Article(id=1153375935576400703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.69, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1628870400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-14, revisedDate=1637683200000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-24, acceptedDate=1638720000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-06, onlineDate=1752915851730, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915851730, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915851730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915851730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375935932916544, articleId=1153375935576400703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Double Boost Nine-level Inverter with Hybrid Structure, columnId=1152281492488549232, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-AC Inverters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A novel nine-level inverter topology with double boost and reduced components is proposed by combining the voltage boost capacity of switched capacitors with the voltage halving characteristics of a coupling inductor. This inverter consists of 12 switches, 2 switched capacitors and 1 reverse polarity coupling inductor. The charging and discharging of each capacitor in the inverter can maintain a self-balance, so the additional balance circuit is not needed. Compared with the topologies of most of the existing nine-level inverters that are based on switched capacitors, the proposed topology has a smaller capacity of switched capacitor. The output voltage levels are greatly increased by the adoption of the reverse polarity coupling inductor, and the current stresses on some switches are reduced by half, which can further reduce the switching loss. The working modes, modulation strategy, design of switched capacitors and loss analysis of the proposed topology are discussed in detail. In addition, the proposed topology is compared with those of other nine-level inverters, and its advantages are introduced. Finally, simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed topology.

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将开关电容的升压能力与耦合电感的均压特性相结合,提出1种具有二倍升压能力及减少组件的新型九电平逆变器拓扑。该逆变器由12个开关元件、2个开关电容和1个反极性耦合电感组成。其中,所提逆变器的电容器充放电自平衡,不需要额外的平衡电路,且相较于目前大部分基于开关电容的九电平逆变器,该拓扑的开关电容容量更小。通过使用反极性耦合电感,提升了输出电压电平数量,降低了部分开关 50%的电流应力,有利于开关损耗的进一步降低。详细讨论了所提拓扑的工作模式、调制策略、开关电容器设计和损耗分析,并将所提拓扑与其他部分九电平拓扑进行比较,介绍了该拓扑的优点。仿真和实验结果验证了该拓扑的有效性。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.om。

陈光义(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器。E-mail: chenguangyi1996@163.com。

陈庆东(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器。E-mail: chenqingdong2021@163.com。

熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制理论。E-mail: xiongjiaxin53@163.com。

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潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.om。

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陈光义(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器。E-mail: chenguangyi1996@163.com。

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陈庆东(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器。E-mail: chenqingdong2021@163.com。

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figureFileSmall=aRjRL//ntmdBz+yOTEl9Pg==, figureFileBig=3nAanWpvB7wrYGsB6sBK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032473638949233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375935576400703, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Working states of nine-level inverter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态 ${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{10}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ ${C}_{1}$ ${C}_{2}$
${\mathrm{E}}_{1}$ $+ 2{V}_{\text{in }}$ 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 Charge Discharge
${\mathrm{E}}_{2}$ $+ 3{V}_{\text{in }}/2$ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Discharge Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{3}$ $+{V}_{\text{in }}$ 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Charge -
${\mathrm{E}}_{4}$ $+{V}_{\text{in }}/2$ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Charge -
${\mathrm{E}}_{5}$ +0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Charge -
${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ -0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 - Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{7}$ $-{V}_{\text{in }}/2$ 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 - Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$ $-{V}_{\text{in }}$ 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 - Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{9}$ $- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}/2}$ 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Charge Discharge
${\mathrm{E}}_{10}$ $- 2{V}_{\text{in }}$ 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Discharge Charge
), ArticleFig(id=1154032473697669491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375935576400703, language=CN, label=表1, caption=九电平逆变器的工作状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态 ${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{10}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ ${C}_{1}$ ${C}_{2}$
${\mathrm{E}}_{1}$ $+ 2{V}_{\text{in }}$ 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 Charge Discharge
${\mathrm{E}}_{2}$ $+ 3{V}_{\text{in }}/2$ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Discharge Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{3}$ $+{V}_{\text{in }}$ 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Charge -
${\mathrm{E}}_{4}$ $+{V}_{\text{in }}/2$ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Charge -
${\mathrm{E}}_{5}$ +0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Charge -
${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$ -0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 - Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{7}$ $-{V}_{\text{in }}/2$ 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 - Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$ $-{V}_{\text{in }}$ 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 - Charge
${\mathrm{E}}_{9}$ $- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}/2}$ 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Charge Discharge
${\mathrm{E}}_{10}$ $- 2{V}_{\text{in }}$ 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Discharge Charge
), ArticleFig(id=1154032473760584054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375935576400703, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of topology of the nine-level inverter in this paper with those of other nine-level inverters which have been proposed recently, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 ${N}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\text{cap }}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 数量/个 $G$ ${X}_{C}\%/\%$ TSV
文献[10] 1 7 4 2 0 1 7.80 4.5
文献[12] 1 12 1 3 0 4 9.17 24.0
文献[13] 2 8 3 1 0 2 4.50 22.0
文献[16] 1 8 3 3 0 4 4.25 23.0
本文 1 12 0 2 1 2 2.50 18.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154032473823498617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375935576400703, language=CN, label=表2, caption=与最近九电平逆变器的比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 ${N}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\text{cap }}$ 数量/个 ${N}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 数量/个 $G$ ${X}_{C}\%/\%$ TSV
文献[10] 1 7 4 2 0 1 7.80 4.5
文献[12] 1 12 1 3 0 4 9.17 24.0
文献[13] 2 8 3 1 0 2 4.50 22.0
文献[16] 1 8 3 3 0 4 4.25 23.0
本文 1 12 0 2 1 2 2.50 18.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154032473903190397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375935576400703, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Components of experimental prototype, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备/参数 型号/数值
开关 IXFH80N65X2
电容${C}_{1}/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}/\mathrm{V}}\right)$ 2000/250
电容${C}_{2}/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}/\mathrm{V}}\right)$ 2000/250
滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 8
滤波电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1.1
控制器 STM32H750VBT6
), ArticleFig(id=1154032473970299265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375935576400703, language=CN, label=表3, caption=实验原型组件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备/参数 型号/数值
开关 IXFH80N65X2
电容${C}_{1}/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}/\mathrm{V}}\right)$ 2000/250
电容${C}_{2}/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}/\mathrm{V}}\right)$ 2000/250
滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 8
滤波电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1.1
控制器 STM32H750VBT6
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一种混合结构二倍升压九电平逆变器
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潘健 , 陈光义 , 陈庆东 , 熊嘉鑫
电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024,22(6): 69-80
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电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024, 22(6): 69-80
一种混合结构二倍升压九电平逆变器
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潘健 , 陈光义 , 陈庆东 , 熊嘉鑫
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
  • 潘健(1962-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术、电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 86146969@qq.om。

    陈光义(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器。E-mail: chenguangyi1996@163.com。

    陈庆东(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器。E-mail: chenqingdong2021@163.com。

    熊嘉鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制理论。E-mail: xiongjiaxin53@163.com。

Double Boost Nine-level Inverter with Hybrid Structure
Jian PAN , Guangyi CHEN , Qingdong CHEN , Jiaxin XIONG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.69
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将开关电容的升压能力与耦合电感的均压特性相结合,提出1种具有二倍升压能力及减少组件的新型九电平逆变器拓扑。该逆变器由12个开关元件、2个开关电容和1个反极性耦合电感组成。其中,所提逆变器的电容器充放电自平衡,不需要额外的平衡电路,且相较于目前大部分基于开关电容的九电平逆变器,该拓扑的开关电容容量更小。通过使用反极性耦合电感,提升了输出电压电平数量,降低了部分开关 50%的电流应力,有利于开关损耗的进一步降低。详细讨论了所提拓扑的工作模式、调制策略、开关电容器设计和损耗分析,并将所提拓扑与其他部分九电平拓扑进行比较,介绍了该拓扑的优点。仿真和实验结果验证了该拓扑的有效性。

开关电容  /  九电平逆变器  /  耦合电感  /  二倍升压

A novel nine-level inverter topology with double boost and reduced components is proposed by combining the voltage boost capacity of switched capacitors with the voltage halving characteristics of a coupling inductor. This inverter consists of 12 switches, 2 switched capacitors and 1 reverse polarity coupling inductor. The charging and discharging of each capacitor in the inverter can maintain a self-balance, so the additional balance circuit is not needed. Compared with the topologies of most of the existing nine-level inverters that are based on switched capacitors, the proposed topology has a smaller capacity of switched capacitor. The output voltage levels are greatly increased by the adoption of the reverse polarity coupling inductor, and the current stresses on some switches are reduced by half, which can further reduce the switching loss. The working modes, modulation strategy, design of switched capacitors and loss analysis of the proposed topology are discussed in detail. In addition, the proposed topology is compared with those of other nine-level inverters, and its advantages are introduced. Finally, simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed topology.

Switched capacitor  /  nine-level inverter  /  coupling inductor  /  double boost
潘健, 陈光义, 陈庆东, 熊嘉鑫. 一种混合结构二倍升压九电平逆变器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 69 -80 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.69
Jian PAN, Guangyi CHEN, Qingdong CHEN, Jiaxin XIONG. Double Boost Nine-level Inverter with Hybrid Structure[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 69 -80 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.69
多电平逆变器 MLI(multilevel inverter)与传统两电平逆变器相比, 其输出电压波形更接近正弦波, 可以减小输出总谐波畸变率 THD(total harmonic distortion)[1],提升输出电能质量,降低了对滤波器的要求。并且 MLI 还具有开关损耗少和低电磁干扰等优势, 被广泛应用于可再生分布式能源系统、 电机驱动和分布式发电等领域[2]。传统 MLI 拓扑结构包括级联$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型$\mathrm{{CHB}}{\left(\text{ cascaded }\mathrm{H}\text{-bridge }\right)}^{\left\lbrack 3\right\rbrack }$ 、中性点钳位型 NPC(neutral point clamped)[4] 和飞跨电容型 FC(flying capacitance)[5]。在光伏、风力发电等新能源并网系统的应用场合中, 传统 MLI 均不具备自主升压能力, 因此需要在前级增加升压电路,这使得逆变器的体积增大,成本增高。同时, 传统 MLI 所使用器件的数量会随着电平数量的增加而大大增加, 且调制策略也变得更加复杂。此外,$\mathrm{{CHB}}$ 输出电平数量由隔离直流电压源的数量决定, 这会限制其应用场合。FC 和 NPC 结构的拓扑需要外部电路和复杂的控制算法来维持电容器的电压平衡[6-7]。针对传统 MLI 存在的不足,国内外研究者进行了一系列改进。为了减少传统九电平逆变器的器件数量, 文献[8-10]在 NPC 拓扑的基础上提出 3 种改进九电平拓扑, 减少了元件总数。但这 3 款逆变器并未解决传统 MLI 不具备升压能力的不足, 且文献[8]中逆变器为降压逆变器, 不适合前级需要升压电路的光伏、风能等新能源并网系统的应用。
开关电容多电平逆变器 SCMLI(switched capacitor multilevel inverter)拓扑[11-16] 具备升压能力及电容电压自平衡能力, 其基本工作原理是利用开关电容 SC(switched capacitor)与输入电源进行串联或并联实现电容器的放电和充电, 从而输出多个电平。基于 SCMLI 的工作原理, 设计使用少量器件即可输出较多数量电平且具有升压能力的拓扑成为了研究热点。文献[11-12]提出的 2 种开关电容九电平拓扑虽然具有升压能力和电容电压自平衡能力, 但使用了较多的开关、 SC 等组件; 文献[13] 提出 1 种元器件总数更少的双输入源九电平开关电容逆变器, 实现了电容电压自平衡, 然而这种拓扑结构与传统 CHB 拓扑存在同样的不足, 即需要 2 个直流输入源, 且该拓扑的升压能力有限; 为了减少输入直流电压源的数量并提高逆变器的升压能力, 文献[14-16]提出 3 种具有四倍增益的单电源九电平拓扑, 这 3 种拓扑仅使用 1 个直流输入电压源即可实现四倍输出电压增益, 但带来了开关电容器电压持续降低的问题, 即部分开关电容器在输出最高电平工作模态及其相邻工作模态中持续放电, 开关电容器电压持续的降低会影响输出功率质量。
综上所述, 针对 SCMLI 电容电压持续降低的问题, 本文将开关电容原理与反极性耦合电抗器降压技术[17-18] 相结合,提出 1 种混合结构的九电平逆变器, 实现电容器在放电工作模态的相邻工作模态保持充电, 解决了电容电压持续降低的问题。该拓扑结构仅使用 1 个电压源和较少器件, 实现二倍电压增益和电容电压自平衡, 且 4 对开关的工作状态互补, 降低了调制策略的复杂程度。在该拓扑中, 反极性耦合电抗器降压技术被用于均压输入直流源, 从而增加电平数量。同时, 反极性耦合电抗器的添加使得部分开关承受的电流应力是母线电流应力的 50%,降低了开关的损耗。
混合九电平逆变器拓扑如图1所示, 该拓扑由 1 个输入直流电源${V}_{\text{in }},2$ 个开关电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2},1$ 个反极性耦合电抗器$\mathrm{T}$ 和 12 个开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 组成。理想反极性耦合电抗器$\mathrm{T}$${V}_{\text{in }}$ 进行均压,当开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 同时导通时,使得
${V}_{\mathrm{{GF}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{FE}}}= \frac{1}{2}{V}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$
当开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 同时导通时,使得
${V}_{\mathrm{{GF}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{FE}}}= -\frac{1}{2}{V}_{\mathrm{{CD}}}$
当开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 导通或${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 导通时,${V}_{\mathrm{{EF}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{FG}}}$ 满足
${V}_{\mathrm{{GF}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{FE}}}= 0 $
本文利用反极性耦合电抗器的特性以均分输入直流电压${V}_{\text{in }}$。当反极性耦合电抗器磁芯未饱和时, 励磁电感远大于反极性耦合电抗器的漏感, 施加在漏感的电压变化较小且规律性变化, 电路工作正常。励磁电感随励磁电流呈非线性, 当励磁电流增大到一定值时, 反极性耦合电抗器磁芯开始饱和, 励磁电感明显下降, 施加在漏感的电压呈上升趋势, 导致漏感电流畸变, 引起电路工作不正常。 因此, 在设计及应用中应避免磁饱和情况的出现。
表1给出了逆变器中各种功率器件的工作状态, 包括开关的通断状态及电容的充放电状态。该拓扑的母线电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$,母线电流为${i}_{\mathrm{{bus}}}$。值得注意的是,${S}_{1}$${S}_{2}$${S}_{3}$${S}_{4}$${S}_{5}$${S}_{6}$${S}_{11}$${S}_{12}$ 分别为 4 对具有互补操作的开关, 因此能够简化控制。其中${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 工作在基频下,开关损耗忽略不计。反极性耦合电抗器构成的交错结构使得流过开关${\mathrm{S}}_{i}\left({i = 1,2,3,4}\right)$ 的电流仅为输出母线电流的 50%,进一步降低了开关损耗。与文献[14-16] 不同的是,本文介绍的拓扑结构中所有$\mathrm{{SC}}$ 无在相邻 2 个工作模态下持续放电的情况, 因此可以减小 SC 的值。
混合九电平逆变器按照输出电平可以划分为 10 种工作状态, 详细的工作模态如图2所示, 其中实线表示对输出负载供电的回路, 虚线表示输入直流源对电容器的充电回路。通过表1所示的开关组合,所提逆变器可输出$\pm 2{V}_{\text{in }}\text{、}\pm 3{V}_{\text{in }}/2\text{、}\pm {V}_{\text{in }}$$\pm {V}_{\text{in }}/2$$\pm 0$ 这 9 种电平。为了方便分析,做出如下假设: 电路中功率器件均为理想器件, 不考虑通态电阻和正向导通压降; 开关电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的容量足够大, 工作过程中电容电压纹波为 0, 电容器电压假定恒定为${V}_{{C}_{1}}= {V}_{{C}_{2}}= {V}_{\text{in }}$; 电路已经进入稳定状态。具体的工作原理分析如下。
模态${\mathrm{E}}_{1}$ : 如图2(a)所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{9}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{10}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{12}$ 导通,其余开关管关断。直流电源${V}_{\text{in }}$ 串联电容${C}_{2}$ 对负载供电,并联${C}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 充电。 此时逆变器输出电平${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= {V}_{\text{in }}+ {V}_{{C}_{2}}= 2{V}_{\text{in }}$
模态${\mathrm{E}}_{2}$ : 如图2(b)所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{8}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{10}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{12}$ 导通,其余开关管关断。直流电源${V}_{\text{in }}$ 串联电容${C}_{1}$ 对负载供电,并联${C}_{2}$${C}_{2}$ 进行充电。此时逆变器输出电平${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= {V}_{{C}_{1}}+ {V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{\mathrm{{GF}}}= {V}_{{C}_{1}}+ {V}_{\text{in }}- \frac{1}{2}{V}_{\text{in }}= \frac{3}{2}{V}_{\text{in }}$
模态${\mathrm{E}}_{3}$ : 如图2(c)所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 导通,其余开关管关断。直流电源${V}_{\text{in }}$ 并联电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 充电。此时逆变器输出电平${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= {V}_{\text{in }}$
模态${\mathrm{E}}_{4}$ : 如图2(d)所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 导通,其余开关管关断。直流电源${V}_{\text{in }}$ 并联电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 充电。此时逆变器输出电平${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= {V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{\mathrm{{GF}}}= {V}_{\text{in }}- \frac{1}{2}{V}_{\text{in }}= \frac{1}{2}{V}_{\text{in }}$
模态${\mathrm{E}}_{5}$ : 如图2(e)所示,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 导通,其余开关管关断。直流电源${V}_{\text{in }}$ 并联电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 充电。此时逆变器输出电平${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= + 0 $
当输出电平${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= \pm 2{V}_{\text{in }}$ 电压时,会有 6 个开关串联, 其管压降相比其他 MLI 会增多, 但可以采取相应的措施来弥补这个不足。例如, 使用闭环控制适当地提高调制比, 以弥补管压降造成的电压损失。当输出较小的输出电压时, 对应的输出电流也会降低,由$i = C\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{\;d}t}$ 可得: 当$C$ 一定时,电流越小, 则直流母线电容的纹波越小。由于所提逆变器在负 1/2 周期的工作模态与在正 1/2 周期的工作模态对称,因此不做赘述。
图3为各输出电平对应的开关管承受的电压应力,其中方框高度代表开关电压应力。例如, 当输出母线电压${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$$2{V}_{\text{in }}$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的电压应力为$2{V}_{\text{in }}$,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 的电压应力为$2{V}_{\text{in }}$,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 的电压应力为${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 的电压应力为${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{11}$ 的电压应力为$2{V}_{\text{in }}$,所有开关管电压应力之和为$8{V}_{\text{in }}$
常用电平移位脉宽调制 LS-PWM(level shift pulse width modulation)[19] 和移相脉宽调制 PS-PWM (phase shift pulse width modulation)[20] 生成 MLI 开关的触发脉冲。本文采用 LS-PWM 调制策略并运用逻辑组合得到该拓扑各开关的触发脉冲, 如图4所示。
在 LS-PWM 中,载波${e}_{1}\sim {e}_{8}$ 上下依次层叠,其具有相同的频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 和相同的幅值${A}_{\mathrm{C}}/2$。正弦信号波形为${e}_{\mathrm{s}}= {A}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}\sin \left({{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}t}\right)$,与 8 个载波共享同一时间轴。${A}_{\text{ref }}$${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的幅值且$\left|{A}_{\text{ref }}\right|< 4{A}_{\mathrm{C}},{f}_{\text{ref }}$${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的频率。 如图4所示,当$t =\left({0,{t}_{1}}\right)$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 导通,调制波${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 与载波${e}_{4}$ 进行比较, 获得的驱动信号${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}1}$${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}2}$,使得开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 轮流导通和关断;当$t =\left({{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right)$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{9}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{12}$ 导通,调制波${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 与载波${e}_{3}$ 进行比较,获得的驱动信号${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}3}$${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}4}$,使得开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 轮流导通和关断;当$t =\left({{t}_{2},{t}_{3}}\right)$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{12}$ 导通,调制波${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 与载波${e}_{2}$ 进行比较,获得的驱动信号${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}3}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}4}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}5}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}6}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}9}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}{10}}$,使得开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{6}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{9}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{10}$ 轮流导通和关断;$t =\left({{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right)$ 时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{7}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{10}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{12}$ 导通,调制波${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 与载波${e}_{1}$ 进行比较,获得的驱动信号${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}3}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}4}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}5}$${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}6}$${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}8}$${v}_{\mathrm{{GS}}9}$,使得开关${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$${\mathrm{S}}_{9}$ 轮流导通和关断;当$t =\left({{t}_{5},{t}_{14}}\right)$ 时,重复以上操作。 最后,输出电压波形${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 的幅值由参考正弦信号波形${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的幅值与载波的幅值之比决定。因此,将调制指数$M$ 定义为
$ M =\frac{{A}_{\text{ref }}}{4{A}_{\mathrm{C}}}$
开关电容的大小由其两端的纹波$\Delta {V}_{C}$ 决定,对于电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$,其不会在 2 个连续的状态持续放电, 充放电周期较小, 因此开关电容两端电压差$\Delta {V}_{C}$ 被维持在 1 个较小值,仅需较小容量的电容器即可满足设计需求。而且开关电容的充、放电电流峰值取决于充电或放电时两端的电压差$\Delta {V}_{C}$,因此可以通过减小$\Delta {V}_{C}$ 将峰值充电、放电电流减小到可接受的范围。如图5所示,在$\left({0,{t}_{1}}\right)$ 时间段内,逆变器处于图2(d)状态,电容${C}_{1}$ 充电,电容器${C}_{1}$ 两端产生电压纹波。
根据基尔霍夫定律,此时流过电容器${C}_{1}$ 的充电电流${i}_{{C}_{1}}$
${i}_{{C}_{1}}\left( t\right)= \frac{{V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}\left( t\right)}{{r}_{\text{in }}+ {r}_{{C}_{1}}+ 3{r}_{\mathrm{D}}}$
式中:${r}_{\text{in }}$ 为输入直流电压源的内阻;${r}_{{C}_{1}}$ 为电容${C}_{1}$ 的内阻;${r}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为开关的导通电阻。
$\left({0,{t}_{1}}\right)$ 的时间段内,${C}_{1}$ 的充电量${Q}_{1C}$ 可表示为
${Q}_{1C}= {\int }_{0}^{{t}_{1}}{i}_{{C}_{1}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t $
最后,考虑到允许范围内的电压纹波$\Delta {V}_{{C}_{1}}$,电容的最小值应满足
${C}_{1\min }= \frac{{Q}_{1C}}{\Delta {V}_{{C}_{1}}}$
损耗分析包括 4 个方面:导通损耗$\left({P}_{\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 、开关损耗$\left({P}_{\mathrm{S}}\right)$ 、电容器纹波损耗$\left({P}_{\text{Rip }}\right)$ 和耦合电感损耗$\left({P}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)$,以下给出详细计算过程。
功率开关的导通损耗的计算式为
${P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{sw}}\left( t\right)} ={r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}{i}_{\mathrm{{sw}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{sw}}\left( t\right)}$ 为开关管传导损耗;${r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 为导通状态下的器件导通电阻;${i}_{\mathrm{{sw}},\mathrm{{rms}}}$ 为流过开关管的均方根电流。图2为在正 1/2 周期每种电平状态对应的放电路径, 在每个导通路径上存在相应的导通损耗。 计算每种状态下电平对应的导通损耗求和, 可以得出在 1 个周期内的总导通损耗。传导损耗的计算式为
${P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{1}}\right)} =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {2{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2 \times \frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 3{\left({i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{5}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 3{\left({i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack \\{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{2}}\right)} =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ {\left({i}_{{C}_{2}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ }\right.\\\left.{{\left(\frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{{C}_{2}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ {i}_{{C}_{2}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2 \times {\left(\frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{7}{4}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ {\left({i}_{{C}_{2}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ }\right.\\\left.{{\left(\frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{{C}_{2}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ {i}_{{C}_{2}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}}\right\rbrack \\{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{3}}\right)} =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {2{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2{\left({i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ {i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2 \times {\left(\frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{5}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2{\left({i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ {i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
${P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{4}}\right)} =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2{\left({i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ {i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 3 \times {\left(\frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack =\\{r}_{\mathrm{{on}},\mathrm{{sw}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{7}{4}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}+ 2{\left({i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}+ {i}_{\mathrm{{bus}},\mathrm{{rms}}}\right)}^{2}+ {i}_{{C}_{1},\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
由于负$1/2$ 周期中 4 种状态的导通损耗与正$1/2$ 周期对称, 因此可以计算总导通损耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{C}}= 2\left({{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{1}}\right)} +{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{2}}\right)} +{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{3}}\right)} +{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{4}}\right)}}\right)$
半导体器件存在的开通延迟和关断延迟将产生开关损耗,开关在导通时的损耗${P}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{on}}}$ 和关断时的损耗${P}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ off }}{}^{\left\lbrack {21}\right\rbrack }$ 可分别表示为
${P}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ on }}= f{N}_{\text{on }}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{{t}_{\text{on }}}{V}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( t\right){I}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t}\right\rbrack =\\\frac{f{N}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{V}_{\mathrm{S}}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}}{6}\\{P}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ off }}= f{N}_{\text{off }}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{{t}_{\text{off }}}{V}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( t\right){I}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t}\right\rbrack =\\\frac{f{N}_{\text{off }}{V}_{\mathrm{S}}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}{t}_{\text{off }}}{6}$
式中:${N}_{\text{on }}$${N}_{\text{off }}$ 分别为在 1 个周期内,开关导通和关断的次数;$f$ 为基频;${V}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( t\right)$${I}_{\mathrm{S}}\left( t\right)$ 分别是开关的电压和电流应力。则总开关损耗${P}_{\mathrm{S}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{S}}= {P}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ on }}+ {P}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ off }}$
电容器与输入直流源并联进行充电时会产生电压纹波,电容器的纹波损耗[22]
${P}_{\text{Rip }}= \frac{f}{2}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{2}\left({{C}_{k}\Delta {V}_{{C}_{k}}^{2}}\right)$
式中:${C}_{k}$ 为第$k\left({k = 1,2}\right)$ 个电容器的容量;$\Delta {V}_{{C}_{k}}$ 为第$k\left({k = 1,2}\right)$ 个电容器的电压纹波。
由于${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 相同,式(22)可简化为
${P}_{\text{Rip }}= 2 \times \frac{f}{2}\times {C\Delta }{V}_{{C}_{k}}^{2}= {fC\Delta }{V}_{C}^{2}$
在耦合电感损耗计算中, 损耗的主要来源为铜损。因此本文耦合电感损耗的计算式为
${P}_{\mathrm{L}}= 2{i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{2}\left( t\right){r}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}= 2 \times \frac{{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}}\left( t\right)}^{2}}{4}{r}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}= \frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}}}^{2}\left( t\right){r}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
根据式(18)、式(21)、式(23)和式(24),可以得到所提拓扑的总损耗${P}_{\text{tot }}$
${P}_{\text{tot }}= {P}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {P}_{\text{Rip }}+ {P}_{\mathrm{L}}$
则其效率可表示为
$\eta =\frac{{P}_{\text{out }}}{{P}_{\text{tot }}+ {P}_{\text{out }}}\times {100}\%$
为了评估所提拓扑的优缺点, 将其与近年来提出的不同九电平逆变器进行比较, 主要考虑其直流源$\left({N}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\right)$ 数量、开关$\left({N}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}\right)$ 数量、离散二极管$\left({N}_{\mathrm{d}}\right)$ 数量、 开关电容$\left({N}_{\text{cap }}\right)$ 数量、耦合电感$\left({N}_{\mathrm{T}}\right)$ 数量、升压增益(G)、电容器的纹波电压与其最大电压的比值$\left({{X}_{C}\%}\right)$ 和总开关电压应力 TSV(total switches voltage stress)。表2为所提九电平拓扑与近年来其他文献所提九电平拓扑关键特性的比较。
表2可以看出, 文献[10]提出的拓扑使用较少的功率器件实现了九电平输出, 且开关管的电压应力较低,但该拓扑不具备升压能力;文献[12]提出的逆变器为输出九电平,需要 3 个电容器、12 个开关管和 1 个二极管, 且 TSV 较大; 文献[13] 提出的拓扑虽然仅使用 8 个开关即可输出九电平, 但是该拓扑使用 2 个独立直流源, 这限制了其的广泛应用; 文献[16]提出的拓扑虽然仅需 8 个开关管和 4 个二极管即可输出 9 电平, 但该逆变器使用了 3 个电容器。相比于上述逆变器, 本文所提的拓扑仅需要 1 个直流源、 12 个开关管、 2 个电容器和 1 个耦合电感即可输出九电平, 且不需要离散的二极管。
为了验证所提新型混合九电平升压逆变器及其调制方法的有效性,使用 Simulink 仿真平台对其进行仿真。主要的系统参数:输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}= {50}\mathrm{\;V}$, 调制比$M ={0.9}$,负载${Z}_{1}= {40\Omega },{Z}_{2}= {40\Omega }+ {40}\mathrm{{mH}}$, 开关电容${C}_{1}= {C}_{2}= 2\mathrm{{mF}}$,滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{f}}= {8\mu }\mathrm{F}$,滤波电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}= {125\mu }\mathrm{H}$,调制波频率${f}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}= {50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}= 1\mathrm{{mH}}$,反极性耦合电感的漏感${L}_{1}= {L}_{2}= {4\mu }{\mathrm{H}}_{\circ }$
图6(a)和(b)分别展示了在纯电阻负载${Z}_{1}$ 和感性负载${Z}_{2}$ 下的母线电压${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 、输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 和输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的仿真波形。值得注意的是,2 次仿真实验的调制比相同,即$M ={0.9}$。其中,图6(a)为逆变器带阻性负载时的输出波形,可以看出母线电压${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 呈现具有 9 个电平的阶梯波形,输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 与输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 同相,且输出电压的幅值是直流输入电压的 2 倍, 当前输出电流的 THD 与输出电压的 THD 均为 0.28%。图6(b)为逆变器带阻感性负载时的输出电压和负载电流波形, 输出电流的 THD 和输出电压的 THD 分别为 0.22%和 0.53%。相比于图6(a),图6(b)中输出电流的 THD 减小, 这是由于感性负载起到了滤波器的作用, 因此负载电流具有较好的正弦性; 且输出电压与负载电流之间存在明显的相位差,体现了逆变器独立带感性负载的能力。图6(c)为逆变器带阻性负载时电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的电压波形, 可以看出 2 个电容的电压波动均呈现周期性变化,具有良好的电压自平衡能力。如图6(d)所示, 交错结构使得耦合电感上的电流仅为母线电流的 50%,降低了耦合电抗器上的铜损。
图7(a)为在阻性负载${Z}_{1}$ 下,当调制指数$M$ 变化时, 所提拓扑的输出动态变化波形。随着调制指数从 0.2 逐渐增加到 1,母线电压${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 从三电平变为五电平、七电平、九电平。随着电平数量的增加,输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 和输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 波形电能质量也随之提升。图7(b)为从空载突变到阻性负载${Z}_{1}$ 情况下的母线电压${V}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 、输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 和输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的波形,可见突加负载情况下输出电压保持稳定, 输出电流能够平滑过渡。以上结果证明了该拓扑动态性能良好。
图8表2中对比文献电容电压的仿真波形, 设置对比文献拓扑中电容两端电压均为${50}\mathrm{\;V}$,容量均为$4\mathrm{{mF}}$,与本文拓扑中电容的参数一致。当本文拓扑进入稳态后,以电容${C}_{1}$ 为例,电容${C}_{1}$ 电压在${50}\mathrm{\;V}$ 附近周期性波动,最大值约为${50.80}\mathrm{\;V}$,最小值约为${49.52}\mathrm{\;V}$,电容纹波电压与其最大电压的比值${X}_{C}\%$ 为 2.5$\%$。对比文献电容的纹波电压仿真结果,可计算出文献[10、12、13、16]介绍拓扑中的${X}_{C}\%$ 分别为 7.80%、9.17%、4.50%和4.25%,均大于本文的${X}_{C}\%$
根据式(13)、式(19)与式(20)计算开关的损耗时,需先计算图4${t}_{1}\sim {t}_{5}$ 的值,其表达式分别为
${t}_{1}= \frac{{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{A}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}{2\pi f},{t}_{2}= \frac{{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{2{A}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{A}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}{2\pi f}\text{,}\\{t}_{3}= \frac{{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{3{A}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{A}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}{2\pi f},{t}_{4}= \frac{\pi -{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{3{A}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{A}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}{2\pi f}\text{,}\\{t}_{5}= \frac{\pi -{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{2{A}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{A}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}{2\pi f}$
通过${t}_{1}\sim {t}_{5}$ 的值,利用积分计算流过器件均方根电流。以模态${\mathrm{E}}_{1}$ 为例,${t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}$ 时间段内的均方根电流${i}_{\mathrm{{rms}}}$
${i}_{\mathrm{{rms}}}^{2}= \frac{{\int }_{{t}_{3}}^{{t}_{4}}{i}^{2}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t}{{t}_{4}- {t}_{3}}$
根据式 (14)~式 (17),可分别计算出模态${P}_{\mathrm{C},\left(\text{state, E1 }\right)} ={0.575}\mathrm{\;W},{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left(\text{state, E2 }\right)} ={0.233}\mathrm{\;W},{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left(\text{state, E3 }\right)} =$ ${0.184}\mathrm{\;W},{P}_{\mathrm{C},\text{(state, E4)}}= {0.056}\mathrm{\;W}$。根据式(18),总的导通损耗为
${P}_{\mathrm{C}}= 2\left({{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{ State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{1}}\right)} +{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{ State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{2}}\right)} +{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{ State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{3}}\right)} +}\right.\\\left.{P}_{\mathrm{C},\left({\text{ State,}{\mathrm{E}}_{4}}\right)}\right)= {2.096}\mathrm{\;W}$
再利用积分计算该区间内流过器件的平均电流,如${t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}$ 时间段内的平均电流${i}_{\text{avg }}$
${i}_{\text{avg }}= \frac{{\int }_{{t}_{3}}^{{t}_{4}}i\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t}{{t}_{4}- {t}_{3}}$
${N}_{\text{on }}$${N}_{\text{off }}$ 相等,则${t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}$ 时间段内开关的导通次数为
${N}_{\text{on }\left\lbrack {{t}_{3}- {t}_{4}}\right\rbrack }= {N}_{\text{off }\left\lbrack {{t}_{3}- {t}_{4}}\right\rbrack }= \left({{t}_{4}- {t}_{3}}\right)\times {f}_{s}= \\\left({{6.86}\times {10}^{-3}- {3.14}\times {10}^{-3}}\right)\times {10}^{4}= {37.2}$
在实验平台中, 实测得到型号 IXFH80N65X2 开关管的开通时间${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= {250}\times {10}^{-9}\mathrm{\;s}$,关断时间${t}_{\mathrm{{off}}}=$ ${230}\times {10}^{-9}\mathrm{\;s}$。以开关${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 为例计算损耗,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 导通与关断切换的时间区间为$\left\lbrack {{t}_{3},{t}_{4}}\right\rbrack$,计算出${I}_{{S}_{8}}=$ 1.177 A, 则
${P}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{{on}}\left({\mathrm{S}}_{8}\right)} =\frac{f{N}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{V}_{\mathrm{S}}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}}{6}= \\\frac{{50}\times {37.2}\times {50}\times {1.177}\times {250}\times {10}^{-9}}{6}= \\\text{0.00455 W}\\{P}_{\mathrm{S},\text{ off }\left({\mathrm{S}}_{8}\right)} =\frac{f{N}_{\text{off }}{V}_{\mathrm{S}}{I}_{\mathrm{S}}{t}_{\text{off }}}{6}= \\\frac{{50}\times {37.2}\times {50}\times {1.177}\times {230}\times {10}^{-9}}{6}= \\\text{0.00418 W}$
则开关${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 的开关损耗为
${P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{8}}= {P}_{\mathrm{S},\operatorname{on}\left({\mathrm{S}}_{8}\right)} +{P}_{\mathrm{S},\operatorname{off}\left({\mathrm{S}}_{8}\right)} ={0.00873}\mathrm{\;W}$
同样地,可以计算出各开关的损耗分别为${P}_{\mathrm{s}}=$ ${P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{2}}= {0.00612}\mathrm{\;W}$${P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{3}}= {P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{4}}= {0.03850}\mathrm{\;W}$${P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{5}}= {P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{6}}=$ ${0.03600}\mathrm{\;W}\text{、}{P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{7}}= {P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{8}}= {0.00873}\mathrm{\;W}\text{、}{P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{9}}= {P}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{10}}= {0.02679}{\mathrm{\;W}}_{\circ }$
根据式(23)可计算出电容纹波损耗为
${P}_{\text{Rip }}= 2 \times \frac{f}{2}{C\Delta }{V}_{{C}_{k}}^{2}= {fC\Delta }{V}_{C}^{2}= {50}\times 2 \times {10}^{-3}\times \\{\left({50.8}- {49.52}\right)}^{2}= {0.16380}\mathrm{\;W}$
根据式(24)可计算出电感的铜损为
${P}_{\mathrm{L}}= 2{i}_{\mathrm{L}}^{2}\left( t\right){r}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}= 2 \times \frac{{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}}\left( t\right)}^{2}}{4}{r}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}= \frac{1}{2}{i}_{\mathrm{{bus}}}^{2}\left( t\right){r}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}= \\\frac{1}{2}\times {\left(\frac{2.207}{\sqrt{2}}\right)}^{2}\times {0.4}= {0.48800}\mathrm{\;W}$
因此, 总损耗为
${P}_{\text{tot }}= {P}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {P}_{\text{Rip }}+ {P}_{\mathrm{L}}= {2.98}\mathrm{\;W}$
仿真测得输出功率为${97.06}\mathrm{\;W}$,则效率为
$\eta =\frac{{P}_{\text{out }}}{{P}_{\text{tot }}+ {P}_{\text{out }}}\times {100}\%= {97.02}\%$
为了进一步验证所提混合结构二倍升压九电平逆变器的可行性, 搭建如图9所示的实验平台, 实验电路参数和设备规格如表3所示。系统的控制由 STM32H750VBT6 型号的单片机实现,系统直流侧电压为${50}\mathrm{\;V}$,调制指数为 0.9。采用负载为 45$\Omega$ 的纯阻性负载,反极性耦合电感采用双绕线并绕,漏感为${4.35\mu }\mathrm{H}$,励磁电感为${4.38}\mathrm{{mH}}$。 滤波电感为${1.1}\mathrm{{mH}}$,滤波电容为${8\mu }\mathrm{F}$,开关频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,输出基波频率为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$
本文所提九电平逆变器拓扑的稳态实验结果如图10所示。在纯阻性负载下, 输出电压和输出电流相位相同,如图10(a)所示。图10(b)为主电路中 2 个 SC 两端的直流电压波形, 实验结果和仿真类似, 电压波动较小, 且电容电压在每个周期内充放电平衡。图10(c)表明耦合电感上的电流仅为母线电流的 50%,实验结果与仿真结果一致。
当调制指数动态变化时, 动态实验结果如图11所示。图11(a)中,当调制指数从 0.1 增加到 0.7 时, 输出母线电压由三电平输出过渡到七电平输出。输出电平增加时, 输出波形保持稳定。图11(b)为调制指数从 0.9 减少到 0.3 的动态变化情况, 此时输出母线电压对应电平从九电平输出过渡到五电平输出。当输出电平减少时,输出波形依旧稳定。图11(c)为所提九电平$\mathrm{{SC}}$ 逆变器负载突然变化下的实验结果, 当突加负载时, 输出电压稳定不变, 输出电流过渡平滑, 实验波形与仿真结果一致。
本文提出 1 种基于开关电容和耦合电感混合结构的单电源九电平逆变器, 仅需少量器件即可输出九电平电压波形。该逆变器调制简单, 且具有两倍升压、无功调节和电容电压自平衡能力。本文详细给出了该逆变器的工作原理和调制策略, 并对该逆变器的电容参数设计、损耗进行了分析。与最近几年提出的几种九电平逆变器进行比较, 所得结果证明了所提逆变器的优势。仿真结果表明, 所提逆变器输出的九电平电压波形具有比常规九电平逆变器更低的谐波。通过仿真模型, 评估了该拓扑的可行性和优点。并搭建了实验原型对所提逆变器的稳态性能和动态性能进行了验证分析, 结果表明所提出逆变器具有良好的工作性能。
  • 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.69
  • 接收时间:2021-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-14
  • 修回日期:2021-11-24
  • 录用日期:2021-12-06
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Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System(HBSEES201902)
太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
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    湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
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