,影响收敛性能,求解时间较长[10-12]。PSO 算法收敛速度快、局部搜索能力强, 但缺乏动态速度调整,容易陷入局部最优[13-14]。因此,本文提出 1 种改进型粒子群优化(improved PSO)算法。在 PSO 算法的个体更新中引入遗传算法的垂直交叉操作, 这样在求解非线性超越方程时克服了对初值要求高的缺点, 在增强 PSO 全局搜索能力和保持 GA 收敛性能的同时, 避免交叉操作对种群个体造成破坏, 可以保留每一代适应度较高的个体。最后, 本文通过 MATLAB/ Simulink 仿真和实验来验证所提电路拓扑和算法的可行性。
本文所提逆变器结构拓扑, 如图1所示。系统由低压单元和高压单元级联组成。低压单元为基于开关电容的七电平逆变器, 包括全桥式开关电容电路和全桥式逆变电路,由 10 个开关管$\left({{\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}}\right.$${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\sim$ $\left.{{\mathrm{T}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}}\right)$ 、2 个电容器$\left({{C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}}\right)$ 及直流电压源${V}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 组成; 高压单元为全桥式逆变电路,由 4 个开关管$\left({{\mathrm{H}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{H}}_{4}}\right)$ 和直流电压源${V}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 组成。
图2为全桥式开关电容电路部分工作原理,其中${V}_{\mathrm{L}}= {E}_{\circ }$ 表1为低压单元在单独工作时 10 个开关管和 2 个电容器的状态。
1)输出电压${V}_{\text{bus }}= E$。如图2(a)所示,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 导通且${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 关闭时,2 个电容器${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 与直流电压源并联充电。
2)输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{{bus}}}= {2E}$。如图2(b)所示,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$ 导通且${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 关闭时,电容器${C}_{1}$ 与直流电压源并联充电,电容器${C}_{2}$ 与直流电压源并联放电。
3)输出电压${V}_{\text{bus }}= {2E}$。如图2(c)所示,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 导通且${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}$ 关闭时,电容器${C}_{2}$ 与直流电压源并联充电,电容器${C}_{1}$ 与直流电压源并联放电。
4)输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{{bus}}}= {3E}$。如图2(d)所示,${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 导通且${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 关闭时,2 个电容器${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 与直流电压源并联放电。
${V}_{\mathrm{H}}= 7{V}_{\mathrm{L}}= {7E}$ 时,低压单元可以输出$0\text{、}\pm E$$\pm {2E}$$\pm {3E}$ 7 个交流电平,高压单元可以输出 0 、$\pm {7E3}$ 个交流电平。低压单元和高压单元按照表2所示方案进行非对称级联, 可以输出 21 电平交流电压, 如图3所示。
在输出 21 电平交流电压的情况下,传统的$\mathrm{H}$ 桥级联多电平逆变器需要使用 3 个直流电源和 12 个开关管[15];而本文所提逆变器需要使用到 2 个直流电源、2 个电容器和 14 个开关管,与传统的$\mathrm{H}$ 桥级联多电平逆变器相比, 多用了 2 个电容器和 2 个开关管, 但减少了 1 个直流电源的使用。
将低压单元进行对称级联拓展, 最高可以输出 49 电平交流电压, 但需要使用到 2 倍数量的直流电源、电容器和开关管[6]; 而本文所提非对称级联逆变拓扑最高可输出 21 电平交流电压, 且有效地减少了电容器和开关管的使用, 简化了调制方法。
${V}_{\mathrm{H}}= 7{V}_{\mathrm{L}}= {7E}$ 时,假定电容器${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$ 为理想直流电压源,低压单元中${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 的最大阻断电压$\mathrm{{MBV}}$ (maximum blocking voltage)为$E$,${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 的 MBV 为${3E}$; 高压单元中${\mathrm{H}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ 的 MBV 为${7E}$。因此高、低压单元 14 个开关管总共承受的电压应力 TSV(total standing voltage)为${46}{E}_{\circ }$
功率分配针对有功功率进行分析, 即对高、低压单元和总的输出电压基波幅值进行分析[15]。当调制比$M >{0.3}$ 时,对逆变器输出电压阶梯波进行傅里叶分解可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{1}= {10EM}\\{U}_{\mathrm{{HI}}}= {7EM}\sin \left\lbrack {\arccos \left(\frac{3}{10M}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{U}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}= {U}_{1}- {U}_{\mathrm{{H1}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{1}$ 为总输出电压基波幅值;${U}_{\mathrm{H}1}$ 为高压单元输出电压基波幅值;${U}_{\mathrm{L}1}$ 为低压单元输出电压基波幅值。
图4为不同调制比下, 高压单元输出电压基波幅值和总输出电压基波幅值的关系。结合式(1)估算: 当调制比$M$ 在区间$(0,{0.3}\rbrack$ 时,逆变器输出全部功率由低压单元提供; 当$M$ 在区间$({0.32},{0.83}\rbrack$ 时, 逆变器输出功率小于高压单元输出功率, 低压单元存在功率倒灌;当$M$ 在区间$({0.3},{0.32}\rbrack$$({0.83}$, 1]时,逆变器输出功率大于高压单元输出功率,不存在功率倒灌的问题。
特定谐波消除法是 1 种基频脉宽调制技术, 已被广泛用于消除输出电压波形中的低阶谐波。
将电压波形进行傅里叶级数展开可得:
$ V\left({\omega t}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{\infty }{V}_{n}\sin \left({n\omega t}\right)$
式中:${V}_{n}$ 为第$n$ 次谐波的电压幅值;$\omega$ 为基频。
由于输出电压波形关于$1/{2\pi }$$1/{4\pi }$ 对称,故偶数次谐波变为0。${V}_{n}$ 可以表示为
${V}_{\mathrm{n}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{4E}{n\pi }\left\lbrack {\cos \left({n{\theta }_{1}}\right)+ \cdots +\cos \left({n{\theta }_{z}}\right)}\right\rbrack & n\text{ 为奇数 }\\ 0 & n\text{ 为偶数 }\end{array}\right.$
$ 0 \leq {\theta }_{1}\leq {\theta }_{2}\leq \cdots \leq {\theta }_{z}\leq \frac{\pi }{2}$
式中,${\theta }_{1},{\theta }_{2},\cdots,{\theta }_{z}$ 为开关角的角度。
特定谐波消除法的目标是计算精确的开关角, 使对应的奇数次谐波幅值为 0。本文仅讨论单相 21 电平逆变器,因此选择了第$3\text{、}5\text{、}7\text{、}9\text{、}{11}\text{、}{13}$ 、 15、17、19 次谐波进行消除。则此时输出电压波形的非线性超越方程为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}\cos \left({\theta }_{1}\right)+ \cos \left({\theta }_{2}\right)+ \cdots +\cos \left({\theta }_{10}\right)- {10M}= 0 \\\cos \left({\theta }_{1}\right)+ \cos \left({\theta }_{2}\right)+ \cdots +\cos \left({\theta }_{10}\right)= 0 \\\cos \left({3{\theta }_{1}}\right)+ \cos \left({5{\theta }_{2}}\right)+ \cdots +\cos \left({\theta }_{10}\right)= 0 \\\vdots \\\cos \left({{19}{\theta }_{1}}\right)+ \cos \left({{19}{\theta }_{2}}\right)+ \cdots +\cos \left({{19}{\theta }_{10}}\right)= 0 \end{matrix}\right.$
$ M =\frac{{U}_{1}}{{4NE}/\pi }$
式中,$N$ 为阶梯波的正半周期阶数。
原始粒子群算法灵感来自于鸟类和鱼类群体的觅食行为, 类似于遗传算法, 可以对非线性超越方程进行求解, 但在算法实现中无交叉、变异和其他操作。
原始粒子群算法在空间中的第$i$ 个粒子的速度和位置更新为
${v}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left({t + 1}\right)= {v}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)+ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left\lbrack {{p}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}- {x}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack +{c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left\lbrack {{p}_{\mathrm{{gd}}}- {x}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
${x}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left({t + 1}\right)= {x}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)+ {v}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left({t + 1}\right)$
式中,粒子速度更新的 3 个部分共同决定了粒子在可行空间的搜索能力。第 1 部分${v}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)$,用于平衡全局和局部搜索能力; 第 2 部分${p}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}$,用于表示粒子$i$ 经历的最佳位置, 使粒子具有较强的局部搜索能力; 第 3 部分${p}_{\mathrm{{gd}}}$,用于表示粒子在群体中的最佳位置, 使粒子能够信息共享;${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$ 为粒子的加速度常数;${r}_{1}$${r}_{2}$ 为均匀分布在$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 的 2 个随机数。
原始粒子群算法在算法迭代的后期不能进行局部精细搜索, 使得算法容易陷入局部最优。为了克服原始粒子群的缺点, Shi$\mathrm{Y}$[16] 提出带有惯性权重$w$ 的 PSO 算法,惯性权重$w$ 的值可以调整 PSO 的全局和局部优化能力。考虑到惯性权重的速度, 更新规则可以表示为
${v}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left({t + 1}\right)= w{v}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)+ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left\lbrack {{p}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}- {x}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack +\\{c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left\lbrack {{p}_{\mathrm{{gd}}}- {x}_{i\mathrm{\;d}}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \\ w ={\omega }_{\max }- \frac{\left({{\omega }_{\max }- {\omega }_{\min }}\right) t}{{T}_{\max }}$
式中:${\omega }_{\min }$${\omega }_{\max }$ 分别为惯性权重的最小值和最大值;$t$ 为当前迭代次数;${T}_{\max }$ 为最大迭代次数。
惯性权重$w$ 的粒子群算法在解决非线性超越方程时仍容易陷入局部最优, 因此本文提出 1 种改进型 PSO 算法。该算法以 PSO 为主体, 引入 GA 的垂直交叉运算, 在每次迭代后随机选择一部分粒子进行垂直交叉, 因此本文所提算法具有更强摆脱局部最优的能力。
粒子个体交叉操作的原理如图5所示, 改进型 PSO 的流程图如图6所示。其中$r$$1 - r$ 为所选粒子的比例系数,参数${bs}$ 为交叉个体在总种群中的比例,参数${bc}$ 为交叉的概率。从种群中选取一定数量的个体作为亲本, 将选取的 2 个粒子按一定比例进行杂交, 然后垂直融合成子代。为了避免交叉操作造成上一代精英个体的损失和破坏, 在操作过程中采用精英保留策略储存适应度高的个体, 可有效提高算法的收敛能力。
垂直交叉运算首先抽取固定数目的粒子, 参与的粒子数目为
$ n =\operatorname{ronnd}\left({{bs}\times N}\right)$
式中,${bc}$ 为杂交概率。
记录所抽取粒子的位置$X =\left({{x}_{40},{x}_{41},\cdots,{x}_{n +{40}}}\right)$ 和速度$V =\left({{v}_{40},{v}_{41},\cdots,{v}_{n +{40}}}\right)$
对所抽取的粒子随机重新编号
${s}_{1,2}= \text{ floor[rand() }\times \left({n - 1}\right)\rbrack + 1 $
随机抽取粒子进行位置和速度更新, 获得子代粒子的位置和速度
${x}_{{c}_{1}}= {p}_{\mathrm{b}}{x}_{{s}_{1}}+ \left({1 -{p}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right){x}_{{s}_{2}}$
${v}_{{c}_{1}}= \frac{\left({{v}_{{s}_{1}}+ {v}_{{s}_{2}}}\right)\operatorname{norm}\left({v}_{{s}_{1}}\right)}{\operatorname{norm}\left({{v}_{{s}_{1}}+ {v}_{{s}_{2}}}\right)} $
式中:${p}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为(0,1)随机数;${x}_{{s}_{1}}\text{、}{x}_{{s}_{2}}\text{、}{v}_{{s}_{1}}\text{、}{v}_{{s}_{2}}$ 为所抽取粒子的位置和速度信息。
运行算法程序, 可以得到如图7所示幅值调制比$M$$({0.9},1\rbrack$ 改进型 PSO 开关角度的轨迹曲线, 以及如图8所示的 3 种不同算法下输出电压总谐波畸变率$\mathrm{{THD}}$ (total harmonic distortion)的变化曲线。
图7可见, 轨迹曲线呈现一定的稳定性和连续性,且满足式(4)。由图8可见, GA 和 PSO 在个别幅值调制比下的 THD 较低, 但在较大幅值调制比范围内改进型 PSO 能更好地消除低次谐波, 有更稳定地优化能力。
为了验证上述理论分析的正确性, 利用 MATLAB/Simulink 进行仿真验证, 电源电压分别为${210}\mathrm{\;V}$${30}\mathrm{\;V}$,负载电阻为${100\Omega }$,输出电压频率为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,选取幅值调制比$M ={1.0}$图9为改进型 PSO 输出电压波形,图10为 3 种算法输出电压频谱。通过对比可知, 本文所提改进型 PSO 所得控制开关角能更好地消除低次谐波。
为了验证所提逆变器拓扑的可行性和所提算法的实际谐波消除效果, 参考图1搭建 21 电平非对称级联开关电容逆变器实验平台。该平台采用 TMS320F28335 进行控制,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 选择 Mosfet IRF540,${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 选择 Mosfet IRF640B,${\mathrm{H}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ 选择 Mosfet IRF740,负载电阻为${100\Omega }$, 输出电压频率为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,高、低压直流电源电压$E$ 分别为${210}\mathrm{\;V}$${30}\mathrm{\;V}$
图11图12分别为调制比$M ={1.0}$$M ={0.3}$ 时, 总输出电压、负载电流、高低压单元输出电压对应的波形。当调制比$M ={1.0}$ 时,逆变器通过高、 低压单元的级联, 输出电压为 21 电平; 在调制比$M ={0.3}$ 时,逆变器仅由低压单元提供电压,可输出 7 电平电压。
图13图14分别为调制比$M ={1.0}$$M ={0.3}$ 时,电容器${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的电压纹波。可见在 2 种不同调制比下, 电容电压均能在 0.5 个周期内实现自均衡,与理论分析相同。
图15图16分别为调制比$M ={1.0}$$M ={0.3}$ 时, 各全桥结构开关管的电压应力。开关电容结构的开关管承受的电压为低压单元直流电源电压的 1 单元直流电源电压的 3 倍;高压单元全桥结构开关管承受的电压为高压单元直流电源电压的 1 倍, 与理论分析相同。
图17为逆变器在调制比$M ={1.0}$ 时 3 种算法的倍; 低压单元全桥结构的开关管承受的电压为低压输出电压频谱。可知, 3 种算法对 5、7、9、11、13、 15、17 和 19 次谐波的整体消除效果基本相同,但本文所提改进型 PSO 对 3 次谐波的消除效果最好。
本文提出 1 种改进型 PSO 算法, 应用于混合级联多电平逆变器拓扑, 通过特定谐波脉宽调制将二者结合。理论分析、仿真和实验结果表明:
(1)本文所提改进型PSO算法在传统PSO算法的基础上,引入了 GA 算法的垂直交叉, 既保持了 PSO 的局部搜索能力, 又增强了改进型 PSO 算法的全局搜索能力; 精英策略的引入可以在迭代过程中保留最优解,有效地降低 THD 值。
(2)通过特定谐波脉宽调制控制开关频率,使得高压单元在基频下工作, 低压单元在高频状态下工作, 可在减少开关损耗的同时保证输出波形有较好的质量。
(3)与传统逆变器拓扑结构相比,本文所提逆变器结构仅使用 2 个电容器和 14 个开关管, 可以输出 21 电平电压, 且低压单元开关管承受的电压应力较小,可有效降低硬件成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907033)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.51
  • 接收时间:2021-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-10
  • 修回日期:2022-01-31
  • 录用日期:2022-02-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907033)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907033)
作者信息
    广东工业大学 自动化学院 广州 510006
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